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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|India\|Music}}~~
	*[[Mohan Veena]]		*[[Mohan Veena]]

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imported>Crohmflute: /* Form and Construction */ Tuning and pegs

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Form and Construction: Tuning and pegs

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{{Other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Rudra veena
| image = Rudraveena1.JPG
| background = string
| names = Rudra vina, Been, Bin
| classification = String instrument
| hornbostel_sachs = [[List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 311.222|311.222]]
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = True stick zither: instruments in which sound is produced by one or more vibrating strings, which consist solely of a string bearer or a string bearer with a resonator that is not integral to the instrument, with a string bearer shaped like a bar (bar zither), has a rigid and inflexible string carrier (stick zither), has no curved or flexible end (true stick zither), has more than one resonator gourds.
| inventors =
| related
oß| musicians =[[Asit Kumar Banerjee]], [[Anant Bedekar]], [[Bahauddin Dagar]] (b.1970), [[Zia Mohiuddin Dagar]] (1929 - 1990), [[Ustad]] [[Shamshuddin Faridi Desai]] (1936 - 2011), [[Hindraj Divekar]], [[Mohammed Khan Faridi]], [[Jyoti Hegde]], [[R.V. Hegde]] (b. 1953), Ustad [[Abid Hussain Khan]], [[Asad Ali Khan]] (1937 - 2011), [[Bande Ali Khan]] (1826 - 1890), [[Jamaluddin Khan]], [[Murad Khan]], [[Naubat Khan]], [[Omrao Khan]], [[Rajab Ali Khan]], [[Wazir Khan (Rampur)]], [[Zahid Khan (musician)|Zahid Khan]], [[Krishnarao Kholapure]], [[Sharada Mushti]], [[Madhuvanti Pal]] (b. 1992), [[Dattatreya Rama Rao Parvatikar]] (1916 - 1990), [[Bindu Madhav Pathak]] (1935 - 2004), [[Shrikant Pathak]], [[Peter Row]] (1944-2018), [[P.D. Shah (1911 - 1975)]], [[Carsten Wicke]] (b. 1970)
| builders =Kanhailal Brothers, [[Kolkata]]
| developed =By late 15th century
| range =
| articles = [[Veena]], [[Saraswati veena]], [[Vichitra veena]], [[Chitra veena]], [[Pinaka vina]], [[Ālāpiṇī vīṇā]]
| image_capt = Rudra veena
}}

The '''''Rudra veena''''' (also spelled '''''Rudraveena'''''<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/jyoti-hegde-the-first-female-rudraveena-artist/article7919310.ece</ref> or '''''Rudra vina'''''<ref>http://collections.nmmusd.org/India/5267Bin/Bin5267.html</ref>)—also called '''''Bīn''''' in North India<ref name="Grove">{{Citation
| last1 = Dick | first1 = Alastair
| last2 = Widdess | first2 = Richard
| last3 = Bruguière | first3 = Philippe
| last4 = Geekie | first4 = Gordon
| title = Vīṇā
| publisher = [[Grove Music Online]]
| date = 29 October 2019
| url = https://doi.org/10.1093/omo/9781561592630.013.90000347354 {{subscription}}
| access-date = 13 July 2021 }}</ref>—is a large plucked [[string instrument]] used in [[Hindustani classical music]], especially [[dhrupad]].<ref>http://collections.nmmusd.org/India/5267Bin/Bin5267.html</ref> It is one of the major types of ''[[veena]]'' played in Indian classical music, notable for its deep bass resonance.<ref name=":1">https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000414/art-trib.htm#1</ref>

The rudra veena is mentioned in court records as early as the reign of [[Zain-ul-Abidin|Zain-ul Abidin]] (1418-1470),<ref name="Grove" /> and attained particular importance among [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court musicians.<ref name="Grove" /> Before [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Independence]], rudra veena players, as dhrupad practicioners, were supported by the [[princely states]]; after Independence and the [[political integration of India]], this traditional patronage system ended.<ref name="Darbar">https://www.darbar.org/article/bahauddin-dagar-interview</ref> With the end of this traditional support, dhrupad's popularity in India declined, as did the popularity of the rudra veena.<ref name="Darbar" /> However, in recent years, the rudra veena has seen a resurgence in popularity, driven at least partly by interest among non-Indian practicioners.<ref name="Darbar" /><ref name="Outlook">https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/what-is-the-future-of-ancient-rudra-veena-in-hindustani-classical/303139</ref>

==Names and Etymology==
The name "rudra veena" comes from [[Rudra]], a name for the Hindu god [[Shiva]]; ''rudra vina'' means "the veena of Shiva"<ref name="Grove" /> (compare [[Saraswati veena]]). According to oral tradition, Shiva created the rudra vina, with the two ''tumba'' [[Resonator#Stringed_instruments|resonator]] gourds representing the breasts of either his wife [[Parvati]] or the goddess of arts and learning [[Saraswati]], and the long ''dandi'' tube as the ''merudanda'', both the human spine and the cosmic axis.<ref name="Grove" /> The length of the fretted area of the ''dandi'' is traditionally given as nine fists—the distance from the navel to the top of the skull. <ref name="Grove" />

Another explaination is that the [[asura]] [[Ravana]] is said to have invented the rudra veena; inspired as he was with his devotion to Lord Shiva, or Rudra, he named the instrument Rudra veena. {{cn|date=July 2021}}

The North Indian vernacular name "bīn" (sometimes written "bīṇ") is derrived from the preexisting root "veena," the term generally used today to refer to a number of South Asian stringed instruments.<ref name="Grove" /> While the origins of "veena" are obscure, one possible derrivation is from a pre-Aryan root meaning "bamboo" (possibly Dravidian, as in the Tamil veṟam, "cane," or South Indian bamboo flute, the [[venu]]), a reference to early stick or tube zithers<ref name="Grove" />—as seen in the modern bīn, whose central ''dandi'' tube is still sometimes made from bamboo.<ref>http://collections.nmmusd.org/India/5267Bin/Bin5267.html</ref>

==Form and Construction==
The rudra veena is classified either as a [[stick zither]]<ref>http://collections.nmmusd.org/India/5267Bin/Bin5267.html</ref> or [[tube zither]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knight |first1=Roderick |title=The Knight Revision of Hornbostel-Sachs: a new look at musical instrument classification |url=http://www2.oberlin.edu/faculty/rknight/Organology/KnightRev2015.pdf |access-date=13 July 2021 |page=23}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media notes |title=Raga Yaman |first=Renaud |last=Brizard |others=Ustad [[Zia Mohiuddin Dagar]] |date=2018 |type=Sleeve notes |publisher=Ideologic Organ/Editions Mego}}</ref> in the [[Sachs-Hornbostel]] classification system. The veena's body (''dandi'') is a tube of [[bamboo]] or [[teak]] between 137 to 158 cm (54 to 62 inches) long, attached to two large ''tumba'' [[Resonator (instrument)|resonators]] made from [[calabash]] gourds.<ref name="Grove" /><ref name=":0" /> The ''tumba''s on a rudra veena are around 34 to 37 cm (13 to 15 inches) in diameter; while veena players once attached ''tumba''s to the ''dandi'' with leather thongs, modern instruments use brass screw tubes to attach the ''tumba''s.<ref name="Grove" />

Traditionally, the bottom end of the ''dandi'', where the strings attach below the bridge (''jawari''), is finished with a peacock carving.<ref name="Grove" /> This peacock carving is hollow, to enhance the resonance of the instrument.<ref name=":2">Koch, Lars-Christian (direction). ''Rudra vina: der Bau eines nordindischen Saiteninstruments in der Tradition von Kanailal & Bros''[''Rudra veena: manufacturing of an Indian string instrument in the tradition of Kanailal & Bros''] (DVD) (in English with German and English subtitles). Berlin: Ethnologisches Museum, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz. 2007. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 662735435.</ref> This hollow opens into the tube of the ''dandi'', and is covered directly by the main ''jawari''.<ref name=":2" /> The other end of the instrument, holding most or all of the pegs, is finished with a carved [[makara]].<ref name=":2" /> Like the peacock at the other end and the ''dandi'' tube connecting them, the makara [[Tuning mechanisms for stringed instruments|pegbox]] is also hollow.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Rudraveena.JPG|left|thumb|440x440px|A Dagar-vani rudra veena, showing the frets, dandi, carved peacock and makara, and tumbas]]
The rudra veena has twenty-one to twenty-four moveable frets (''parda'') on top of the ''dandi''.<ref name="Grove" /><ref name="Darbar" /><ref name=":0" /> These frets are made of thin plates of brass with flat tops but curved wooden bases to match the shape of the ''dandi'', each about two to four centimeters (0.75-1.5 inches) high.<ref name="Grove" /><ref name="Outlook" /> While these frets were once attached to the instrument with wax, contemporary veena players use waxed flax ties to attach the frets.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="Grove" /> This allows for players to adjust the frets to the individual microtones (''[[Shruti (music)|shruti]]'') of a [[raga]].<ref name=":0" /> By pulling the string up or down alongside the fret, the veena player can bend the pitch ([[meend]]) by as much as a fifth.<ref name="Grove" />

A modern rudra veena has a total of seven or eight strings: four main melody strings, two or three ''chikari'' strings (which are used in rhythmic sections of the rag to deliniate or emphasize the pulse, or [[Tala (music)|taal]]), and one drone (''laraj'') string.<ref name="Grove" /><ref name=":0" /> These strings are made of steel or bronze, and run from the pegs (and over the nut if coming from the pegbox) down to the peacock, passing over the ''jawari'' near the peacock.<ref name=":2" /> A rudra veena will have three ''jawari''; a main one covering an opening on the hollow peacock, and two smaller ones on the sides of the peacock, supporting the ''chikari'' and drone strings.<ref name=":2" /> These ''jawari'' and other strings supports are traditionally made of [[Sambar deer|Sambar stag]] [[antler]]; however, India has banned trade in Sambar deer antler since 1995, due to the deer's declining population and vulnerable status.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Timmins, R.J.; Kawanishi, K.; Giman, B.; Lynam, A.J.; Chan, B.; Steinmetz, R.; Baral, H. S.; Samba Kumar, N. (2015). "''Rusa unicolor''". ''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2015''': e.T41790A85628124.</ref> Strings are tuned by turning the ebony pegs to tighten or loosen the strings; the antler string supports can be moved for fine tuning.<ref name=":2" />

Unlike European stringed instruments, where strings are almost always tuned to the same notes on all instruments—a modern [[cello]], for example, will usually have its open strings tuned to [[Scientific pitch notation|C2]] (two [[Octave|octaves]] below [[middle C]]), followed by G2, D3, and then A3—the rudra veena follows Hindustani classical practice of a [[Svara#Seven svaras and solfège (sargam)|movable root note or tonic]] ([[Movable do solfege|moveable do]]). The four melody strings are tuned to the ''[[Svara#Seven svaras and solfège (sargam)|ma]]'' a fifth below the tonic; the tonic (''sa''); the ''pa'' a fifth above the tonic; and the ''sa'' an octave above the tonic.<ref name="Grove" /><ref name=":1" /> Thus, if the lowest ''ma'' string was tuned to D2, then the four melody strings would be tuned to D2, A2, E3, and A3; if the lowest ''ma'' string was instead tuned to B♭1, then the four melody strings would be tuned to B♭1, F2, C3, and F3<ref name="Grove" />

==History==
[[File:Raga Bhoopali - Rudra Veena - Madhuvanti Pal.webm|thumb|330x330px|[[Madhuvanti Pal]] playing rag [[bhoopali]] on a Dagar-style veena. While women were traditionally restricted from playing rudra veena, several women currently play professionally.]]
It is an ancient instrument rarely played today. The ''rudra veena'' declined in popularity in part due to the introduction in the early 19th century of the ''[[surbahar]]'', which allowed [[sitar]]ists to more easily present the ''[[alap]]'' sections of slow ''[[dhrupad]]''-style [[raga]]s. In the 20th century, [[Zia Mohiuddin Dagar]] modified and redesigned the rudra veena to use bigger gourds, a thicker tube (''dandi''), thicker steel playing strings (0.45-0.47 mm) and closed ''javari that''. This produced a soft and deep sound when plucked without the use of any [[plectrum]] (''mizrab''). The instrument was further modified as the [[shruti veena]] by [[Lalmani Misra]] to establish Bharat's ''Shadja Gram'' and obtain the 22 ''shruti''s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://omenad.net/articles/shrutiveena.htm|title=Shruti Veena - Articles OMENAD|website=Omenad.net|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam si0563.jpg|Maiden playing the vina. [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam#Shrines|Venugopala Shrine]] of [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganatha Temple]], [[Srirangam]]. Early 17th century.
File:Work of Ustad Mansur, British Museum.jpg|Ca. 1605. Portrait of [[Naubat Khan]] by [[Ustad Mansur]], Mughal School ca. 1605, [[British Museum]], London.<ref name="Wade1998">{{cite book|author=Bonnie C. Wade|title=Imaging Sound: An Ethnomusicological Study of Music, Art, and Culture in Mughal India |url=https://archive.org/details/imagingsoundethn0000wade |url-access=registration|date=January 1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-86841-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/imagingsoundethn0000wade/page/119 119]}}</ref> The instrument is depicted with two strings.
File:Naubat Khan Kalawant inscribed.Museum of Fine Arts Boston.jpg|Naubat Khan Kalawant playing a three-stringed rudra veena.
File:Cropped image from Kedar Ragini, painting by Ruknuddin 1690-1695.jpg|1690-1696 C.E. Man playing rudra veena
File:Saraswati with bīn on white bird.jpg|Ca. 1700. Saraswati riding a white bird and holding a northern style bīn (rudra vīnā). The instrument is depicted with four strings.
File:Frans Balthazar Solvyns, "Qaplious ou bin, instrument de musique hindou", from "Illustrations de Les Hindous", volume 2 plate 23.jpg|1808-1812. Illustration of a bīn, labeled "qaplious". At the time, the instrument illustrated was fretless; similar to the [[pinaka vina]], it used a stick to slide on the string and chose notes.
File:Miyan Himmat Khan Kalawant playing a bin, page from the Tasrih al-aqvam, by Ghulam Ali Khan.png|1825. Miyan Himmat Khan Kalawant playing a bin, page from the Tasrih al-aqvam. The bin has four main strings that could be fretted and two side strings.
File:A Bin Player, by William Gibb, from Music and Musical Instruments of India and the Deccan by C R Day.jpg|1891. ''A Bin Player'', by [[William Gibb (artist)|William Gibb]]. The instrument depicted had four main strings that could be fretted and three side strings.
File:Bird on rudra veena, string holder, Metropolitan Museum of Art.png|Bird on rudra veena, string holder.
File:Swami parvatikar playing rudra veena (14170870218).jpg|Veena Maharaj [[Dattatreya Rama Rao Parvatikar]] (1916-1990) playing the Rudra veena
File:Bahauddin Dagar 2 crop.jpg|[[Bahauddin Dagar]] playing the Rudra veena in the South Indian posture
File:Asad Ali Khan.jpg|[[Asad Ali Khan]] playing the Rudra veena
File:Dagar.ogv|Video. A rudra veena or bīn is played by [[Bahauddin Dagar|Mohi Baha'ud-din Dagar]] in dagarbani style.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
*[[Mohan Veena]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.rudravina.com Rudra Veena]
*[http://www.rudraveena.org Rudra Veena]

{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindustani musical instruments]]
[[Category:String instruments]]
[[Category:Chordophones]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Rudra veena players|*]]

Rudra veena - Revision history

JyothikaSahoo: Improved article clarity and structure

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imported>Crohmflute: /* Form and Construction */ Tuning and pegs