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Pharmacologic properties: General fixes, removed erroneous space

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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{redirect|Indian madder|the North American plant|Houstonia purpurea}}
{{Speciesbox
|image =Rubia cordifolia.jpg
|image_caption =
|genus = Rubia
|species = cordifolia
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|}}

'''''Rubia cordifolia''''', often known as '''common madder''' or '''Indian madder''', is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the [[Coffea|coffee]] family, [[Rubiaceae]]. It has been cultivated for a red pigment derived from roots.

Common names of this plant include '''manjistha''' in [[Sanskrit]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Kannada]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]], '''majith''' in [[Hindi]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], བཙོད་ in Tibetan, '''tamaralli''' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], '''manditti''' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].

==Description==
It can grow to 1.5 m in height. The [[evergreen]] [[leaf|leaves]] are 5–10 cm long and 2–3 cm broad, produced in whorls of 4-7 starlike around the central stem. It climbs with tiny hooks at the leaves and stems. The flowers are small (3–5 mm across), with five pale yellow petals, in dense [[raceme]]s, and appear from June to August, followed by small (4–6 mm diameter) red to black [[Berry (botany)|berries]]. The [[root]]s can be over 1 m long, up to 12 mm thick. It prefers loamy soils with a constant level of moisture. Madders are used as food plants for the [[Caterpillar|larvae]] of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Macroglossum stellatarum|Hummingbird hawk moth]].

==Uses==
''Rubia cordifolia'' was an economically important source of a red pigment in many regions of Asia, Europe and Africa. It was extensively cultivated from antiquity until the mid nineteenth century.
The plant's roots contain an [[anthraquinone]] called [[1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone|purpurin]] (1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone) that gives its red colour as a textile [[dye]] It was also used as a [[colourant]], especially for [[paint]], that is referred to as [[Madder lake]].
The substance was also derived other species; ''[[Rubia tinctorum]]'', also widely cultivated, and the Asiatic species ''[[Rubia argyi]]'' (H. Léveillé & Vaniot) H. Hara ex Lauener [synonym = ''Rubia akane'' Nakai,<ref>Iwatsuki, K., T. Yamazaki, D. E. Boufford and H. Ohba. 1993. Flora of Japan IIIa: 232.</ref> based on the Japanese Aka (アカ or あか) = red, and ne (ネ or ね) = root]. The invention of a synthesized duplicate, an [[anthracene]] compound called [[alizarin]], greatly reduced demand for the natural derivative.<ref name="MFAB">{{cite web|url=http://cameo.mfa.org/browse/record.asp?subkey=5686|title=Material Name: madder|date=November 2007|work=material record|publisher=Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|accessdate=2009-01-01|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727081811/http://cameo.mfa.org/browse/record.asp?subkey=5686|archivedate=2011-07-27}}</ref>

The roots of ''Rubia cordifolia'' are also the source of a medicine used in [[Ayurveda]]; this is commonly known in [[Ayurvedic]] [[Sanskrit]] as Manjistha (or Manjista or Manjishta) and the commercial product in [[Hindi]] as Manjith.<ref name="Pathania">{{cite journal|author1=S. Pathania|year=2006|title=Comparative Studies of ''Rubia cordifolia'' L. and its Commercial Samples|journal=Ethnobotanical Leaflets|issue=11|pages=179–188|url=http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/rubia.htm|author2=R. Daman|author3=S. Bhandari|author4=B. Singh|author5=Brij Lal|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107222609/http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/rubia.htm|archivedate=2009-01-07}}</ref>

It is known as btsod ({{bo|t=བཙོད་|s=tsö|w=btsod}}) in [[Traditional Tibetan Medicine]] where it is used to treat blood disorders; spread heat ({{bo|t=འགྲམས་ཚད་|s=dram tshe|w='grams tshad}}), excess heat in the lungs, kidneys, and intestines; reduce swelling; and is a component of the three reds ({{bo|t=དམར་གསུམ་|s=mar sum|w=dmar gsum}}), a subcompound included in many Tibetan preparations in order to remove excess heat in the blood.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gyatso|first=Thinley|title=Essentials of Tibetan traditional medicine|year=2010|publisher=North Atlantic Books|location=Berkeley, Calif.|isbn=978-1-55643-867-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsoftibe00gyat/page/167 167]|author2=Hakim, Chris|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsoftibe00gyat/page/167}}</ref>

In [[Traditional Chinese Medicine]] it is known as qiàn cǎo gēn (茜草根).

==Pharmacologic properties==
The following properties were described in various cellular and animal models:

* [[anti-inflammatory]]<ref>Joshan Rani S., Nagarauk R., Anuradha P. "Antibacterial properties of extracts of Indian medicinal plants: Syzygium alternifolium, phyllanthus niruri and rubia cordifolia" ''Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal'' 2010 3:1 (123-128)</ref>
* [[urolithiasis]]<ref>Divakar K., Pawar A.T., Chandrasekhar S.B., Dighe S.B., Divakar G."Protective effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Rubia cordifolia roots against [[ethylene glycol]] induced urolithiasis in rats" ''[[Food and Chemical Toxicology]]'' 2010 48:4 (1013-1018)</ref>
* [[immunomodulatory]]<ref>Joharapurkar A.A., ZAMBAD, S.P., WANJARI, M.M., UMATHE, S.N. "IN VIVO EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF RUBIA CORDIFOLIA LINN. AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ETHANOL-INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION" "Indian Journal of Pharmacology" 2003; 35: (232-236)</ref>

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Reflist}}
7 Joharapurkar A.A., ZAMBAD, S.P., WANJARI, M.M., UMATHE, S.N. "IN VIVO EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF RUBIA CORDIFOLIA LINN. AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ETHANOL-INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION" "Indian Journal of Pharmacology" 2003; 35: 232-236

==External links==
*{{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=0-7234-3410-7 }} Contains a detailed monograph on ''Rubia cordifolia'' (Manjishta) as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at https://web.archive.org/web/20110616193446/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/306-manjishta

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3237818}}

[[Category:Rubia|cordifolia]]
[[Category:Plant dyes]]
[[Category:Plants used in Ayurveda]]

Rubia cordifolia - Revision history

imported>SdkbBot: /* Pharmacologic properties */General fixes, removed erroneous space