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{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Seshadri Srinivasa Iyengar
| honorific-suffix =
| image = S. Srinivasa Iyengar.jpg
| imagesize =200px
| smallimage =
| caption = Portrait of S. Srinivasa Iyengar
| order1 = Law Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras
| term_start1 =1916
| term_end1 =1920
| governor1 = [[John Sinclair, 1st Baron Pentland]],<br />[[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]],
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| order2 = Advocate-General of Madras Presidency
| term_start2 =1912
| term_end2 =1920
| predecessor4 = [[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]]
| successor4 = [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]]
| birth_date =11 September 1874
| birth_place =[[Ramanathapuram district]], [[British India]]
| death_date ={{death date and age|df=yes|1941|05|19|1874|09|11}}
| death_place =[[Madras]]
| nationality =
| party =
| spouse =
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater =[[Presidency College, Madras]]
| occupation =Lawyer
| profession =[[Attorney-General]], [[politician|Statesman]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Seshadri Srinivasa Iyengar''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] ({{lang-ta|சேஷாத்திரி ஸ்ரீநிவாச ஐயங்கார்}}) (11 September 1874 – 19 May 1941), also seen as '''Sreenivasa Iyengar''' and '''Srinivasa Ayyangar''', was an Indian lawyer, freedom-fighter and politician from the [[Indian National Congress]]. Iyengar was the [[Advocate-General]] of [[Madras Presidency]] from 1916 to 1920. He also served as a member of the bar council from 1912 to 1920, the law member of Madras Presidency from 1916 to 1920 and as the president of the [[Swarajya Party]] faction of the Indian National Congress from 1923 to 1930. Srinivasa Iyengar was the son-in-law of renowned lawyer and first Indian Advocate-general of Madras, [[V. Bhashyam Aiyangar|Sir Vembaukum Bhashyam Aiyangar]]. Iyengar's followers called him '''Lion of the South'''.

Srinivasa Iyengar was born in the [[Ramanathapuram district]] of Madras Presidency. He graduated in law and practised as a lawyer in the [[Madras High Court]] rising to become Advocate-General in 1916. He also served as a member of the bar council and was nominated as the law member of the Governor's executive council. He resigned his Advocate-General post, his seat in the Governor's executive council and returned his [[Order of the Indian Empire|C. I. E.]] in 1920 in protest against the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] and joined the [[Indian National Congress]]. He participated in the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]]. However, in 1923, he broke away along with other leaders as [[Motilal Nehru]] and [[Chittaranjan Das]] due to differences with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] over participating in elections. The breakaway faction later formed the Swarajya Party. Iyengar served as the President of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee and later, the Madras Province Swarajya Party and was the leader of the party when it refused to form the government in the province despite winning a majority in the 1926 elections. In later life, he established the Independence of India league and organised protests against the [[Simon Commission]]. He retired from politics due to differences with other Congress politicians over the goal of Dominion status. He briefly returned to politics in 1938. On 19 May 1941, Iyengar died in his house in Madras.

Srinivasa Iyengar remains the youngest lawyer from the Madras bar to be made Advocate-General. Srinivasa Iyengar was also the mentor of freedom-fighters [[U. Muthuramalingam Thevar]] and [[Sathyamurthy]]. [[K. Kamaraj]], who later became the President of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee and served as the [[Chief Minister of Madras]] from 1954 to 1962 is believed to be his greatest find. Srinivasa Iyengar's 1939 book on "Mayne's Hindu laws" is a much-acclaimed and well read book.

During Iyengar's tenure as leader, the Congress was often criticised by [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|EV Ramaswamy]] and other politicians of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] as a party dominated by [[Brahmins]]. This was because top Congress leaders as Iyengar, Sathyamurthy and [[C. Rajagopalachari]] were all Brahmins.

==Early life==

Srinivasa Iyengar was born on 11 September 1874 to Seshadri Iyengar, a prominent landowner of Ramanathapuram district.<ref name="srinibio_dictionaryoftamilsp93">{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|publisher=The Scarecrow Press|year=2007|id={{ISBN|0810853795}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8108-5379-9}}|pages=93}}</ref><ref name="pillarsofmodernindiap61">{{cite book|title=Pillars of Modern India|pages=61|author=Sayed Jafar Mahmud|publisher=APH Publishing|year=1994|id={{ISBN|8170245869}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7024-586-5}}}}</ref><ref name="aicc_bio">{{cite web|title=Indian National Congress-Past Presidents:S Srinivasa Iyengar, President-Gauhati, 1926|url=http://www.aicc.org.in/s_srinivasa_iyengar.php|publisher=Indian National Congress|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928093727/http://www.aicc.org.in/s_srinivasa_iyengar.php|archive-date=28 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> His parents were orthodox [[Iyengar|Sri Vaishnava Brahmins]] of Madras Presidency.<ref name="srinibio_dictionaryoftamilsp93" /> Srinivasa Iyengar had his schooling in [[Madurai]] and graduated from [[Presidency College, Madras]].<ref name="pillarsofmodernindiap61" /><ref name="toi_whoswhop813">{{cite book|title=The Times of India directory and year book, including who's who|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co|year=1923|pages=813}}</ref> His early schooling was in his [[mother tongue]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="greatindiansp204">{{cite book|title=The great Indians|pages=204|publisher=One India One People Foundation|id={{ISBN|8172733186}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7273-318-6}}}}</ref>

==Legal career==

Srinivasa Iyengar commenced practice as lawyer in the [[Madras High Court]] in 1898.<ref name="pillarsofmodernindiap61" /><ref name="aicc_bio" /><ref name="toi_whoswhop813" /> He had an extensive knowledge of [[Hindu]] [[Dharmasastra]] and this helped him make a mark for himself.<ref name="aicc_bio" /> Soon, Iyengar became the right-hand for [[C. Sankaran Nair]].<ref name="madrasleadersp11">[[#Some Madras Leaders|Some Madras Leaders]], Pg 11</ref> During this time, the Indian freedom-fighter [[Sathyamurthy|S. Satyamurthi]] worked as a junior under Iyengar.<ref name="satyamurthip15">{{cite book|title=S. Satyamurti, a political biography|pages=15|publisher=Satvahan|author=Saroja Sundararajan|year=1983}}</ref> Later, he followed Iyengar into the Indian National Congress and the Indian independence movement. Satyamurthi worked under Iyengar while he was the president of the Swarajya Party.<ref name="marchtofreedomp358">{{cite book|title=March to freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916–1947|pages=358|author=Saroja Sundarrajan|publisher=Lalitha Publications|year=1989}}</ref> He later referred to Iyengar as his "political mentor".<ref name="marchtofreedomp358" />

In 1911, Bhupendranath Basu introduced the Civil Marriages Bill in the Imperial legislature.<ref name="press_nationalism_p127">{{cite book|title=The press and the national movement in South India, Andhra, 1905–1932|author=K. Subrahmanyam|publisher=New Era Publications|year=1984|pages=127}}</ref> This bill was heavily criticised. Iyengar led agitations for the bill. When [[V. Krishnaswamy Iyer]] was criticised by extremists after his death, Iyengar defended him.<ref name="madrasleadersp11" />

In 1912, Iyengar was appointed to the Madras Bar Council and he served from 1912 to 1916.<ref name="panislamp468">{{cite book|title=Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924|pages=468|author=M. Naeem Qureshi|publisher=Brill|year=1999|id={{ISBN|9004113711}}, {{ISBN|978-90-04-11371-8}}}}</ref> In 1916, he became the Advocate-General of Madras Presidency, the youngest ever to occupy the post.<ref name="srinibio_dictionaryoftamilsp93" /><ref name="pillarsofmodernindiap61" /><ref name="congresscommp204">{{cite book|title=To the gates of liberty: Congress commemoration volume|pages=204|author=G. C. Sondhi|publisher=G. C. Sondhi|year=1948}}</ref> He also served as a member of the Madras Senate from 1912 to 1916.<ref name="congresscommp204" />

In recognition of his services, Srinivasa Iyengar was appointed [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in the 1920 New Year Honours.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31712 |date=30 December 1919 |page=5 |supp=y}}</ref><ref name="krsrinivasa iyengarp5">[[#K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar|K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar]], Pg 5</ref> Iyengar also served as the Law member on the executive council of the Governor of Madras from 1916 to 1920.<ref name="krsrinivasa iyengarp5" />

==Political activities==

=== Indian independence movement ===

Right from his younger days, Srinivasa Iyengar displayed an interest, though trivial, in politics. He attended the historically significant 1907 session of the Indian National Congress held at Surat which is remembered for the split between the moderates and the extremists.<ref name="sastryp5">[[#Sastry|Sastry]], Pg 5</ref> In 1908, V. Krishnaswamy Iyer introduced him to [[Rash Behari Bose]] "as the son-in-law of Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar and in some ways greater than him".<ref name="sastryp5" /> However, Iyengar took politics seriously only after the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwala Bagh episode]].<ref name="sastryp5" />

In 1920, Srinivasa Iyengar resigned as the Advocate-General of Madras and from the Governor's executive council protesting the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre.<ref name="pillarsofmodernindiap61" /><ref name="sastryp102">[[#Sastry|Sastry]], Pg 102</ref> In February 1921, he also returned his C.I.E in protest.<ref name="pillarsofmodernindiap61" /><ref name="sastryp102" /> He joined the Indian National Congress and participated in the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]]. In 1927, Srinivasa Iyengar chaired the reception committee of the 29th session of the Indian National Congress which met in Madras.<ref name="sastryp25">[[#Sastry|Sastry]], Pg 25</ref>

Iyengar presided over the 1920 Madras Provincial Conference held at Tinnevely and participated in the Congress sessions held at Ahmedabad(1921), Gaya(1922), Kakinada(1923), Delhi(1923), Belgaum(1924), Kanpur(1925), Gauhati(1926), Madras (1927), Calcutta(1928) and Lahore (1929). His work is believed to have given an unparalleled lead to the Congress in Madras for about ten years.

Srinivasa Iyengar presided over the [[Guwahati]] session of the Congress in 1926. Iyengar worked hard to deliver a resolution upholding Hindu-Muslim unity, bringing about a temporary political agreement between the political leaders of the two communities. He published ''Swaraj Constitution'', in 1927, outlining a federal scheme of government for future India.

=== Madras Province Swarajya Party ===

When the Congress split in 1923 between the Gandhians and those in support of Council entry, Srinivasa Iyengar was in the non-Gandhian camp and founded the Madras Province Swarajya Party. The Madras Province Swarajya Party contested in the elections to the provincial legislature held between 11 September 1923 and 10 November 1923.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp184">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=184| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref><ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp185">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=185| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref> Though, as expected, the performance of the Swarajya Party wasn't by any means remarkable, its presence had a major impact on the fortunes of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] whose majority was considerably reduced compared to the 1920 elections.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp184" /> The Swaraj Party won 20 seats in the 98 member assembly and was the leading opposition party. More importantly, however, the Justice Party won just 44 seats in the 1923 elections compared to the 1920 elections when it had won 64 seats.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp184" /> The [[Raja of Panagal]] was elected for a second term as Premier while Srinivasa Iyengar was elected leader of opposition in the assembly.

A little later, a few prominent members of the Justice Party broke off to form the [[United Nationalist Party (India)|United Nationalist Party]] and projected themselves as "Democrats".<ref name="noconfidencemotion">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/25/stories/2004102500200300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124085602/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/25/stories/2004102500200300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2005|title=When the postman knocked|first=S.|last=Muthiah|date=25 October 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The dissidents were led by [[C. R. Reddy]], a leader of the Justice Party,<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp185" /><ref name="noconfidencemotion" /><ref name="crreddy">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/27/stories/2004042712770300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040623122924/http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/27/stories/2004042712770300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 June 2004|title=Go-betweens left in the lurch|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Narasimha|last=Rao|date=27 April 2004}}</ref> who complained of the dictatorial rule of the Raja<ref name="ssatyamurthip41">{{cite book|title=S. Satyamurti|first=R.|last=Parthasarathi|pages=41|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|year=1971}}</ref> and his insensitive, unimaginative policies.<ref name="crreddyp16">{{cite book|title=Dr. C. R. Reddy|first=D.|last=Anjaneyulu|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1973|pages=16}}</ref> Backed by Srinivasa Iyengar and the Swarajists, Reddy introduced a [[no-confidence motion]] against the government of the Raja of Panagal on 27 November 1923.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp185" /><ref name="noconfidencemotion" /> The no-confidence motion was, however, defeated by a margin of 65 votes to 44.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp186">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=186| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref>

The Swarajya Party won 44 seats in the 1926 elections and emerged as the single largest party in the house.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp189">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=189| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref> Comparatively, the Justice Party had won just 20 seats.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp189" /> The Raja of Panagal stepped down as Premier.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp189" /> The Governor [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen|Lord Goschen]] invited Srinivasa Iyengar as leader of opposition to form the government.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp189" /> However, Srinivasa Iyengar refused.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp189" /> As a result, the Governor set up an independent government under [[P. Subbarayan]] and nominated 34 members to the assembly to support it.<ref name="kumaramangalam">{{cite news|title=Kumaramangalam family's role in development remembered |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/17/stories/2004101704590400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119213301/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/17/stories/2004101704590400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2005|date=17 October 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="rajyasabha_bio">{{Cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/kiosk/whoswho/prev90s.htm |title=Rajya Sabha Who's Who |access-date=4 January 2009 |publisher=Rajya Sabha |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818090644/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/kiosk/whoswho/prev90s.htm |archive-date=18 August 2007 }}</ref>

Because Subbarayan's regime was appointed and largely controlled by the Governor, it became the target of strong criticism both from the Justicites as well as the Swarajists.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp190">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=190| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref> In March 1927, [[P. Munuswamy Naidu]] of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] passed a motion recommending salary cuts for Government ministers. However, they were defeated by a margin of 41 votes.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp190" /> A no-confidence motion was passed on 23 August 1927, but was defeated 56 to 67 with the support of the Governor and the members nominated by him.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp191">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=191| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref>

The Simon Commission was appointed by the British Parliament in 1927 to report on the working of the progress of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp191" /> The Swarajya Party moved a resolution to boycott the Commission and this was passed 61 to 50 with 12 remaining neutral.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp192">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=192| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref> Subbarayan opposed the resolution but his cabinet ministers Ranganatha Mudaliar and Arogyaswamy Mudaliar supported it.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp192" /> Subbarayan resigned as Chief Minister, but at the same time, he also compelled his ministers to submit their resignations.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp192" /> Fearing the possibility of the formation of a Swarajya Party-Justice Party coalition Government, the Governor stepped in to foster discord amongst the opposition. To obtain the support of the Raja of Panagal, he appointed Krishnan Nair, a leading member of the Justice Party as his Law Member.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp192" /> Led by the Raja of Panagal, the Justice Party switched sides and lent its support to the Subbarayan government. Soon afterward, the Justice Party passed a resolution welcoming the Simon Commission.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp193">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=193| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref> The Simon Commission visited Madras on 28 February 1928<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp193" /> and 18 February 1929<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp194">{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=194| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5}}</ref> and was boycotted by the Swarajya Party and the Indian National Congress. However, the Justicites and the Subbarayan Government accorded the Commission a warm reception.<ref name="encyclopaediaofpoliticalpartiesp194" />

===Nehru report===
''See Also'': [[Simon Commission]]

In the Congress session held at Nagpur in November 1927, decision was made to draw up a "Labour Constitution of the future Government of India".<ref name="communistp122">{{cite book|title=History of the communist movement in India|author=Harkishan Singh Surjeet|author-link=Harkishan Singh Surjeet|publisher=LeftWord Books|year=2005|id={{ISBN|8187496495}}, {{ISBN|978-81-87496-49-6}}|pages=122}}</ref> Motilal Nehru was elected as the convenor of the Constitution Drafting Committee.<ref name="communistp123">{{cite book|title=History of the communist movement in India|author=Harkishan Singh Surjeet|author-link=Harkishan Singh Surjeet|publisher=LeftWord Books|year=2005|id={{ISBN|8187496495}}, {{ISBN|978-81-87496-49-6}}|pages=123}}</ref> On 10 August 1928, the committee submitted its report declaring dominion status as the goal of the Congress.<ref name="communistp123" /> The report was presented at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress held between 28 August 1928 and 31 August 1928.<ref name="communistp123" />

On 30 August 1928, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], Srinivasa Iyengar and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] formed the Indian Independence League.<ref name="communistp123" /> This league declared ''purna swaraj'' or complete independence from British rule as its ultimate goal and not dominion status.<ref name="communistp123" /> Srinivasa Iyengar was elected President of the league with Nehru and Bose as its secretaries.<ref name="communistp123" />

When the All-Parties Report (known as the Nehru Report) was published in 1928 outlining a constitution for India in terms of ''[[Dominion]] status'', Srinivasa Iyengar organised the Independence League with himself as President and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] as leading members.

Iyengar was elected President of the Congress Democratic Party with Subhas Chandra Bose as its Secretary.<ref name="sastryp47">[[#Sastry|Sastry]], Pg 47</ref> Srinivasa Iyengar, however, announced his retirement from active public life early in 1930.<ref name="sastryp47" />

== Later life ==

Srinivasa Iyengar briefly returned to politics in 1938 and supported Subhas Chandra Bose as president of the Congress. However, when Bose formed the [[Forward Bloc]], he described it as a "leaky boat."<ref name="sastryp65">[[#Sastry|Sastry]], Pg 65</ref> He was also upset with the outbreak of the [[Second World War]].<ref name="sastryp65" /> While presiding over a session of the Tyagaraja Bakajana Sabha in 1938, Srinivasa Iyengar spoke:

{{quotation|Lawyers do not ask musicians to preside over their deliberations, but it had become a fashion to invite a man who knew nothing about music, like myself, to preside over musical events. As a body of self-respecting men and women, musicians should conduct their affairs without outside interference, and communal politics<ref name="thehindu_carnaticmusic">{{cite news|title=Concerted support for carnatic music|url=http://www.hindu.com/th125/stories/2003091301031300.htm|date=13 September 2003|work=The Hindu}}</ref>}}

==Death==
Iyenger made a brief return to political life in 1939, upon the outbreak of [[World War II]] and the debate of whether Indians should back the British effort, banking on their goodwill later to deliver independence, or oppose the entry of Indian army into the war without consultation of the Indian people. He died suddenly on 19 May 1941, at his residence in [[Madras]].

Iyengar died at his residence in Madras on 29 May 1941. He was 66 years old at the time.

== Family ==
Srinivasa Iyengar was married to the third daughter of Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar.<ref name="madrasleadersp11" /> He had a son, S. Parthasarathy.<ref name="thehindu_parthasarathy">{{cite news|title=Book Review:On men and matters|url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/08/31/stories/2004083100061400.htm|date=31 August 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="parthasarathy">{{cite web|title=Sri Vaishnavi shrine, Aavadi|url=http://murugan.org/temples/vaishnavi.htm}}</ref> and a daughter, [[Ambujammal]] who was the founder of the Srinivasa Gandhi Nilayam.<ref name="parthasarathy" /> Parthasarathy studied law and practised as a lawyer before becoming an entrepreneur.<ref name="parthasarathy" /> He served as the founder and director of the Industrial Development Commission of [[Madras state]] and founded the Prithvi Insurance company.<ref name="parthasarathy" /> In his later life, he became a Hindu [[monk]] and adopted the name Swami Anvananda.<ref name="parthasarathy" />

== Legacy ==
Besides law, Srinivasa Iyengar's other interest were education, social reform, and politics.<ref name="aicc_bio" /> Iyengar's 1939 book Mayne's Hindu Law is considered to be a [[masterpiece]].<ref name="sastryp100">[[#Sastry|Sastry]], Pg 100</ref> Among his early influences were Sir Sankaran Nair and C. Vijayaraghavachariar, two former Congress leaders.<ref name="aicc_bio" /> He was also an admirer of [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] (in whose name he endowed a prize) and later of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name="aicc_bio" /> Iyengar was the personal lawyer and a family friend of Muthuramalingam Thevar whom he encouraged to participate in the 1927 Congress session that was held in Madras.<ref name="thevar_tamilnation">{{cite web|title=One Hundred Tamils of the 20th century: Pasumpon Muthuramalingam Thevar|url=http://www.tamilnation.org/hundredtamils/thevar.htm|publisher=tamilnation}}</ref> Thevar was eventually drawn to the Congress and participated in agitations against the British rule.<ref name="thevar_tamilnation" /> Iyengar was also close to Swami Suddhananda Bharathi.<ref name="thehindu_eternity">{{cite news|title=Pilgrim of eternity|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=S. R.|date=16 October 2001|url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/10/16/stories/1316017c.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514232457/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/10/16/stories/1316017c.htm|archive-date=14 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

One British CID officer described Iyengar as a "political ideas factory".<ref name="madrasleadersp12">[[#Some Madras Leaders|Some Madras Leaders]], Pg 12</ref> He was described as frank and generous<ref name="madrasleadersp13">[[#Some Madras Leaders|Some Madras Leaders]], Pg 13</ref> and having brought a fresh and young look to his political ideas. He was known for making brave and outspoken comments on the Governor or Government officials.<ref name="madrasleadersp13" /><ref name="madrasleadersp14">[[#Some Madras Leaders|Some Madras Leaders]], Pg 14</ref> A contemporary remarks that Iyengar's opinions were as clear cut as his legal arguments.<ref name="madrasleadersp12" /> His proficiency in the legal profession was supposedly noticeable right from his early days.<ref name="madrasleadersp13" /> In politics, Iyengar was considered to be a champion of the [[Mylapore]] [[clique]] in Madras politics.<ref name="madrasleadersp13" /> Iyengar tried to bring reforms in Indian society. He worked for the elevation of depressed sections of society and educated underprivileged children on his own expense.<ref name="madrasleadersp14"/> He also a fine writer and frequently wrote columns for ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[Swadesamitran]]'' and ''Indian Patriot''.<ref name="madrasleadersp15">[[#Some Madras Leaders|Some Madras Leaders]], Pg 15</ref>

Iyengar is credited with having popularised the Congress at the village level in South India.<ref name="aicc_bio" /> He was a staunch believer in the concept of "linked leadership".<ref name="aicc_bio" /> He was responsible for the induction of [[K. Kamaraj]] and Muthuramalinga Thevar in the Indian National Congress.<ref name="aicc_bio" /> Iyengar's followers and colleagues called him "Lion of the South".<ref name="greatindiansp204" />

== Criticism ==
At the 1920 session of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee, E. V. Ramasamy, a leader of the Congress desired to propose a resolution introducing communal representation in education and employment.<ref name="periyar">{{cite web|title=Political Philosophy of Periyar|author=Louis Anthony|url=http://snphilosophers2005.tripod.com/louis.pdf}}</ref> However, Iyengar who presided over the session refused to permit it reasoning that it would cause unnecessary communal tension.<ref name="periyar" /> Periyar criticised Iyengar along with the rest of the Brahmin leadership of the Congress and declared that non-Brahmins can never hope to get justice from the Congress.<ref name="ethno_salem_p93">{{cite book|title=Salem City: An Ethnohistory (1792–1992)|author=Ka Ilakkumi Nārāyaṇan̲|author2=T. Gangadharan |author3=N. Chandrasekar |pages=93|year=1999|publisher=Vysya College}}</ref>

== Works ==
* {{cite book|title=Mayne's Treatise on Hindu Law and Usage|author=S. Srinivasa Iyengar|author2=John D. Mayne|author2-link=John D. Mayne|publisher=[[Higginbotham's]]|year=1939|place=Madras}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==
* {{cite book | title=Some Madras Leaders| year=1922|ref=Some Madras Leaders}}

== Biographies ==
* {{cite book|title=S. Srinivasa Iyengar: the story of a decade in Indian politics|author=K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar|publisher=Basel Mission Press (Canarag, Ltd.)|year=1939|ref=K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar}}
* {{cite book|title=S. Srinivasa Iyengar|author=Kadayam Ramachandra Ramabhadra Sastry|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|year=1972|ref=Sastry}}

{{Indian National Congress Presidents}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyengar, Srinivasa}}
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu politicians]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Advocates General for Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Members of Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]

S. Srinivasa Iyengar - Revision history

Shenna87P79423: Improved article clarity and structure

->Psss....123quake at 23:28, 14 November 2021