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The '''Ṣadr Dīwānī ʿAdālat''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|صدر دیوانی عدالت}}}}, {{lang-hi|सदर देवानी अदालत }}) (English: '''Sudder Dewanny Adawlut''') was the Supreme Court of Revenue in [[British India]] established at [[Calcutta]] by [[Warren Hastings]] in 1772.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RAON5AW4yUEC&lpg=PA43&dq=sadar%20diwani%20adalat&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q=sadar%20diwani%20adalat&f=false A Comprehensive History of India, Volume 3]</ref> It was reformed in 1780 and again in 1793 by the British Parliament.<ref>Campbell, Lawrence Dundas (ed), Asiatic Annual Register for 1802, or A View of the History of Hindustan and of the Politics, Commerce and Literature of Asia, London, J. Debrett, 1803, footnote pp.97–100, Miscellaneous Tracts [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=byIoAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA98&lpg=RA2-PA98&dq=Dewanny+Adawlut&source=bl&ots=AjHqdb61_E&sig=dnFCdPOxuRHssMIu3Or4r0xpMDY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JgI7VIPnOI7LaPSpgqgL&ved=0CCAQ6AEwADgy#v=onepage&q=Dewanny%20Adawlut&f=false]</ref> The court's judges were the Governor General and Council Members of the [[East India Company]], assisted by native judges and officers of revenue.<ref>Campbell</ref>

==Meaning==
The term is in the [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]:
*''Sudder'' signifies literally "the breast"; the fore-court of a house; the chief seat of government, contradistinguished from Mofussil, or interior of the country; the presidency.<ref>Mill, adding further: "Sudder Dewanny Adawlut. The chief civil court of justice under the [xxxv] Company's government, held at the presidency"</ref>
*''[[Dewan]]'' is an ancient [[Persian language|Persian]] word which was adopted throughout the Islamic world, meaning a powerful government official, minister or ruler.<ref>Mill, Glossary: "Dewan, Duan: Place of assembly. Native minister of the revenue department; and chief justice, in civil causes, within his jurisdiction; receiver-generad of a province. The term is also used, to designate the principal revenue servant under a European collector, and even of a Zemindar. By this title, the East India Company are receivers-general of the revenues of Bengal, under a grant from the Great Mogul"</ref>
*''Adawlut'', signifying "justice", "equity", a court of justice. The term Dewanny Adawlut signifies a civil court of justice. Foujdarry Adawlut signifies a criminal court of justice.<ref>Mill, James, The History of British India, Vol. 1 (of 6), 3rd Edition, London, 1826, Glossary [http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/840]</ref><ref>Mill (1826), Glossary: "Foujdar, Fojedar, Phousdar, Fogedar: Under the Mogul government, a magistrate of the police over a large district, who took cognizance of all criminal matters within his jurisdiction, and sometimes was employed as receiver-general of the revenues...Foujdarry, Fojedaree: Office of a Foujdar...Foujdarry Court. A court for administering the criminal law"; Mofussil Dewanny Adawlut: Provincial court of civil justice.</ref>

==History==
The court was established to allow Hindu Indians to be governed by Hindu law in matters of property, and not as before by Muslim law, although they were still subject to Muslim criminal law.<ref>Campbell</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}

In each of the [[districts of British India]], subordinate courts of revenue with definitive jurisdiction of up to 500 rupees, were established in which the judges were the relevant [[District Collector]] and his deputy and registrar, assisted by native officers. For cases exceeding 500 rupees, appeals were allowed to the Sudder Dewanny Adawlut.<ref>Campbell</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}

The court was abolished after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&pg=PA321&lpg=PA321&dq=Sadr+Diwani+Adalat&source=bl&ots=1wTIuKUsqv&sig=UgC-dsOxwYNcPlCip_E_v5wb7vM Students' Britannica India] by Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sadr Faujdari Adalat]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=7MXExXXb9usC&pg=PA180&lpg=PA180&dq=%22High+Courts+Act+of+1861%22&source=bl&ots=52frimnSLd&sig=2TlxidtverkiXBokjeM8RjKR75I#PPA178,M1 English Law in India] by Anil Chandra Banerjee
* [http://www.kar.nic.in/fnjpc/h-mahrs.html 2.13 MAHARASHTRA]
* [http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/history/genealogy/indiaofficerecordsfamilyhistory/glossary/glossarys/glossarys.html Glossary: S, A glossary of special terminology used in India during the British Administration]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=meN0GwpRWhUC&pg=PA273&lpg=PA273&dq=Sadr+Diwani+Adalat&source=bl&ots=mvXntqZmbo&sig=9nSOMEoF-jiNNvgOjQfalXF0JGY#PPA273,M1 History of Medieval India] by Chand, Hukam]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=S30xOPtnzZYC&pg=PA173&lpg=PA173&dq=Sadr+Diwani+Adalat&source=bl&ots=dAE8J0bbI4&sig=BwQjaqRdMeVLhQ0dNnT2ZYG5MFo Administrative System in India] by U.B. Singh

[[Category:Legal history of India]]
[[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Urdu-language words and phrases]]

Sadr Diwani Adalat - Revision history

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