Sümi language - Revision history

->Sol505000: /* Vowels */

2021-10-22T18:04:45Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:34, 22 October 2021
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			{{Short description\|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2019}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2019}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=July 2019}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=July 2019}}
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	\|-		\|-
	! [[Close vowel\|Close]]		! [[Close vowel\|Close]]
	\| {{IPA link~~\|i̞~~\|i}}		\| {{IPA link\|i}}
	\| {{IPA link~~\|ɨ̞~~\|ɨ}}		\| {{IPA link\|ɨ}}
	\| {{IPA link\|u}}		\| {{IPA link\|u}}
	\|-		\|-
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	! [[Open vowel\|Open]]		! [[Open vowel\|Open]]
	\|		\|
	\| {{IPA link\|ɐ\|a}}		\| {{IPA link\|ä\|a}}
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

	Notes:		Notes:
	* ~~{{IPA\|/i/}} has~~ been variously described as:		* The close front and the close central vowels have been variously described as near-close {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|i̞}}, {{IPAplink\|ɨ̞}}]}} and close {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|i}}, {{IPAplink\|ɨ}}]}}. The close back vowel has only been described as close {{IPAblink\|u}}.{{sfnp\|Teo\|2012\|p=368}}{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|pp=27–28}}
	** Near-close ~~front unrounded~~ {{~~IPAblink~~\|i̞}};{{~~sfnp~~\|~~Teo\|2012\|p=368~~}}		** In the word-medial position, {{IPA\|/ɨ/}} can be realized as mid {{IPAblink\|ə}}.{{sfnp\|Teo\|2012\|p=369}}{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=28}}
	** Close front unrounded {{~~IPAblink~~\|~~i}}.~~{{~~sfnp~~\|~~Teo\|2014\|p=27~~}}
	* {{~~IPA~~\|/ɨ/}} has been ~~variously~~ described as:
	** Near-close ~~central unrounded~~ {{IPAblink\|ɨ̞}};{{sfnp\|Teo\|2012\|p=368}}
	** Close central unrounded {{IPAblink\|ɨ}}.{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=28}}
	* In word-medial position, {{IPA\|/ɨ/}} can be realized as mid ~~central unrounded~~ {{IPAblink\|ə}}.{{sfnp\|Teo\|2012\|p=369~~}}{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=28}}~~
	* {{IPA\|/u/}} is close back rounded {{IPAblink\|u}}.{{sfnp\|Teo\|2012\|p=368}}{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=28}}
	* The mid vowels {{IPA\|/e, o/}} can be realized as either close-mid {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|e}}, {{IPAplink\|o}}]}} or open-mid {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|ɛ}}, {{IPAplink\|ɔ}}]}}.{{sfnp\|Teo\|2012\|p=369}}{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=27}}		* The mid vowels {{IPA\|/e, o/}} can be realized as either close-mid {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|e}}, {{IPAplink\|o}}]}} or open-mid {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|ɛ}}, {{IPAplink\|ɔ}}]}}.{{sfnp\|Teo\|2012\|p=369}}{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=27}}
	** {{Harvcoltxt\|Teo\|2012}} describes the close-mid allophone of {{IPA\|/o/}} as slightly advanced {{IPA\|[o̟]}}.{{sfnp\|Teo\|2012\|p=368}}		** {{Harvcoltxt\|Teo\|2012}} describes the close-mid allophone of {{IPA\|/o/}} as slightly advanced {{IPA\|[o̟]}}.{{sfnp\|Teo\|2012\|p=368}}
	* {{IPA\|/a/}} has been variously described as:		* {{IPA\|/a/}} has been variously described as near-open {{IPAblink\|ɐ}}{{sfnp\|Teo\|2012\|p=368}} and open {{IPAblink\|ä}}.{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=28}}
	** Near-open ~~central unrounded~~ {{IPAblink\|ɐ}};{{sfnp\|Teo\|2012\|p=368}}		** After uvular stops, {{IPA\|/a/}} can be realized as open back unrounded {{IPAblink\|ɑ}}.{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=28}}
	** Open central unrounded {{IPAblink\|ä}}.{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=28}}
	* After uvular stops, {{IPA\|/a/}} can be realized as open back unrounded {{IPAblink\|ɑ}}.{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=28}}

	=== Consonants ===		=== Consonants ===
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	[[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]		[[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]
	~~[[Category:Languages of India]]~~
	[[Category:Angami–Pochuri languages]]		[[Category:Angami–Pochuri languages]]

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	~~{{en-Wikipedia}}~~

CleanupBot: /* Bibliography */clean up, add source tag

2021-06-01T20:35:59Z

Bibliography: clean up, add source tag

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>Amosbteo: Removed parentheses from voiceless unaspirated postalveolar affricate

2021-01-18T00:23:33Z

Removed parentheses from voiceless unaspirated postalveolar affricate

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Sümi
| nativename = ''Sümi (Naga)''
| pronunciation = {{IPA|[sɨ˧ mi˩]}}
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Nagaland]]
| ethnicity = [[Sümi Naga]]
| speakers = 350,000
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Angami–Pochuri languages|Angami–Pochuri]]
| iso3 = nsm
| glotto = sumi1235
| glottorefname = Sumi Naga
}}

'''Sümi''', also '''Sema''', is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language spoken in [[Nagaland]], [[India]]. It is spoken by the [[Sümi Naga]] people.{{sfnp|Sreedhar|1976}}{{sfnp|Sreedhar|1980}}

==Geographical distribution==
Sümi is spoken in central and southern [[Nagaland]], in [[Zunheboto district]], [[Dimapur district]], [[Kohima district]], [[Mokokchung district]], and [[Tuensang district]], as well as in 7 villages of [[Tinsukia district]], [[Assam]] (''Ethnologue'').

==Dialects==
''[[Ethnologue]]'' lists the following dialects of Sümi.

*Dayang (Western Sümi)
*Lazami
*Jimomi
*Zumomi

== Phonology ==
The transcriptions in this section use the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]].

=== Vowels ===
[[File:Sema monophthongs chart.svg|thumb|250px|[[Monophthong]]s of Sema, from {{Harvcoltxt|Teo|2012|p=368}}]]
The vowels of Sümi are as follows:{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=369}}{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=20}}

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i̞|i}}
| {{IPA link|ɨ̞|ɨ}}
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}}
|
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɐ|a}}
|
|}

Notes:
* {{IPA|/i/}} has been variously described as:
** Near-close front unrounded {{IPAblink|i̞}};{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}
** Close front unrounded {{IPAblink|i}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=27}}
* {{IPA|/ɨ/}} has been variously described as:
** Near-close central unrounded {{IPAblink|ɨ̞}};{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}
** Close central unrounded {{IPAblink|ɨ}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}
* In word-medial position, {{IPA|/ɨ/}} can be realized as mid central unrounded {{IPAblink|ə}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=369}}{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}
* {{IPA|/u/}} is close back rounded {{IPAblink|u}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}
* The mid vowels {{IPA|/e, o/}} can be realized as either close-mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|e}}, {{IPAplink|o}}]}} or open-mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɛ}}, {{IPAplink|ɔ}}]}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=369}}{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=27}}
** {{Harvcoltxt|Teo|2012}} describes the close-mid allophone of {{IPA|/o/}} as slightly advanced {{IPA|[o̟]}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}
* {{IPA|/a/}} has been variously described as:
** Near-open central unrounded {{IPAblink|ɐ}};{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}
** Open central unrounded {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}
* After uvular stops, {{IPA|/a/}} can be realized as open back unrounded {{IPAblink|ɑ}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}

=== Consonants ===

The consonants of Sümi are as follows{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=20}}{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=366}} (allophones that are represented in the orthographic system are given in parentheses):

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="3" |
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! {{small|plain}}
| {{IPA link|m}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA|mʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|nʱ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
|
| {{IPA link|t}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|q}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
|
|
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
| {{IPA|qʰ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
|
| {{IPA link|d}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|
|
| ({{IPA link|ts}})
| {{IPA link|tʃ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|
|
| ({{IPA|tsʰ}})
| {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|
| {{IPA link|f}}
| ({{IPA link|s}})
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
| {{IPA link|x}}
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
| {{IPA link|v}}
| ({{IPA link|z}})
| {{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɣ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! {{small|[[Central consonant|central]]}}
! rowspan="2" | {{small|plain}}
| ({{IPA link|w}})
|
| {{IPA link|ɹ}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|
|
| {{IPA|lʱ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation
|last=Sreedhar
|first=Mangadan Veetil
|year=1976
|title=Sema phonetic reader
|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages
|location=Mysore
}}
* {{citation
|last=Sreedhar
|first=Mangadan Veetil
|year=1980
|title=A Sema Grammar
|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages
|location=Mysore
}}
* {{citation
|last=Teo
|first=Amos B.
|year=2012
|title=Sumi (Sema)
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=42
|issue=3
|pages=365–373
|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000254
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last=Teo
|first=Amos B.
|year=2014
|title=A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland
|publisher=Asia-Pacific Linguistics
|isbn=978-1-922185-10-5
|location=Canberra
|url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/12015}}
{{refend}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Angami–Pochuri languages]]

{{st-lang-stub}}
{{india-culture-stub}}