Sabarmati River - Revision history

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	The '''Sabarmati river ''' is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/regionaloffices/ntbo/Water%20Year%20Book/WYB-mahi-2011-12.pdf\|title=Water Year Book 2011-12: Mahi, Sabarmati & Other West Flowing Rivers\|publisher=Central Water Commission\|year=2012\|location=Gandhinagar\|pages=14}}</ref> It originates in the [[Aravalli Range]] of the [[Udaipur District]] of [[Rajasthan]] and meets the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] of [[Arabian Sea]] after travelling {{cvt\|371\|km}} in a south-westerly direction across [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":0" /> {{cvt\|48\|km}} of the river length is in Rajasthan, while {{cvt\|323\|km}} is in Gujarat.<ref name=":0" />		The '''Sabarmati river ''' is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/regionaloffices/ntbo/Water%20Year%20Book/WYB-mahi-2011-12.pdf\|title=Water Year Book 2011-12: Mahi, Sabarmati & Other West Flowing Rivers\|publisher=Central Water Commission\|year=2012\|location=Gandhinagar\|pages=14}}</ref> It originates in the [[Aravalli Range]] of the [[Udaipur District]] of [[Rajasthan]] and meets the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] of [[Arabian Sea]] after travelling {{cvt\|371\|km}} in a south-westerly direction across [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":0" /> {{cvt\|48\|km}} of the river length is in Rajasthan, while {{cvt\|323\|km}} is in Gujarat.<ref name=":0" />
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	==History==		==History==
	One of the ~~myths~~ surrounding the origin of the river is that [[Shiva]] brought the [[Ganga (goddess)\|goddess Ganga]] to Gujarat and that caused the Sabarmati to come into being.<ref>{{Cite news\|title=The sacrificial maiden river\|date=2 September 2002\|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] \|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/The-sacrificial-maiden-river/articleshow/20998055.cms \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306203308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/The-sacrificial-maiden-river/articleshow/20998055.cms \|archive-date=6 March 2016 \|url-status=live}}</ref>		One of the legends surrounding the origin of the river is that [[Shiva]] brought the [[Ganga (goddess)\|goddess Ganga]] to Gujarat and that caused the Sabarmati to come into being.<ref>{{Cite news\|title=The sacrificial maiden river\|date=2 September 2002\|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] \|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/The-sacrificial-maiden-river/articleshow/20998055.cms \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306203308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/The-sacrificial-maiden-river/articleshow/20998055.cms \|archive-date=6 March 2016 \|url-status=live}}</ref>

			[[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)\|Rajashekhara]]'s ''Kavya-mimamsa'' (10th century) calls the river Shvabhravati ([[IAST]]: Śvabhravatī). The 11th century text ''[[Shringara-manjari-katha]]'' calls it "Sambhramavati" (literally, "full of fickleness").<ref>{{cite book \|author=Kalpalata Munshi \|title=Śṛṅgāramañjarī Kathā of Paramāra King Bhojadeva \|series=Singhi Jain Series \|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan \|location=Bombay \|year=1959 \|pages=77, 22 (translation section) \|url=https://jainqq.org/explore/002914/100 }}</ref>

	During [[Indian independence movement\|India's independence struggle]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] established [[Sabarmati Ashram]] as his home on the banks of this river.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Sabarmati Ashram History\|url=http://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/index.php/en/about-gandhi-ashram/history}}</ref>		During [[Indian independence movement\|India's independence struggle]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] established [[Sabarmati Ashram]] as his home on the banks of this river.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Sabarmati Ashram History\|url=http://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/index.php/en/about-gandhi-ashram/history}}</ref>

	~~The National Water Quality Programme led~~ by [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB) ~~positions{{when\|date=April 2016}}~~ Sabarmati ~~River as one of~~ the most polluted ~~rivers~~ in India.<ref>~~[http~~://www.~~cseindia~~.~~org~~/~~node~~/~~3701 River pollution plaguing Gujarat]~~</ref>		In 2018, an assessment by the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB) named the Kheroj-Vautha stretch of Sabarmati among the most polluted river stretches in India.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/more-river-stretches-critically-polluted-cpcb/article24962440.ece \|title=More river stretches are critically polluted: Central Pollution Control Board \|author=Jacob Koshy \|date=2018-09-17 \|newspaper=The Hindu }}</ref>

	==Dams==		==Dams==
	There are several reservoirs on Sabarmati and its tributaries. The [[Dharoi dam]] is located on the main river. Hathmati ~~dam~~, Harnav ~~dam~~ and Guhai ~~dam~~ are located on the tributaries meeting the main river upstream of [[Ahmedabad]] while Meshvo reservoir, Meshvo pick-up weir, Mazam ~~dam~~ and Watrak ~~dam~~ are located on tributaries meeting downstream. The Kalpasar is planned project in the Gulf of Khambhat.		There are several reservoirs on Sabarmati and its tributaries. The [[Dharoi dam]] is located on the main river. Hathmati, Harnav and Guhai dams are located on the tributaries meeting the main river upstream of [[Ahmedabad]] while Meshvo reservoir, Meshvo pick-up weir, Mazam and Watrak dams are located on tributaries meeting downstream. The Kalpasar is planned project in the Gulf of Khambhat.

	==Sabarmati Riverfront==		==Sabarmati Riverfront==

imported>Bruce1ee: fixed lint errors – file options

2021-08-19T12:45:17Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{short description|River in Rajasthan and Gujarat, India}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Sabarmati River
| name_native =
| name_native_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = Sabarmati Riverfront Jan 2011.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption = Sabarmati River near Ahmedabad, Gujarat
| map = Sabarmati_River_Basin.jpg
| map_size = 250
| map_caption = Map of the Sabarmati River [[Drainage basin|watershed]]
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gandhinagar]]

| length = {{convert|371|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati">{{cite book |title=Sabarmati Basin |date=2014 |publisher=Government of India Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://archive.org/details/SabarmatiBasin |access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref>
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|120|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max =
| discharge2_location= [[Ahmedabad]]<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Sabarmati Basin Station: Ahmedabad
| publisher = UNH/GRDC
| url = http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2853050.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235451/http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2853050.html
| archive-date = 4 October 2013 |url-status=live
}}</ref>
| discharge2_min = {{convert|0|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_avg = {{convert|33|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_max = {{convert|484|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}

| source1 =
| source1_location= [[Aravalli Range]], [[Udaipur District]], Rajasthan, [[India]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation= {{convert|782|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth =
| mouth_location = [[Gulf of Khambhat]], Gujarat, [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates=
| mouth_elevation=
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{cvt|30,680|km2}}<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati" />
| tributaries_left = Wakal River, Harnav River, [[Hathmati River]], Watrak River<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati" />
| tributaries_right= Sei River<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati" />
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Sabarmati river ''' is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/regionaloffices/ntbo/Water%20Year%20Book/WYB-mahi-2011-12.pdf|title=Water Year Book 2011-12: Mahi, Sabarmati & Other West Flowing Rivers|publisher=Central Water Commission|year=2012|location=Gandhinagar|pages=14}}</ref> It originates in the [[Aravalli Range]] of the [[Udaipur District]] of [[Rajasthan]] and meets the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] of [[Arabian Sea]] after travelling {{cvt|371|km}} in a south-westerly direction across [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":0" /> {{cvt|48|km}} of the river length is in Rajasthan, while {{cvt|323|km}} is in Gujarat.<ref name=":0" />

==Basin==
The catchment area of the Sabarmati basin is {{cvt|21674|km2}} out of which {{cvt|4124|km2}} lies in Rajasthan State and the remaining {{cvt|18550|km2}} in Gujarat.<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |url=http://envfor.nic.in/nrcd/NRCD/Sabarmati.htm|title= Sabarmati River, India|publisher=National River Conservation Directorate}}</ref> The basin is located in a semi-arid zone with rainfall ranging from {{cvt|450|to|800|mm}} in different parts of the basin.<ref name="Sridhar_etal">{{cite journal |last1=Sridhar |first1=Alpa |last2=Chamyal |first2=L.S. |last3=Patel |first3=Mansi |title=Palaeoflood record of high-magnitude events during historical time in the Sabarmati River, Gujarat |journal=Current Science |date=25 August 2014 |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=675–679 |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/cs/Volumes/107/04/0675.pdf |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> The river traverses three geomorphic zones: rocky uplands, middle alluvial plains, and lower estuarine zone.<ref name="Thokchom_etal">{{cite journal |last1=Thokchom |first1=Sarda |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=Falguni |last3=Prasad |first3=A. Durga |last4=Dogra |first4=N.N. |last5=Rastogi |first5=B.K. |title=Paleoenvironmental implications and drainage adjustment in the middle reaches of the Sabarmati river, Gujarat: Implications towards hydrological variability |journal=Quaternary International |date=2017 |volume=454 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2017.07.026 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318838980 |access-date=13 May 2019}}</ref>

The major tributaries are the Watrak, Wakal, Hathmati, Harnav, and Sei rivers.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ref1"/><ref name="Sabarmati_ICID">{{cite book |title=Water Resources Assessment of Sabarmati River Basin, India |date=2005 |publisher=International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage |url=https://archive.org/details/SabarmatiBasinAssessment_ICID |access-date=27 May 2019}}</ref> Average annual water availability in the Sabarmati basin is {{cvt|308|m3}} per capita, which is significantly lower than the national average of {{cvt|1545|m3}} per capita.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/IHD2016_final.pdf|title=Integrated Hydrological Data Book|publisher=Central Water Commission|year=2016|location=New Delhi|pages=1}}</ref>

The Sabarmati is a seasonal river whose flows are dominated by the monsoon, with little or no flows post-monsoon.<ref name="Sridhar_etal" /> An average flow of {{cvt|33|m3}} per second was measured at Ahmedabad during the period 1968–1979.<ref name="UNH_GRDC">{{cite web |title=Sabarmati Basin, Station: Ahmedabad |url=http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2853050.html |website=UNH/GRDC Composite Runoff Fields v 1.0 |publisher=UNH/GRDC |access-date=13 May 2019}}</ref> Over the past century, the flood of August 1973 is considered to be the largest flood,<ref name="Sridhar_etal" /> when a flow of {{cvt|14,150|m3}} per second was measured at Dharoi.<ref name="Rakhecha_2002">{{cite book |last1=Rakhecha |first1=P.R. |title=Highest floods in India |date=2002 |publisher=IAHS |pages=167–172 |url=http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a271/iahs_271_167.pdf |access-date=13 May 2019 |chapter=The Extremes of the Extreme: Extraordinary Floods (Proceedings of a symposium held at Reykjavik, Iceland, July 2000), IAHS Publ. No. 271, 2002.}}</ref>

==History==
One of the myths surrounding the origin of the river is that [[Shiva]] brought the [[Ganga (goddess)|goddess Ganga]] to Gujarat and that caused the Sabarmati to come into being.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The sacrificial maiden river|date=2 September 2002|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/The-sacrificial-maiden-river/articleshow/20998055.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306203308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/The-sacrificial-maiden-river/articleshow/20998055.cms |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During [[Indian independence movement|India's independence struggle]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] established [[Sabarmati Ashram]] as his home on the banks of this river.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sabarmati Ashram History|url=http://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/index.php/en/about-gandhi-ashram/history}}</ref>

The National Water Quality Programme led by [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB) positions{{when|date=April 2016}} Sabarmati River as one of the most polluted rivers in India.<ref>[http://www.cseindia.org/node/3701 River pollution plaguing Gujarat]</ref>

==Dams==
There are several reservoirs on Sabarmati and its tributaries. The [[Dharoi dam]] is located on the main river. Hathmati dam, Harnav dam and Guhai dam are located on the tributaries meeting the main river upstream of [[Ahmedabad]] while Meshvo reservoir, Meshvo pick-up weir, Mazam dam and Watrak dam are located on tributaries meeting downstream. The Kalpasar is planned project in the Gulf of Khambhat.

==Sabarmati Riverfront==
[[Sabarmati Riverfront]] project is one of the most ambitious project undertaken by the government to enrich the economy. Per the research conducted by couple of academicians, the main concern of the riverfront project was to reduce the river pollution, increase tourism, and prevent future floods.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mehta, Vishwa & Bhatt, Bhasker. (2017). Waterfront Development: A Case Study of Sabarmati Riverfront. |website= ResearchGate | date=2017-03-01 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315825242_Waterfront_Development_A_Case_Study_of_Sabarmati_Riverfront}}</ref> The second phase of the project has now received an in-principle approval.<ref name="The Indian Express 2020">{{cite web | title=Sabarmati Riverfront Phase 2 plan receives in-principle approval | website=The Indian Express | date=2020-10-27 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/sabarmati-riverfront-phase-2-plan-receives-in-principle-approval-6890670/ | access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati river circa 1752.jpg|Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati river circa 1752
File:Sabarmati River Ahmedabad India 1890.jpg|Sabarmati river in 1890
File:Watercarts Sabarmati River Ahmedabad 1890.jpg|Watercarts in Sabarmati near Ahmedabad in 1890s
File:Harnav River.jpg|View of the Harnav, a tributary of the Sabarmati
Image:Sabarmati river.jpg|Construction work going on near the river under the Sabarmati River Front Development Project
Image:River-Sabarmati-1.jpg|River Sabarmati in Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Image:Sabarmati River near Ambod.jpg|Sabarmati River near Ambod
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Ahmedabad]]
*[[List of rivers in India]]
*[[Sabarmati Ashram]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.rajirrigation.gov.in/3bsabarmati.htm Sabarmati Basin (Department of Irrigation, Government of Rajasthan)]
*[http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/atriob/contribution/parmar.htm Sustainable water project Sabarmati River Basin]
*[http://wrmin.nic.in/riverbasin/sabarmati.htm Map of Sabarmati Basin]
*[http://www.water-international-france.fr/article.php3?id_article=147&idRubSel=213&id_parent=&id_rubrique=214&id_pere= Integrated management of the Sabarmati river basin]
*[http://deshgujarat.com/2007/01/19/ahmedabad-sabarmati-riverfront-projectvideo/ Information about sabarmati riverfront project of Ahmedabad]

{{Ahmedabad topics}}
{{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}
{{Hydrography of Gujarat}}

{{coord|22|18|N|72|22|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rivers of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Geography of Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Rivers of India]]