imported>Scyrme: /* See also */ bypass redirect

2021-08-24T17:50:37Z

See also: bypass redirect

New page

{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{italic title}}
{{about|the rudraksha fruit and beadwork made from its fruitstones|the film|Rudraksh (film)}}
{{short description|Fruitstone used as a prayer bead in Hinduism}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Religious text primary|date=April 2019}}
}}
{{Saivism}}
[[File:RudrakshaBeads.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''Rudraksha'' beads are the dried stones of the fruit of the ''Elaeocarpus ganitrus'' tree]]
'''''Rudraksha''''' ([[IAST]]: ''{{IAST|rudrākṣa}}'') refers to a [[Drupe|stonefruit]], the dried [[Pyrena|stone]]s of which are used as [[prayer beads]] by [[Hinduism|Hindu]]s (especially [[Shaivism|Shaiva]]s), as well as by [[Buddhism|Buddhist]]s, [[Sikhism|Sikh]]s, and [[Islam|Muslim]]s.<ref name="Parashar2019">{{cite book|author=Singh M Parashar|title=Inner and Outer Meanings of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJq-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT229|date=13 November 2019|publisher=Xlibris UK|isbn=978-1-984592-11-8|pages=229–}}</ref> When they are ripe, ''rudraksha'' stones are covered by an inedible blue outer fruit so they are sometimes called "blueberry beads".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pharmacognostic and antifungal investigations of Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudrakasha) | pmc=2929793 | pmid=20838538 | doi=10.4103/0250-474X.65021 | volume=72 | issue=2 | year=2010 | journal=Indian J Pharm Sci | pages=261–5 | last1 = Singh | first1 = B | last2 = Chopra | first2 = A | last3 = Ishar | first3 = MP | last4 = Sharma | first4 = A | last5 = Raj | first5 = T}}</ref> The ''rudraksha'' stones are produced by several species of large, evergreen, broad-leaved tree in the genus ''[[Elaeocarpus]]'', the principal species of which is ''[[Elaeocarpus ganitrus]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Significance Rudraksha holds in Hinduism?|date=19 June 2017|website=NewsGram |url=https://www.newsgram.com/significance-rudraksha-hinduism/}}</ref>

The stones are associated with the Hindu deity [[Shiva]] and are commonly worn for protection and for chanting [[mantra]]s such as [[Om Namah Shivaya]] ({{lang-sa|ॐ नमः शिवाय}}; {{IAST|Om Namaḥ Śivāya}}). The stones are primarily sourced from [[India]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Nepal]] for [[jewellery]] and [[japamala|mala]]s ([[garland]]s); they are valued similarly to semi-precious stones.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} Various meanings and interpretations are attributed to ''rudraksha'' stones with different numbers of "faces" ({{lang-sa|मुख|mukha}}, {{lit|face}}) or [[locule]]s, and rare or unique stones are highly prized and valued.

== Etymology ==
''Rudraksha'' is a [[Sanskrit]] compound word consisting of [[Rudra]] ({{lang-sa|रुद्र}}) and ''{{IAST|akṣa}}'' ({{lang-sa|अक्ष}}).<ref>The translation of ''{{IAST|rudrākṣa}}'' as "Rudra's teardrops" and definition as berries of ''Elaeocarpus ganitrus'' see: Stutley, p. 119.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Dictionary of Hindu Iconography|last=Stutley|first=M.|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|year=1985|isbn=978-81-215-1087-5|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> [[Rudra]] is one of [[Shiva|Shiva's]] [[Vedas|Vedic]] names and ''akṣa'' means 'teardrops'; thus, the name literally means "Rudra's teardrops".

Sanskrit dictionaries translate ''{{IAST|akṣa}}'' ({{lang-sa|अक्ष}}) as eye,<ref>https://sanskritdictionary.org/aksa</ref> as do many prominent Hindus such as [[Sivaya Subramuniyaswami]] and Kamal Narayan Seetha; accordingly, ''rudraksha'' may be interpreted as meaning "eye of Rudra".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dancingwithsivah00subr_0|title=Dancing with Siva|last=Subramuniyaswami|first=Sivaya|year=1997|isbn=9780945497974|location=USA|at=Search for "Rudraksha"in the page|url-access=registration}}</ref>

== Description ==

=== Rudraksha tree ===
[[File:RudrakshaTree.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''Rudraksha'' tree, ''[[Elaeocarpus ganitrus]]'']]
{{main|Elaeocarpus ganitrus}}
Of the 300 species of ''[[Elaeocarpus]]'', 35 are found in India. The principal species of this [[genus]] is ''Elaeocarpus ganitrus'', which has the [[common name]] of "''rudraksha'' tree", and is found from [[Indo-Gangetic plain|the Gangetic plain]] in the foothills of the [[Himalaya]]s to [[Nepal]], [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]], parts of [[Australia]], [[Guam]], and [[Hawaii]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010513/spectrum/main3.htm|title=Bond with the beads|author=Koul, M. K.|date=2001-05-13|work=Spectrum|publisher=The Tribune|location=India}}</ref>

''Elaeocarpus ganitrus'' trees grow to {{Convert|60|-|80|feet|meter|abbr=on}} and can be found from sea level to {{Convert|3000|m|feet|abbr=on}}. They are evergreen trees which grow quickly, and as they mature their roots form buttresses, rising up near the trunk and radiating out along the surface of the ground. The species tends to grow in narrow spaces rather than on open ground. Its leaves resemble those of the [[tamarind]] or [[nux vomica]] but are longer.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

=== Fruit ===
[[File:Blue Rudraksha Fruit.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Blue ''rudraksha'' fruits]]
The ''rudraksha'' tree starts bearing [[drupe]]s (fruit) in three to four years from germination. It yields between 1,000 and 2,000 fruits annually. These fruits are commonly called "''rudraksha'' fruit", but are also known as ''amritphala'' (fruits of [[Amrita|ambrosia]]).{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

The [[pyrena]] of the fruit, commonly called the "pit" or "stone", is typically divided into multiple segments by seed-bearing [[locule]]s. When the fruit is fully ripe, the stones are covered with a blue outer fleshy husk of inedible fruit. The blue colour is not derived from a pigment but is due to [[structural colouration]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lee, D. W.|year=1991|title=Ultrastructural Basis and Function of Iridescent Blue Color of Fruits in ''Elaeocarpus''|journal=Nature|volume=349|issue=6306|pages=260–262|doi=10.1038/349260a0|bibcode=1991Natur.349..260L|s2cid=13332325}}</ref> ''Rudraksha'' beads are sometimes called "blueberry beads" in reference to the blue colour of the fruit.

==== Chemical composition ====
''Rudraksha'' fruits contain [[alkaloids]], [[flavonoid]]s, [[tannin]]s, [[steroids]], [[triterpene]]s, [[carbohydrates]], and cardiac [[glycoside]]s. They also contain rudrakine,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322486571|title=Rudrakine chemical|website=Research gate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jawla|first=Sunil|last2=Rai|first2=D. V.|date=2016-06-08|title=QSAR Descriptors of Rudrakine Molecule of Rudraksha (Elaeocarpus ganitrus) Using Computation Servers|url=http://neredataltics.org/journals/index.php/GJPLS/article/view/591|journal=German Journal of Pharmacy and Life Science (GJPLS)|language=en|volume=1|issue=1}}</ref> an alkaloid which had been discovered in ''rudraksha'' fruit in 1979.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=A.B. |last2=Chand |first2=Lal |last3=Pandey |first3=V.B. |title=Rudrakine, a new alkaloid from Elaeocarpus ganitrus |journal=Phytochemistry |date=January 1979 |year=1979 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=700–701 |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422%2800%2984309-5}}</ref>

=== Types of ''rudraksha'' stones ===
[[File:Rudraksha mukhi.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|5-faced (''pañcamukhi'') ''rudraksha'' stone with the lines delineating its faces labelled]]
''Rudraksha'' stones are described as having a number of facets or "faces" (''mukhi'') which are separated by a line or cleft along the stone. Stones typically have between 1 and 21 faces, although most have between 4 and 6 faces. Those with a single face are the rarest. ''Rudraksha''s from Nepal are between {{Convert|20|and|35|mm|inch|abbr=on}} and those from Indonesia are between {{Convert|5|and|25|mm|inch|abbr=on}}. ''Rudraksha'' stones are most often brown, although white, red, yellow, or black stones may also be found.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

Many types of stone are described. ''Gauri shankar'' are two stones which are naturally conjoined. ''Sawar'' are ''gauri shankar'' in which one of the conjoined stones has just one face. ''[[Ganesha]]'' are stones which have a trunk-like protrusion on their bodies. ''Trijuti'' are three stones which are naturally conjoined. Other rare types include ''[[Vedas|veda]]'' (4 conjoined ''sawar''s) and ''dwaita'' (2 conjoined ''sawar''s).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Power of rudraksha|last=Seetha|first=Kamal Narayan|year=2005|isbn=9788179929810|location=India|pages=15, 20 and 21}}</ref>

== Uses ==

=== Religious uses in Indian-origin religions ===
[[File:108+1 five mukhi Rudraksha mala.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A 108+1 ''rudraksha mala'' constructed with 5-faced stones<ref>For the five-division type as signifying Shiva's five faces and terminology ''{{IAST|[[pañcānana]]}}'', see: Stutley, p. 119.</ref>]]
''Rudraksha'' stones may be strung together as beads on a [[garland]] (''[[Japamala|{{IAST|mala}}]]'') which can be worn around the neck. The beads are commonly strung on silk, or on a black or red cotton thread. Less often, jewellers use copper, silver or gold wires. The ''rudraksha'' beads may be damaged if strung too tightly. The [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]] describes the preparation of ''rudraksha'' garlands.<ref name="SeethaKN">{{cite book|last=Seetha|first=Kamal Narayan|title=Power of Rudraksha|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|year=2008|isbn=978-81-7992-844-8|edition=4th|location=Mumbai, India}}</ref>{{rp|64–65}}

Much as Christians use [[prayer beads]] and [[Rosary|rosaries]] to count repetitions of prayer, Hindus often use ''rudraksha'' garlands aids to [[prayer]] and [[meditation]], and to sanctify the mind, body, and [[soul]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Rudraksha. Die Perlen der shivaitischen Gebetsschnur in altertümlichen und modernen Quellen|author=Laatsch, M.|publisher=Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft München|year=2010|isbn=978-3-89975-411-7|location=Munich}}</ref> There is a long tradition of wearing 108 ''rudraksha'' beads in India, particularly within [[Shaivism]], due to their association with Shiva, who wears ''rudraksha'' garlands. Most garlands contain 108 beads ''plus one'' because as 108 is considered sacred and a suitable number of times to recite a short mantra. The extra bead, which is called the "[[Sumeru|Meru]]", [[Bindu (symbol)|{{IAST|bindu}}]], or "[[guru]] bead", helps mark the beginning and end of a cycle of 108 and has symbolic value as a 'principle' bead. ''Rudraksha'' garlands usually contain beads in combinations 27+1, 54+1, or 108+1. The mantra [[Om Namah Shivaya]], associated with Shiva, is often chosen for repetitions (''[[Japamala|japa]]'') using ''rudraksha'' beads.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/dancing-with-siva/web/ch10_12.html|title=Dancing with Siva|website=www.himalayanacademy.com|access-date=2018-04-07}}</ref>

== History ==

=== In Hindu religious texts ===
[[File:Fourteen-face-rudraksha.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|14-faced ''rudraksha'' stone made into pendant.]]
{{too many quotes|section|date=August 2021}}

==== Upanishads ====
The [[Upanishads]] describe the construction, wearing, and use ''rudraksha'' [[garland]]s as well as their mythological origin as the tears of [[Rudra]].

{{quote
|multiline=yes
|text=
{{lang|sa|तं गुहः प्रत्युवाच प्रवालमौक्तिकस्फटिकशङ्ख रजताष्टापदचन्दनपुत्रजीविकाब्जे रुद्राक्षा इति । आदिक्षान्तमूर्तिः सावधानभावा । सौवर्णं राजतं ताम्रं तन्मुखे मुखं तत्पुच्छे पुच्छं तदन्तरावर्तनक्रमेण योजयेत्}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/akshamalika.pdf|title=AkShamalika Upanishad sanskrit\}}</ref>
Sage Guha replied: (It is made of any one of the following 10 materials) Coral, Pearl, Crystal, Conch, Silver, Gold, Sandal, Putra-Jivika, Lotus, or Rudraksha. Each head must be devoted and thought of as presided over by the deities of Akara to Kshakara. Golden thread should bind the beads through the holes. On its right silver (caps) and left copper. The face of a bead should face, the face of another head and tail, the tail. Thus a circular formation must be made.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yousigma.com/religionandphilosophy/akshamalika.html|title=AkShamalika Upanishad english}}</ref>
|source=
[[Akshamalika Upanishad]]
}}

{{quote
|multiline=yes
|text=
{{lang|sa|अथ कालाग्निरुद्रं भगवन्तं सनत्कुमारः पप्रच्छाधीहि भगवन्रुद्राक्षधारणविधिं स होवाच रुद्रस्य नयनादुत्पन्ना रुद्राक्षा इति लोके ख्यायन्ते सदाशिवः संहारकाले संहारं कृत्वा संहाराक्षं मुकुलीकरोति तन्नयनाज्जाता रुद्राक्षा इति होवाच तस्माद्रुद्राक्षत्वमिति तद्रुद्राक्षे वाग्विषये कृते दशगोप्रदानेन यत्फलमवाप्नोति तत्फलमश्नुते स एष भस्मज्योती रुद्राक्ष इति तद्रुद्राक्षं करेण स्पृष्ट्वा धारणमात्रेण द्विसहस्रगोप्रदानफलं भवति । तद्रुद्राक्षे एकादशरुद्रत्वं च गच्छति । तद्रुद्राक्षे शिरसि धार्यमाणे कोटिगोप्रदानफलं भवति}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/brihajjabala.html?lang=sa|title=Brihat-Jabala Upanishad sanskrit}}</ref>

Sage [[Sanatkumara]] approached Lord Kalagni Rudra and asked him, "Lord, kindly explain to me the method of wearing Rudraksha." What he told him was, "Rudraksha became famous by that name because initially, it was produced from the eyes of Rudra. During the time of destruction and after the act of destruction, when Rudra closed his eye of destruction, Rudraksha was produced from that eye. That is the Rudraksha property of Rudraksha. Just by touching and wearing this Rudraksha, one gets the same effect of giving in charity one thousand cows."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yousigma.com/religionandphilosophy/brihadjabala.html|title=Brihad Jabala Upanishad english}}</ref>
|source=[[Brihajjabala Upanishad]]
}}

{{quote
|multiline=yes
|text=
{{lang|sa|तुलसीपारिजातश्रीवृक्षमूलादिकस्थले । पद्माक्षतुलसीकाष्ठरुद्राक्षकृतमालया}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/ramarahasya.html?lang=sa|title=shrIRamarahasya Upanishad sanskrit}}</ref>

He should count using a rosary (mala) whose beads are either made of the [[tulsi]] plant or rudraksha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yousigma.com/religionandphilosophy/ramarahasya.html|title=Rama Rahasya Upanishad english}}</ref>
|source=[[Rama Rahasya Upanishad]]
}}

{{quote
|multiline=yes
|text=
{{lang|sa|हृदयं कुण्डली भस्मरुद्राक्षगणदर्शनम् । तारसारं महावाक्यं पञ्चब्रह्माग्निहोत्रकम्}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/rudrahridaya.html?lang=sa|title=Rudrahridaya Upanishad sanskrit}}</ref>

After prostrating himself before the celebrated form of Sri Mahadeva-Rudra in his heart, adoring the sacred [[Vibhuti|Bhasma]] and Rudraksha and mentally reciting the great Mahavakya-Mantra, Tarasara, Sage [[Shuka]] asked his father Geat Sage [[Vyasa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yousigma.com/religionandphilosophy/rudrahridaya.html|title=Rudra Hridaya Upanishad english}}</ref>
|source=[[Rudrahridaya Upanishad]]
}}

{{quote
|multiline=yes
|text=
{{lang|sa|अथ हैनं कालाग्निरुद्रं भुसुण्डः पप्रच्छ कथं रुद्राक्षोत्पत्तिः । तद्धारणात्किं फलमिति । तं होवाच भगवान्कालाग्निरुद्रः । त्रिपुरवधार्थमहं निमीलिताक्षोऽभवम् ।निमीलिताक्षोऽभवम् तेभ्यो जलबिन्दवो भूमौ पतितास्ते रुद्राक्षा जाताः ।  सर्वानुग्रहार्थाय तेषां नामोच्चारणमात्रेण दशगोप्रदानफलं दर्शनस्पर्शनाभ्यां द्विगुणं फलमत ऊर्ध्वं वक्तुं न शक्नोमि}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/rudrakshajabala.pdf|title=rudrakshajabala sanskrit}}</ref>

Sage Bhusunda questioned Lord Kalagni-Rudra: What is the beginning of Rudraksha beads? What is the benefit of wearing them on the body? Lord Kalagni-Rudra answered him thus: I closed my eyes for the sake of destroying the [[Tripurasura]]. From my eyes thus closed, drops of water fell on the earth. These drops of tears turned into Rudrakshas. By the mere utterance of the name of 'Rudraksha', one acquires the benefit of giving ten cows in charity. By seeing and touching it, one attains double that benefit. I am unable to praise it anymore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yousigma.com/religionandphilosophy/rudrakshajabala.html|title=Rudraksha Jabala Upanishad english}}</ref>
|source=[[Rudrakshajabala Upanishad]]
}}

==== Tirumurai ====
Like the Upanishads, the [[Tirumurai]] describes the wearing of ''rudraksha'' garlands and their use as [[prayer beads]] for chanting [[mantra]]s. Accordingly, the Tirumurai identifies wearing a pair of rudraksha garlands as a sign of [[piety]].

{{quote
|multiline=yes
|text=
They who walk the twin paths of ''charya'' and ''kriya'' ever praise the twin feet of the Lord. They wear holy emblems—the twin rings in earlobes, the twin rudraksha garland around the neck—and adopt the twin mudras, all in amiable constancy.
|source=[[Tirumantiram]] 1423. TM<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/dancing-with-siva/web/ch08_15a.html|title=Dancing with Siva|publisher=Himalayan Academy|year=1997|isbn=9788120832657}}</ref>
}}

{{quote
|multiline=yes
|text=
Thinking of Him, great love welling up in their heart, if they finger the rudraksha beads, it will bring them the glory of the Gods. Chant our naked Lord’s name. Say, “[[Om Namah Shivaya|Namah Shivaya]]!”
|source=[[Tirumurai]] 3.307.3. PS, 217<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dancingwithsiva000subr|title=Dancing with Siva|publisher=Himalayan Academy|year=1997|isbn=9780945497479|url-access=registration}}</ref>
}}

== Cultivation ==

=== Herbal and sacred groves ===
{{expand section |date=July 2021}}
{{see also | Sacred groves of India | Bodhi Tree | List of Banyan trees in India}}

[[Ch. Devi Lal Herbal Nature Park|Ch. Devi Lal Rudraksha Vatika]], is a {{convert|184|acre|km2}} grove dedicated to ''rudraksha'' which also has over 400 endangered [[ayurvedic]] [[Herbalism|medicinal]] herbs in [[Yamunanagar district]] of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=rf1>{{cite web|url=http://old.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=10212|title=Herbal Park at Hisar|author=PM News Bureau|work=old.projectsmonitor.com|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023075825/http://old.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=10212|archive-date=23 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Gallery ==

=== Tree ===
{{gallery
|File:Original Rudraksh 03.JPG|''Rudraksha'' tree leaves
|File:Rudraksha.jpeg|''Rudraksha'' tree with flowers
|File:Rudraksha flower.jpg|''Rudraksha'' flowers
|File:Country where Rudrasksha is available.png|Countries to which [[Elaeocarpus ganitrus]] is native.
}}

=== Fruit ===
{{gallery
|File:Original Rudraksh 07.JPG|Raw ''rudraksha'' fruit on the tree
|File:Rudraksh fruits.jpg|alt1=Drying rudraksha fruits|On drying ''rudraksha'' fruits turn black
|File:Rudraksh fruit freshly plucked.jpg|Freshly plucked raw ''rudraksha'' fruit; when ripe these are blue in colour
|File:Rudraksh in silver and fresh fruit of Rudraksha.jpg|''Rudraksha'' fruits; the fruit on the left has been partially defleshed to reveal the stone
}}

=== Stones ===
{{gallery
|File:1-mukhi-rudraksha.jpg|1-faced ''rudraksha'' stone
|File:Panchamukhi Rudraksha.jpg|5-faced ''rudraksha'' stone
|File:13-mukhi-rudraksha.jpg|13-faced ''rudraksha'' stone
|File:7 Mukhi Rudraksha cut into Half.png|Cross-section of a 7-faced ''rudraksha'' stone
|File:X-Ray of 10 Mukhi Rudraksha.png|X-ray of 10-faced ''rudraksha'' stone reveals 10 seeds storing chambers ([[locule]]s) and one central chamber
}}

== See also ==
{{commons category|Rudraksha}}
{{Portal |Religion| Hinduism }}
{{columns|
|col1=
* Similar religiously-significant natural objects
** [[Shaligram]]
* Associated [[mantra]]s
** [[Om Namah Shivaya]]
** [[Om mani padme hum]]
|col2=
* [[Prayer beads]]
** [[Japamala]]
** [[Misbaha]]
** [[Rosary]]
* [[Garland]]s and [[beadwork]]
** [[Phuang malai]]
** [[Kombolói]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}











{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Shaivism}}

[[Category:Plants in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Prayer beads]]
[[Category:Decorative fruits and seeds]]
[[Category:Elaeocarpus|Rudraksha]]
[[Category:Plants used in Ayurveda]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

[[pl:Mala wąskolistna]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:35, 14 August 2023
Line 191:		Line 191:
	{{Worship in Hinduism}}		{{Worship in Hinduism}}
	{{Shaivism}}		{{Shaivism}}
	~~{{Portal bar\|Religion\|Hinduism\|Plants}}~~
	{{sister bar\|auto=yes\|wikt=rudraksha}}		{{sister bar\|auto=yes\|wikt=rudraksha}}

Rudraksha - Revision history

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

imported>Scyrme: /* See also */ bypass redirect