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{{Short description|Indo-Aryan Ethno-linguistic groups of Jharkhand}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group =
| image =
| flag =
| caption =
| population =
| popplace = [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] ([[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]])
| langs = {{hlist|[[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] | [[Khortha language|Khortha]] | [[Kurmali language|Kudmali/Kurmali]] |[[Panchpargania]] | [[Hindi]] {{small|(Additional)}}}}
| religions = '''Predominantly:'''<br>{{hlist|[[File:Om.svg|15px]][[Hinduism]]|[[Ethnic religion]]|[[Folk religion]]}}<br>
'''Minorities:'''<br>{{hlist|[[Christianity]]|[[Buddhism]]|[[Islam]]}}
| related = [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

'''Sadan''' are the native [[Indo-Aryan language|Indo-Aryan]]-speaking ethnolinguistic groups of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] consist of Indian state of [[Jharkhand]] and neighbouring states who speak [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Panchpargania]] and [[Kurmali language]] as their native language.<ref name="Sadani / Sadri">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/7294382|title=Sadani / Sadri|publisher=academia.edu|author=Savita Kiran, John Peterson|access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abENAQAAQBAJ&q=Sadan+Jharkhand&pg=PA83|title=Remapping India: New States and their Political Origins|isbn=9781849042291|accessdate=22 August 2019|last1=Tillin|first1=Louise|date=October 2013|publisher=Hurst Publishers }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1nqYqBBf_IC&pg=PA319|title=Issues in Indian Politics|isbn=9788170996187|accessdate=22 August 2019|last1=Tiwari|first1=Lalan|year=1995|publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=JHARKHAND: March To Extreme Tribalism? |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/paper506 |website=www.southasiaanalysis.org |accessdate=23 April 2019}}</ref>

== Definition ==
Sadan refers to Indo-Aryan speaking ethnic groups of Jharkhand who speak [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], and [[Panchpargania language|Panchpargania]]. In the Nagpuri language, Sadan refers to settled people or those people who live in houses.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA1|title=JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021|author= Manish Ranjan|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|date=2022|isbn=9789354883002}}</ref> Sadan are those who have settled in the region. According to [[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari]], the original form of these languages must have developed within different [[Nāga|Nagjati]].<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2021">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzAoEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA7-PA17|isbn=978-9390906321|title=JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PRELIMS EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE PAPER-I & PAPER-II|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan 2021|last=Ranjan|first=Manish|date=19 January 2021|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> According to [[Ram Dayal Munda]] and S Bosu Mullick, the category ''Sadan'' was used in the estate of [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] kings of Chotanagpur. The Sadan people settled in Chotanagpur much before the British Period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwgia.org/images/publications/0120_jharkhand_movement.pdf|title=Jharkhand movement|page=vii|author=Ram Dayal Munda, S Bosu Mullick|date=2003|access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Jharkhand Digdarshan">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lP1ZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|title=Jharkhand Digdarshan|page=183|author=Vinay Sinha|isbn=9352032217|website=books.google|publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref>

During the British Period, Colonel [[Edward Tuite Dalton]] referred to Sadan as ''Sudh'' or ''Sad'' or ''Sudhan'' in his work ''Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal'' in 1872. During the British Period, the ''Sudh'' and ''Sudhan'' included all castes, such as Brahmin, Rajput, Gowala, Kurmi, Kahar, Kyastha etc. The word ''Sudh'' means pure.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=084tAAAAMAAJ&q=Sudhan|title=Society in Tribal India|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|author=Bipin Bihari Sinha|year=1942|page=2|isbn=9780865901087}}</ref> During British Period, local Hindus were referred to as Sudh or Sudhan in Chotanagpur.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f94KE8bi3gC&pg=PA17|title=Personality Of Tribal And Non-Tribal School Children|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|author=Ranjit Prasad Singh|page=17|year=2010|isbn=978-8171414178}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Chota Nagpur plateau]] region has been inhabited since the [[Neolithic]] period. Several stone tools and [[microlith]]s from the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]] periods were discovered in this region.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PcADgAAQBAJ&q=microlith+in+chota+nagpur+plateau&pg=PT14|title=India – Pre- historic and Proto-historic periods|first=India-Pre- historic and Proto-historic|last=periods|date=4 November 2016|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=9788123023458|accessdate=17 February 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref> There are ancient cave paintings in Isko, [[Hazaribagh district]], from the Meso-chalcolithic period (9,000-5,000 BC).<ref>{{cite news |title=Cave paintings lie in neglect |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124608/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 6, 2018 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=13 March 2008}}</ref>

It is believed that Sadan people arrived in Chotanagpur sometime after [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryan]] came to South Asia.<ref name="Jharkhand Digdarshan"/>
During 2nd millennium BCE the use of Copper tools spread in Chota Nagpur Plateau and these find complex are known as the [[Copper Hoard Culture]]. There are many Copper tools have discovered in Chota Nagpur plateau. According to many historians Copper hoard people were early Aryan, who came to South Asia before [[List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes#Vedic tribes|Vedic Aryan]]. Copper hoard people reached Chota Nagpur around early 2nd millennium BCE.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/510/|title=Addenda to "The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation"|first=Paul|last=Yule|date=8 January 2019|journal=Man in Environment|volume=26|pages=117–120|via=crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de|doi=10.11588/xarep.00000510}}</ref> In the Kabra-Kala mound at the confluence of the [[Son River|Son]] and [[North Koel River|North Koel]] rivers in [[Palamu district]], various antiquities and art objects from the [[Neolithic]] to medieval periods have been found; the [[Sherd|pot-sherds]] of [[redware]], [[Black and red ware culture|black and red ware]], black ware, [[Slipware|black slipped ware]], and [[Northern Black Polished Ware|NBP ware]] are from the [[Chalcolithic]] to late medieval periods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiranchi.org/activities-kabrakala.html|title=KABRA – KALA|website=www.asiranchi.org}}</ref> [[Slag|Iron slag]], [[microlith]]s, and [[potsherds]] from 1400 BCE, according to carbon dating, were discovered in [[Singhbhum district]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|first=Upinder|last=Singh|date=8 September 2018|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131711200|accessdate=17 February 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref>

During the late Vedic period, several [[janapada]]s emerged in northern India. Several [[Nishada]] kingdoms probably existed in Jharkhand during that time. In the 6th century BCE, the [[mahajanapadas]] emerged in several parts of the Indian subcontinent. Some parts of present-day Jharkhand were parts of the [[Magadha]] and [[Anga]] mahajanapadas.
In the Mauryan period, this region was ruled by a number of states, collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states accepted the suzerainty of the [[Maurya empire]] during [[Ashoka]]'s reign (c. 232 BCE). During the medieval period, the [[Nagvanshi dynasty|Nagvanshi]], [[Ramgarh Raj]], and [[Chero dynasty|Chero]] dynasties were ruling this region. The Mughal influence reached this area during the reign of Emperor [[Akbar]] when it was invaded by [[Raja Mansingh]] in 1574. There was several invasion during Mughal rule.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://latehar.nic.in/history/|title=History|website=Latehar.nic.in}}</ref> Influence of the British [[East India Company]] reached this region in the 18th century. [[Raghunath Mahato]] led a revolt against the East India company in the [[Jungle Mahals]] in 1769. [[Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo]] and [[Pandey Ganpat Rai]] led rebels against the East India company in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 Rebellion]]. [[Tikait Umrao Singh]], [[Sheikh Bhikhari]], Nadir Ali, Jai Mangal Singh played pivotal role in Indian Rebellion of 1857.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20160108/2765171.html|title=JPCC remembers freedom fighters Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikari|website=news.webindia123.com}}</ref>

After independence this region became parts of Bihar state. Separate state Jharkhand was initially a tribal demand which was led by Christian tribal leaders. But the movement failed as tribal were in minority. In 1955, prominent tribal leader [[Jaipal Singh Munda]] submitted a memorandum to [[States Reorganization Commission]] for a separate Jharkhand state comprising the tribal area of South Bihar, but it was rejected because there were many languages, no link language in the region, Hindustani was majority language, tribal were in minority.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT251|title=Sensex Of Regional Parties|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=Aaku Srivastava|page=251|year=2022|isbn=978-9355212368}}</ref> In 1970s non-tribal Sadan also joined the separate state movement which strengthen the movement which resulted in formation of new state Jharkhand.[[Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo]], [[Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo]] have prominent role in formation of separate state Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z94JEAAAQBAJ|title=India′s Tribes Unfolding Realities|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|author=Vinay Kumar Srivastava|page=212|year=2020|isbn=978-9353886608}}</ref>
In November 2000, the new state of [[Jharkhand]] separated from Bihar, comprising [[Chota Nagpur Division]] and [[Santhal Pargana Division]].<ref name="Mittal Publications">{{cite book|author=Gautam Kumar Bera|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&pg=PA31|title=The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2008|isbn=978-81-8324-145-8|pages=32–34|access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

According to President of Sadan organization ''Moolvasi Sadan Morcha'' Rajendra Prasad, the state of Jharkhand was formed for development of Jharkhandi but vision to form Jharkhand have deviated. The Sadan people have no reservations. The Sadan people are marginalized in their own state and government of Jharkhand has decepted Sadan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/ranchi/news/native-sadan-marginalized-in-jharkhand-rajendra-060505-5223471.html|title=झारखंड में मूलवासी-सदान हाशिए पर : राजेंद्र|publisher=bhaskar|date=2019|access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

== Castes and communities ==
Various Sadan community and Castes are [[Ahir]]/Gowala, [[Bhogta]], [[Bhuiya]], [[Chik Baraik|Baraik]], [[Dom (caste)|Dom]], [[Ghasi]], [[Jhora]], [[Kewat]], [[Rautia]], [[Brahmin]], [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]], [[Dhanuk]], [[Paika (community)|Paika]], [[Dhobi]]/Baghwar, [[Karmali tribe|Karmali]], [[Koeri]], [[Kumhar]], [[Kurmi]], [[Sunar|Sonar]], [[Mali]], [[Chamar]], [[Lohra (tribe)|Lohra]], [[Mahli tribe|Mahli]], [[Tanti]] , [[Teli]], [[Rajput]] and [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] etc. among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slideplayer.com/slide/4455653/|title=1 Paper for 3 rd SCONLI 2008 (JNU, New Delhi) Comparative study of Nagpuri Spoken by Chik-Baraik & Oraon's of Jharkhand Sunil Baraik Senior Research Fellow.|website=slideplayer.com}}</ref><ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT144|title=Environment, Knowledge and Gender: Local Development in India's Jharkhand|isbn=978-1351729895|accessdate=4 April 2022|last1=Jewitt|first1=Sarah|date=31 July 2019}}</ref>

==Culture==
===Language===
Sadan people traditionally speak [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Panchpargania language|Panchpargania]] and [[Kurmali language]] as their native language which are classified as [[Bihari language]]. Recent study suggest that Indo-Aryan languages of Chota Nagpur plateau known as ''[[Sadanic languages|Sadani languages]]'' are closely related to each other than any other languages.<ref name="Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics">{{Cite journal|last1=Paudyal|first1=Netra P.|last2=Peterson|first2=John|date=2020-09-01|title=How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand|journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=275–306|doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2028|issn=2196-078X|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Hindi]] is spoken as a link language. After formation of Jharkhand, there was an attempt to develop a common local language for official use and replace Hindi but the attempt failed.<ref name="Mittal Publications"/>

===Festival===
Some important festivals of Sadan are , [[Ashadhi Puja]], [[Karam festival|Karam]], [[Jitiya]], [[Nawakhani]], [[Sohrai]]/[[Diwali]], [[Surjahi Puja]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Holi|Fagua]] and [[Sarhul]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hrzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA315|title=Know Your State Jharkhand|publisher=Arihant Experts|isbn=978-9324190888|page=316|access-date=7 April 2022|year=2019}}</ref>

===Folk dance===
[[Jhumair]] is a common folk dance of Sadan. [[Paiki]] is [[Nagpuri culture|Nagpuri]] martial folk dance. [[Chhau dance|Chhau]] is another folk dance prevalent in the [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]]-speaking region. [[Akhara]] is a village ground where people dance.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/talk-on-nagpuri-folk-music-at-ignca.html|title=talk on nagpuri folk music at ignca|website=daily Pioneer.com}}</ref>
[[File:Chhau Dancers.jpg|thumb|Chhau Dancers in Jharkhand village]]

===Religion===
Sadan people worship Suraj (Sun), Chand (Moon), [[Gramadevata]], Karam Devta (Tree spirit) in various festival which is usually performed by head of family in home and village priest in village known as "Pahan". Gram than or [[Sarna sthal|Sarna]] is place of worship of village deity. Village priest ''Pahan'' perform sacrifice for good harvest in sarna.<ref name="bhaskar">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/gumla/news/go-on-the-trail-as-told-by-saqar-mundal-singh-062023-4307550.html|title=बख्तर साय मुंडल सिंह के बताए राह पर चलें|website=bhaskar|access-date=5 December 2019}}</ref> Sadan people follow [[folk Hinduism]] which is different from [[Historical Vedic religion|vedic religion]] and is non-vedic culture prevalent since [[Chalcolithic period]].<ref name=junemcdaniel6>June McDaniel "Hinduism", in John Corrigan, ''The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Emotion'', (2007) Oxford University Press, 544 pages, pp. 52–53 {{ISBN|0-19-517021-0}}</ref>

===Clothing===
Traditional dresses of Sadan are Dhoti, Sari, gamchha, Kurta, Chadar etc. In modern times they also wear Western clothes.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA1|title=JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021|author= Manish Ranjan|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|date=2022|isbn=9789354883002}}</ref>
===Livelihoods===
Traditionally most Sadan are farmers. Some Sadan community traditionally do works to make items of daily uses such as Pottery, weaving clothes, Iron smeltings, bamboo works etc. Additionally they were practicing hunting animals during old days.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/>
[[File:Jharkhand people.jpg|thumb|A Potter making [[Diya (light)|diya]] in Chaibasa, Jharkhand]]

==Notable people==
*[[Satyanand Bhogta]], Minister for labour
*[[Girdhari Ram Gonjhu]], scholar
*[[Deepika Kumari]], International Archer
*[[Deepak Lohar]], Actor
*[[Mahavir Nayak]], Folk Singer
*[[Mukund Nayak]], Folk Artist
*[[Amba Prasad (politician)|Amba Prasad]], politician
*[[Nikki Pradhan]], Hockey Player
*[[Aditya Sahu]], MP of Rajya sabha
*[[Dhiraj Prasad Sahu]], Politician
*[[Shiv Prasad Sahu]], Politician
*[[Bakhtar Say]], Freedom fighter
*[[Durjan Shah]], Nagvanshi King
*[[Raghunath Shah]], Nagvanshi King
*[[Ani Nath Shahdeo]], King of Barkagarh
*[[Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo]], Last Nagvanshi king
*[[Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo]], Jurist
*[[Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo]], Lawyer, Writer and Political activist
*[[Vishwanath Shahdeo]], Freedom fighter
*[[Basant Narain Singh]], Politician
*[[Dalel Singh (king)|Dalel Singh]], King of Karnpura
*[[Kamakhya Narain Singh]], King of Ramgarh
*[[Madhu Singh (king)|Madhu Singh]], Nagvanshi king
*[[Mundal Singh]], Freedom fighter
*[[Tikait Umrao Singh]], Freedom fighter

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|35em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Jharkhand]]

Sadan peoples - Revision history

Babina: revised

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article