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{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Divlja_ruza_cvijet_270508.jpg
| genus = Rosa
| species = canina
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms = See text
}}

'''''Rosa canina''''', commonly known as the '''dog rose''',<ref name=RHS>{{cite web |title=Rosa canina (S) dog rose |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/16017/i-Rosa-canina-i-(S)/Details|access-date=2017-04-04}}</ref> is a variable climbing, wild [[rose]] species native to Europe, northwest Africa, and western Asia.

==Description==
The dog rose is a [[deciduous]] shrub normally ranging in height from {{convert|1|–|5|m|ft}}, though sometimes it can scramble higher into the crowns of taller trees. Its stems are covered with small, sharp, hooked [[thorns, spines, and prickles|prickles]], which aid it in climbing.
The leaves are [[pinnate]], with 5–7 leaflets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burke Herbarium Image Collection|url=http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Rosa%20canina|access-date=2021-11-26|website=biology.burke.washington.edu}}</ref> Leaves have a delicious fragrance, when bruised.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Genders |first=Roy |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33964778 |title=Scented flora of the world |date=1994 |publisher=Hale |isbn=0-7090-5440-8 |edition=1st paperback|location=London |oclc=33964778}}</ref>

[[Image:Aestivation.png|thumb|upright|left|Forms of aestivation, sketch A: quintuscial]]
The dog rose blooms from June to July, with sweet scented flowers which are usually pale pink, but can vary between a deep pink and white. They are {{convert|4|–|6|cm}} in diameter with five petals. As other roses it has a quintuscial [[aestivation]] (see sketch A in diagram). Unusually though of its five [[sepal]]s, when viewed from underneath two are whiskered on both sides, two are quite smooth and one is whiskered (or bearded) on one side only.<ref name="stearn">{{Cite book |last=William T. Stearn |url=https://www.huntbotanical.org/admin/uploads/11hibd-huntia-2-pp180-184.pdf |title=The five bretheren of the rose: An old botanical riddle |publisher=Huntia Volume 2 |year=1965 |volume=2 |location=Pittsburgh |pages=180–184}}</ref>{{rp|182}}
Flowers mature into an oval, {{convert|1.5|-|2|cm|adj=on}}, red-orange [[rose hip|hip]].{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

The dog rose is hardy to zone 3 in the UK ([[USDA hardiness zone]] 3-7), tolerates maritime exposure and grows well in a sunny position, grows even in heavy clay soils, but like all roses dislikes water-logged soils or very dry sites. In deep shade it usually fails to flower and fruit.<ref name="pfaf">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Rosa canina Dog Rose PFAF Plant Database |url=https://pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+canina |access-date=2021-11-15 |website=pfaf.org}}</ref>

It can be confused with fieldbriar ''[[Rosa agrestis]]'', and sweetbriar ''[[Rosa rubiginosa]]''.

==Classification==
[[Image:Illustration Rosa canina1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A botanical illustration showing the various stages of growth by [[Otto Wilhelm Thomé]]]]
Classical writers did not acknowledge ''Rosa canina'' as a rose, but called it ''Cynorrhodon'' from the Greek "kunórodon". In 1538, Turner called it "Cynosbatos : wild hep or brere tree". Yet in 1551, [[Matthias de l'Obel]] classified it as a rose under the name of "Canina Rosa odorata et silvestris" in his herbal "Rubus canis: Brere bush or hep tree" .<ref name="willmott">{{Cite book |last=Willmott, Ellen Ann, Parsons, Alfred |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213425#page/212/mode/1up |title=The genus rosa |publisher=John Murray |year=1914 |volume=2 |location=London |pages=212 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.106082}}</ref>

From a 2013 [[DNA]] analysis using [[amplified fragment length polymorphism]]s of wild-rose samples from a transect across Europe (900 samples from section ''Caninae'', and 200 from other sections), it has been suggested that the following named species are best considered as part of a single ''Rosa canina'' species complex:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.024 |pmid=23499615 |title=AFLP-based population structure analysis as a means to validate the complex taxonomy of dog roses (''Rosa'' section ''Caninae'') |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=547–559 |year=2013 |last1=De Riek |first1=Jan |last2=De Cock |first2=Katrien |last3=Smulders |first3=Marinus J.M. |last4=Nybom |first4=Hilde |url=https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/437653 }}</ref>
* ''R. balsamica'' Besser
* ''R. caesia'' Sm.
* ''R. corymbifera'' Borkh.
* ''[[Rosa dumalis|R. dumalis]]'' Bechst.
* ''R. montana'' Chaix
* ''R. stylosa'' Desv.
* ''R. subcanina'' (Christ) Vuk.
* ''R. subcollina'' (Christ) Vuk.
* ''R. × ''irregularis'' Déségl. & Guillon

Numerous [[cultivar]]s have been named, though few are common in cultivation. The cultivar ''Rosa canina'' 'Assisiensis' is the only dog rose without thorns.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Pests and diseases==
[[Image:Phramidium mucrinatum on Dog Rose Rosa canina (27483546429).jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[rose rust|Phramidium mucrinatum]] on Rosa canina]]
[[File:Robin's pincushion on dog rose - geograph.org.uk - 1012403.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Diplolepis rosae|Rose bedeguar gall]]
on a dog rose]]
The dog rose can be attacked by aphids, leafhoppers, glasshouse [[Red Spider Mite]], scale insects, caterpillars, rose leaf-rolling sawfly, and [[leaf-cutting Bee]].

When a [[Diplolepis rosae|gall wasp]] lays eggs into a leaf axillary or terminal bud the plant develops a chemically induced distortion known as rose gall (see photo).

Buds and leaves may be eaten by rabbits and deer, despite the thorns.

It may be affected by [[rose rust]] (see photo) and [[powdery mildew]]s.<ref name=RHS/>

It is notably susceptible to [[honey fungus]].<ref name="huxley">{{Cite book |last=Huxley |first=A |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25202760 |title=The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. |publisher=Macmillan Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-333-47494-5 |location=London |oclc=25202760}}</ref>

==Cultivation and uses==
The flesh (shells) of rose hips from dog roses contain high levels of [[antioxidant]]s, mainly [[polyphenol]]s and vitamin C /[[ascorbic acid]], as well as [[carotenoid]]s and vitamins B and E<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nybom |first1=Hilde |last2=Werlemark |first2=Gun |title=Realizing the Potential of Health-Promoting Rosehips from Dogroses (Rosa sect. Caninae)|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cbc/2017/00000013/00000001/art00004 |journal=Current Bioactive Compounds |access-date=20 November 2019 |language=en |date=2017|volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=3–17 |doi=10.2174/1573407212666160607090635 }}</ref> along with natural sugars, organic acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phenolics, and essential oil, making them excellent for consumption. Rose hip essential oil is composed mainly of alcohols, [[monoterpene]]s and [[sesquiterpene]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Naveed |last2=Anwar |first2=Farooq |last3=Gilani |first3=Anwar-ul-Hassan |title=Chapter 76 - Rose Hip (Rosa canina L.) Oils |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124166417000766 |journal=Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety |publisher=Academic Press |access-date=20 November 2019 |pages=667–675 |date=1 January 2016|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00076-6 |isbn=9780124166417 }}</ref>

The fruit is used to make syrup, tea, and marmalade, used in the making of pies, stews, and wine. The flowers can be made into a syrup, or can be eaten in salads, or candied or preserved in vinegar, honey and brandy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rosehip - A Foraging Guide to Its Food and Medicine |url=https://www.eatweeds.co.uk/rosehip-rosa-canina |website=EATWEEDS |access-date=18 November 2019 |date=2 December 2018}}</ref> It has been grown or encouraged in the wild for the production of vitamin C from its fruit, especially during conditions of scarcity or during wartime. During [[World War II]] in the United States, ''Rosa canina'' was planted in [[victory garden]]s, and can still be found growing throughout the country, including roadsides and in wet, sandy areas along the coastlines.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}During [[World War II]] the British relied on rose hips and [[hops]] as the sources for their vitamins A and C and it was a common British wartime expression to say "We are getting by on our hips and hops."<ref name="proverb">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Herbs - Quotes and Proverbs |url=https://quoteproverbs.com/herbs/ |access-date=2021-11-15 |website=QuoteProverbs |language=en-US}}</ref>

In [[Bulgaria]], where it grows in abundance, the hips are used to make a sweet wine as well as tea.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

The hips are used as a flavouring in [[Cockta]], a soft drink made in Slovenia.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Forms of this plant are used as stocks for the [[grafting]] or budding of cultivated roses. The wild plant is used for stabilising soil in land reclamation and specialised landscaping schemes.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

The species has also been introduced to other{{which|date=November 2021}} [[temperate climate|temperate]] latitudes. {{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Genetics==
Dog roses have an unusual kind of [[meiosis]] which is sometimes called permanent odd polyploidy, although it can also occur with even [[polyploidy]] (e.g. in tetraploids or hexaploids). Regardless of [[ploidy]] level, only seven [[bivalent (genetics)|bivalent]]s are formed leaving the other chromosomes as univalents. Univalents are included in [[egg cell]]s, but not in [[pollen]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Täckholm | first1 = Gunnar | year = 1922 | title = Zytologische Studien über die Gattung ''Rosa'' | journal = Acta Horti Bergiani | volume = 7 | pages = 97–381 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/sj.hdy.6800648 |pmid=15770234 |title=Evolutionary implications of permanent odd polyploidy in the stable sexual, pentaploid of Rosa canina L |journal=Heredity |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=501–506 |year=2005 |last1=Lim |first1=K Y |last2=Werlemark |first2=G |last3=Matyasek |first3=R |last4=Bringloe |first4=J B |last5=Sieber |first5=V |last6=El Mokadem |first6=H |last7=Meynet |first7=J |last8=Hemming |first8=J |last9=Leitch |first9=A R |last10=Roberts |first10=A V |doi-access=free }}</ref> Similar processes occur in some other organisms.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.1738 |title=Simultaneous Mendelian and clonal genome transmission in a sexually reproducing, all-triploid vertebrate |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=279 |issue=1732 |pages=1293–9 |year=2011 |last1=Stock |first1=M. |last2=Ustinova |first2=J. |last3=Betto-Colliard |first3=C. |last4=Schartl |first4=M. |last5=Moritz |first5=C. |last6=Perrin |first6=N. |pmid=21993502 |pmc=3282369}}</ref> Dog roses are most commonly [[pentaploid]], i.e. five times the base number of seven chromosomes for the genus ''[[rose|Rosa]]'', but may be [[tetraploid]] or [[hexaploid]] as well.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Name and etymology==
The botanical name is derived from the common names 'dog rose' or similar in several European languages, including classical Latin and ancient (Hellenistic period) Greek.
The Roman naturalist [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] attributed the name dog rose to a belief that the plant's root could cure the bite of a mad dog. It is not clear if the dogs were [[rabies|rabid]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haas |first1=L F |title=Rosa canina (dog rose). |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=470 |date=November 1995|pmc=1073704 |pmid=8530926 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.59.5.470 }}</ref>
According to ''The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'',<ref>{{cite book |author=Elizabeth Knowles |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable |chapter=Dog |edition=2nd |year=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-860981-0 |url-access=registration |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198609810.001.0001/acref-9780198609810-e-2185?rskey=tkVbzl&result=2}}</ref> the English name is a direct translation of the plant's name from classical Latin, ''rosa canina'', itself a translation of the Greek κυνόροδον ('kunórodon'); It is known to have been used to treat the bite of rabid dogs in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>Howard, Michael. ''Traditional Folk Remedies'' (Century, 1987); p.133</ref> The origin of its name may be related to the hooked prickles on the plant that have resemblance to a dog's canines.<ref>{{cite web |title=Properties of dog rose |url=https://www.botanical-online.com/en/medicinal-plants/dog-rose-rosa-canina-properties |website=Botanical online |access-date=21 November 2019 |date=19 January 2019}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=August 2021}}
It is sometimes considered that the word 'dog' has a disparaging meaning in this context, indicating 'worthless' as compared with cultivated garden roses.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/treesbushesinwoo0000vede|title=Trees and bushes in wood and hedgerow|last=Vedel, Helge.|origyear=1960|type= reprint |year=1962|publisher=Methuen|others=Lange, Johan.|isbn=0-416-61780-8|location=London|oclc=863361796|url-access=registration}}</ref>

==Invasive species==
Dog rose is an [[invasive species]] in the [[High country (New Zealand)|high country]] of [[New Zealand]]. It was recognised as displacing native vegetation as early as 1895<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kirk |first=T |year=1895 |title=The Displacement of Species in New Zealand |journal=Transactions of the New Zealand Institute |publisher=Royal Society of New Zealand |location=Wellington |volume=28 |url=http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_000440.html |access-date=2009-04-17}}</ref> although the [[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]] does not consider it to be a conservation threat.<ref>{{cite book |last=Owen |first=S. J. |title=Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: a database |publisher=Department of Conservation |location=Wellington |year=1997}}</ref>

The dog rose is a [[declared weed]] in Australia under the [[Natural Resources Management Act, 2004]] as the plant out-competes native vegetation, provides shelter to pests such as [[Feral foxes in Australia|foxes]] and [[Rabbits in Australia|rabbits]], is unpalatable to stock, large shrubs are resistant to grazing, therefore do not get eaten by farm animals. The dog rose invades native [[bushland]] therefore reducing biodiversity and the presence of desirable pasture species.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Water (DEW) |first=Department for Environment and landscape |date=2019-01-29 |title=Who let the dog (rose) out? |url=https://www.landscape.sa.gov.au/lc/news/190121-dog_rose |access-date=2021-11-15 |website=www.landscape.sa.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> It is a biosecurity risk as it hosts fruit fly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wild rose |url=http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?genus=Rosa&species=canina |access-date=21 November 2019 |publisher=Government of South Australia}}</ref>

Birds and wild fruit eating animals are the main cause of seed dispersal. The plant seeds can also be carried in the hooves or fur of stock animals. They may also be carried by waterways.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pest plant - Dog rose and sweet briar rose - Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources |url=https://www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au/samurraydarlingbasin/publications/pest-plant-dog-rose-and-sweet-briar-rose |website=www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au |access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref>

==In culture==
[[File:Hildesheim_Rosenstock.jpg|thumb|upright|right|The Thousand-year Rose in [[Hildesheim]]]]
The dog rose was the stylised rose of medieval European [[heraldry]].<ref>Carol Klein {{google books|yA80RgYmi-AC|Wild Flowers: Nature's own to garden grown|page=104}}</ref> It is the [[County flowers of the United Kingdom|county flower]] of [[Hampshire]],<ref name="plantlife">{{Cite web |title=Dog-rose |url=http://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/dog-rose |access-date=2018-07-04 |publisher=Plantlife}}</ref> and Ireland's [[County Leitrim]] is nicknamed ''"The Wild Rose County"'' due to the prevalence of the dog rose in the area. Legend states the [[Thousand-year Rose]] or Hildesheim Rose, which climbs against a wall of [[Hildesheim Cathedral]], dates back to the establishment of the diocese in 815.<ref name="Vatican">{{cite web | url=http://insidethevatican.com/uncategorized/hildesheims-medieval-church-treasures-met | title=Hildesheim's Medieval Church Treasures at the Met | publisher=Inside the Vatican | access-date=30 April 2014 | author=Lucy Gordan | date=November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503122831/http://insidethevatican.com/uncategorized/hildesheims-medieval-church-treasures-met | archive-date=3 May 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref>

The first recorded significance of the flower dates back hundreds of years ago to The Academy of Floral Games (founded in 1323), which gifted poets a sprig of dog rose to reward them for their literary excellence. Due to this ritual, the branches became increasingly popular and can be found frequently mentioned in several famous poems. Most prevalent in the United Kingdom, William Shakespeare wrote about the flower in "A Mid-Summer Night's Dream",<ref name="canale">{{Cite web |last=Canale |first=Suzie |title=The Meaning of the Dog-rose |url=http://blog.exoticflowers.com/blog-0/the-meaning-of-the-dog-rose |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=blog.exoticflowers.com |language=en-us}}</ref> which in his time was called eglantine, though it can now also refer to Rosa rubiginosa (Sweet brier)<ref name="plantlife"/>

Oberon, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Act II, Scene I quoting his words:"With sweet musk-roses and with eglantine."

Symbolically, the meaning of this shrub is quite extensive since the two dominating themes surrounding the flower are pain and pleasure.<ref name="canale"/>

An old riddle is called 'The Five Brethren of the Rose:

On a summer's day, in sultry weather

Five Brethren were born together

Two had beards and two had none

And the other had but half a one."<ref name="stearn" />

The riddle contains an effective way of identifying the differing roses of the canina group, where the ''brethren' refers to the five [[sepal]]s of the dog-rose, two of which are whiskered on both sides, two quite smooth and the last one whiskered on one side only.<ref name="plantlife"/>

The flower is one of the [[national symbols of Romania]].{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Rosa&SPECIES_XREF=canina&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Rosa canina''] Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
*Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). ''Flora of Britain and Northern Europe''. Hodder & Stoughton. {{ISBN|0-340-40170-2}}.
*Vedel, H. & Lange, J. (1960). ''Trees and bushes''. Metheun, London.
*Graham G.S. & Primavesi A.L. (1993). Roses of Great Britain and Ireland. B.S.B.I. Handbook No. 7. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rosa canina}}
* {{PFAF|Rosa canina}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q146066}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Roses|canina]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of North Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Western Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Pyrenees]]
[[Category:Flora of Italy]]
[[Category:Flora of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Flora of Spain]]
[[Category:Flora of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:National symbols of Romania]]
[[Category:National symbols of Moldova]]

Rosa canina - Revision history

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