->Poulami Das 2001 at 08:37, 17 December 2021

2021-12-17T08:37:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:07, 17 December 2021
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	{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2018}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2018}}
	{{Infobox monarch		{{Infobox monarch
	\|title = ''Sultan''		\| title = ''Sultan''
	\|name = Ruknuddin Firuz		\| name = Ruknuddin Firuz
	\|image = Rukn al-Din Firoz (3).jpg		\| image = Rukn al-Din Firoz (3).jpg
	\|caption = Bull & Horseman type ''jital'' coin of Ruknuddin Firuz		\| caption = Bull & Horseman type ''jital'' coin of Ruknuddin Firuz
	\|succession = [[~~Delhi Sultanate\|~~Sultan of Delhi]]		\| succession = 4th [[Sultan of Delhi]]
	\|reign = April/May 1236 – November 1236		\| reign = April/May 1236 – November 1236
	\|predecessor = [[Iltutmish]]		\| predecessor = [[Iltutmish]]
	\|successor = [[Razia Sultana]]		\| successor = [[Razia Sultana]]
	\|dynasty = [[Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)\|Mamluk Dynasty]]		\| dynasty = [[Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)\|Mamluk Dynasty]]
	\|father = [[Iltutmish]]		\| father = [[Iltutmish]]
	\|mother = [[Shah Turkan]]		\| mother = [[Shah Turkan]]
	\|death_date = 19 November 1236		\| birth_date = unknown
	\|death_place = [[Delhi Sultanate]]		\| birth_place =
	\|religion = [[Islam]]		\| death_date = 19 November 1236
			\| death_place = [[Delhi Sultanate]]
			\| burial_place = [[Sultan Ghari]], [[Delhi]]
			\| religion = [[Islam]]
	}}		}}
	'''Rukn-ud-din Firuz''', also transliterated as '''Rukn al-Din Firoz''', was a ruler of [[Delhi sultanate]] for less than seven months in 1236. As a prince, he had administered the [[Badaun]] and [[Lahore]] provinces of the Sultanate. He ascended the throne after the death of his father [[Iltutmish]], a powerful [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)\|Mamluk]] ruler who had established the Sultanate as the most powerful kingdom in northern India. However, Ruknuddin spent his time in pursuing pleasure, and left his mother [[Shah Turkan]] in control of the administration. The misadministration led to rebellions against Ruknuddin and his mother, both of whom were arrested and imprisoned. The nobles and the army subsequently appointed his half-sister [[Razia Sultana\|Razia]] on the throne.
			'''Rukn-ud-din Firuz''', also transliterated as '''Rukn al-Din Firoz''' (died 19 November 1236), was a ruler of [[Delhi sultanate]] for less than seven months in 1236. As a prince, he had administered the [[Badaun]] and [[Lahore]] provinces of the Sultanate. He ascended the throne after the death of his father [[Iltutmish]], a powerful [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)\|Mamluk]] ruler who had established the Sultanate as the most powerful kingdom in northern India. However, Ruknuddin spent his time in pursuing pleasure, and left his mother [[Shah Turkan]] in control of the administration. The misadministration led to rebellions against Ruknuddin and his mother, both of whom were arrested and imprisoned. The nobles and the army subsequently appointed his half-sister [[Razia Sultana\|Razia]] on the throne.

	== Early life ==		== Early life ==

imported>SquirrelCrown: Restored revision 1039352564 by Rdp060707 (talk)

2021-08-29T07:57:44Z

Restored revision 1039352564 by Rdp060707 (talk)

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox monarch
|title = ''Sultan''
|name = Ruknuddin Firuz
|image = Rukn al-Din Firoz (3).jpg
|caption = Bull & Horseman type ''jital'' coin of Ruknuddin Firuz
|succession = [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]
|reign = April/May 1236 – November 1236
|predecessor = [[Iltutmish]]
|successor = [[Razia Sultana]]
|dynasty = [[Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk Dynasty]]
|father = [[Iltutmish]]
|mother = [[Shah Turkan]]
|death_date = 19 November 1236
|death_place = [[Delhi Sultanate]]
|religion = [[Islam]]
}}
'''Rukn-ud-din Firuz''', also transliterated as '''Rukn al-Din Firoz''', was a ruler of [[Delhi sultanate]] for less than seven months in 1236. As a prince, he had administered the [[Badaun]] and [[Lahore]] provinces of the Sultanate. He ascended the throne after the death of his father [[Iltutmish]], a powerful [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Mamluk]] ruler who had established the Sultanate as the most powerful kingdom in northern India. However, Ruknuddin spent his time in pursuing pleasure, and left his mother [[Shah Turkan]] in control of the administration. The misadministration led to rebellions against Ruknuddin and his mother, both of whom were arrested and imprisoned. The nobles and the army subsequently appointed his half-sister [[Razia Sultana|Razia]] on the throne.

== Early life ==

Ruknuddin was born to the Delhi Sultan Iltutmish and his wife ''Khudawanda-i-Jahan'' [[Shah Turkan]], who was a hand-maid of Turkic origin.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=234-235}} As a prince, he was assigned the [[iqta']] of [[Badaun]] in 1228.{{sfn|Sunil Kumar|2006|p=97}}{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=234}} He administered Badaun with the support of Ainul Mulk Husain Ash'ari, a former minister of Iltutmish's rival [[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha]].{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=234-235}}

Iltutmish had groomed his eldest son [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]] to be his successor, but this son died unexpectedly in 1229.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=230}} While leaving for his Gwalior campaign in 1231, Iltutmish left his daughter [[Razia Sultana|Razia]] as the in-charge of Delhi's administration. Razia handled the administration well, and when Iltutmish returned, he ordered preparation of a decree naming Razia as his [[heir apparent]], despite opposition from the orthodox nobles.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=230-231}} Iltutmish declared that his surviving sons were absorbed in pleasurable activities, and were incapable of managing the state affairs after his death. However, shortly before his death, Iltutmish appears to have agreed to appoint Ruknuddin - a son - as his successor.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=231}} In 1233, he appointed Ruknuddin as the administrator of Lahore.{{sfn|Sunil Kumar|2006|p=97}} During his last days, when he had become seriously ill, he recalled Ruknuddin from Lahore to Delhi, and Ruknuddin was unanimously accepted as his successor by the nobles.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=231}}

== Reign ==

After the death of his father Iltutmish, Ruknuddin ascended the throne in April-May 1236.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=234}} Saifuddin Hasan [[Qarlughids|Qarlugh]], who assumed that the Delhi Sultanate would be weakened after Iltutmish's death, invaded India around this time. However, Saifuddin Aibak - a Turkic slave officer appointed as the governor of [[Uch]] by Iltutmish, defeated him and forced him to retreat.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=236-237}}

Minhaj praises Ruknuddin for three qualities: handsomeness, gentle temperament, and generous nature.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=234}} According to Minhaj, Ruknuddin greatly enjoyed riding elephants, and greatly favoured [[mahout]]s, who became important in his court.{{sfn|Sunil Kumar|2006|p=98}} Minhaj narrates that Ruknuddin would scatter gold coins in [[bazaar]]s, while riding intoxicated on an elephant. He used to spend a lot of money on musicians, clowns, and eunuchs.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=236}} While spending his time and the state funds in pursuing pleasure, Ruknuddin left the control of administration to his mother Shah Turkan.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=234-235}}

=== Rebellions ===

Shah Turkan was originally reputed for charitable and religious donations, but her nature changed after she gained control of the administration. She mistreated ladies in Iltutmish's harem, and according to Minhaj, "destroyed" several of them. She and Ruknuddin ordered the blinding and killing of Qutubuddin, a young and popular son of Iltutmish, which triggered several rebellions:{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=235}}

* In the [[Awadh]] region, Malik Ghiyasuddin Muhammad Shah - a son of Iltutmish - rebelled against Ruknuddin. He sacked several towns, and plundered the treasure of Lakhnauti, which was being transferred to Delhi.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=235}}
* Malik Izzuddin Muhammad Salari, who now held the [[iqta']] of Badaun, also rebelled.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=235}}
* Three other iqta-holding nobles collectively rebelled against Ruknuddin: Malik Izzuddin Kabir Khan Ayaz ([[Multan]]), Malik Saifuddin Kuchi ([[Hansi]]), Malik Alauddin Jani ([[Lahore]]).{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=235}}

Ruknuddin sent an army against the rebels, but his [[vizier|wazir]] (prime minister) ''Nizamul Mulk'' Junaidi deserted the army at Kailugarhi, and fled to [[Kol Tehsil|Koil]] (modern Aligarh), later joining Salari. The forces of Junaidi and Salari subsequently joined the forces of Kuchi and Jani.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=235}}

=== Massacre of Tazik officers ===

The officers of Ruknuddin's father Iltutmish belonged to two major categories: the Turkic-origin slaves and the ''Tazik''-origin non-slaves. The Tazik officers included the prime minister Junaidi.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=225}} After the rebellions against Ruknuddin, the Turkic officers, who formed the core of Ruknuddin's army, planned murders of many Tazik officers in the [[Mansurpur]]-[[Tarain]] region.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=235}} Several important Tazik officers were killed as a result:{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=235-236}}

* Tajul Mulk Mahmud, ''[[dabir]]''
* the son of ''mushrif-i mamalik''
* Bahauddin Hasan Ash'ari
* Karimuddin Zahid
* Ziyal Mulk, the son of Junaidi
* Nizamuddin Shafurqani
* Khwaja Rashiduddin Malikani
* Amir Fakhruddin, ''dabir''

== Imprisonment and death ==

Ruknuddin marched towards [[Kuhram]] to fight the rebels.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=235}} Meanwhile, in Delhi, his half-sister [[Razia Sultana|Razia]] - whom his mother Shah Turkan had planned to execute - instigated the general public against Shah Turkan at a [[jumu'ah|congregational prayer]]. A mob then attacked the royal palace and detained Shah Turkan. Several nobles and the army pleged allegiance to Razia, and placed her on the throne. Ruknuddin marched back to Delhi, but Razia sent a force to arrest him: he was imprisoned and probably executed on 19 November 1236, having ruled for 6 months and 28 days.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=236}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=K. A. Nizami |author-link=K. A. Nizami |chapter=The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sunil Kumar |chapter=Service, Status, and Military Slavery in the Delhi Sultanate |editor1=Indrani Chatterjee |editor2=Richard M. Eaton |title=Slavery and South Asian History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nsh8NHDQHlcC&pg=PA98 |year=2006 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-11671-6 |pages=98–}}</ref>

{{ref end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ruknuddin Firuz}}
[[Category:Sultans of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]
[[Category:13th-century murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1236 deaths]]
[[Category:Turkic rulers]]
[[Category:13th-century Turkic people]]

Ruknuddin Firuz - Revision history

->Poulami Das 2001 at 08:37, 17 December 2021

imported>SquirrelCrown: Restored revision 1039352564 by Rdp060707 (talk)