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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	~~{{Portal\|Wetlands}}~~
	* [[Wetland]]		* [[Wetland]]
	* [[Kanjli Wetland]]		* [[Kanjli Wetland]]

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#suggestededit-add 1.0

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{{Short description|artificial or man-made lake}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Ropar Wetland and Ropar Lake
| image =Water Lake in Northern India.jpg
| caption = View of Reservoir
| alt = View of Reservoir
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Ropar Lake
| location = [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| coords = {{coord|31.02|N|76.50|E|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type = Freshwater
| inflow = [[Sutlej River]]
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = [[India]]
| length =
| width =
| area = {{convert|1,365|ha|abbr=on}}
| depth = {{convert|0.5|m|abbr=on}}
| max-depth = {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}}
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation = {{convert|275|m|abbr=on}}
| islands =
| cities =[[Ropar|Rupnagar]]
|embedded = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Ropar
| designation1_date = 22 January 2002
| designation1_number = 1161<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ropar|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1161|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}}
}}
'''Ropar Wetland''', also named '''Ropar Lake''', is a man-made freshwater riverine and [[Lake|lacustrine]] [[wetland]]. The area has at least 9 [[mammal]], 154 [[bird]] (migratory and local), 35 [[fish]], 9 [[arthropod]], 11 [[rotifer]], 9 [[crustacean]] and 10 [[protozoan]] species, making it [[Biodiversity|biologically diverse]].<ref name = invent>"[http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/Wetland%20Inventory.pdf Inventory of Wetlands]." Ropar Reservoir, pp. 380-403. Retrieved on 12 November 2008.</ref>
This important ecological zone is located in the [[Siwalik Hills|Shivalik]] foothills of the Lower [[Himalayas]] and was created in 1952 on the [[Sutlej River]], in the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] state of [[India]], by building a head regulator to store and divert water for beneficial uses of irrigation, drinking and industrial water supply. The endangered [[turtle]] ''[[Chitra indica]]'' and the threatened snake ''[[Python molurus]]'' ("at lower risk"), as per [[IUCN Red List]], are reported to be resident in the wetland.<ref name = ropa>"[http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/ropar_lake_.cfm Ropar Lake]." [[World Wide Fund for Nature]]. 24 May 2006. Retrieved on 12 November 2008.</ref><ref name = sheet>"[http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/2IN008en.pdf Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS)]." 12 April 2001. Retrieved on 12 November 2008.</ref> Considering the wetland's diverse and rich biodiversity, [[Ramsar Convention]] has included Ropar Wetland (listed as Ropar Lake) as one of the [[List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance|Ramsar sites]] among the 42 sites listed under India, for "the conservation of global biological diversity and for sustaining human life through the ecological and hydrological functions they perform."<ref>"[http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.doc The List of Wetlands of International Importance]" (DOC). The Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands. 31 October 2008. Retrieved on 12 November 2008.</ref>
[[File:Ropar Wetland Credit To Rudhrah Gourav.jpg|thumb|Ropar Wetland]]

The wetland once was a popular tourist attraction for bird watching and boating. A tourism complex called the ‘Pinccasia’ was located within the wetland boundary, which was run by the Punjab Tourism Development Corporation. A boat club was also functioning. Now only a dilapidated building of tourist bungalow exists, boating Bay is damaged, garden is also unkept. The road leading to Karli fish farm once displayed typical ecological succession with Marsilea growing on the banks of lake along with Equisetum sp.(Horsetails) growing through large rock boulders on the bank. Typha grew further away from lake going a across the narrow road with Ferns growing ultimately leading to shrubs during early 1990s. Now only shrubs and trees can be seen.<ref name = sheet/>

== Access ==
{{Further|Rupnagar|Ropar}}
The wetland is located close to the city of [[Ropar|Rupnagar]], 45 km northwest of [[Chandigarh]] City, in [[Rupnagar]] and [[Nawanshahr]] districts of Punjab. Chandigarh is the nearest airport, which connects it to the rest of India.

== History ==
{{Further|Rupnagar|Ropar}}
An archaeological museum of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] at [[Ropar]] has displays of the antiquities unearthed during the excavations of mound in the area along with photographs displaying excavation material. The Museum depicts a sequence of six cultural periods or phases, with some breaks from [[Indus Valley Civilization|Harappan]] times to the present day, found in the {{convert|21|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} ancient mound known as Nalagarh Tibbi overlaying the [[Shiwalik]] (also spelt Sivalik) deposition on the left bank of the Satluj River where it emerges into the plains. A deep well with a stone inscription of Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] (AD 1627-1658) has been located at the foot of the mound. The excavations have established that advanced civilization similar to the [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjodaro]] Civilization prospered in Ropar town, an integral part of the wetland.<ref name = gazet>"[http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gazropr23.htm Places of Interest, Rupnagar]." ''Gazetter Rupnagar'', Chapter 19. [http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/ Punjab Department of Revenue]. 1987. Retrieved on 12 November 2008.</ref>

===Anglo - Sikh treaty===
The wetland area has also a modern history in respect of Anglo - Sikh relations. On 26 October 1831, sitting under the shade of an old [[ficus]] tree on the bank of [[Sutlej River]], [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] and [[Lord William Bentinck]], the British Governor General signed an agreement defining the Anglo - Sikh relations and territories.<ref name = ropa/><ref name = gazet/>
[[File:Shahi Mulakaat Sthan Maharaja Ranjit Singh Runagar Image Credit Entrepreneur Rudhrah Gourav.jpg|thumb|Shahi Mulakaat Sthan Maharaja Ranjit Singh Runagar]]

==Topography==
The total area covered by the Wetland is 1365 ha, which includes 800 ha area of the river and the reservoir, 30 ha of forest area named as Sadavarat Forest and 30 ha under marshy plants. The wetland is surrounded by hills in the North West and by plain area in the South and South East. Agricultural crops such as [[wheat]], [[rice]], [[sugarcane]], [[sorghum]] etc., are grown in the farm lands in the area surrounding the wetland but the hills have thin vegetation and are exposed to intensive grazing.<ref name = sheet/>

== Hydrology ==
Climatically, the drainage area of the wetland falls under semi-arid zone of Punjab with mean annual rainfall of 1518 mm. Initially, in the year 1882, a small headwork was constructed on the right bank of [[Sutlej River]], near [[Ropar]] town, to supply water to Sirhind Canal. Subsequently, in 1952, a head regulator was constructed to divert water not only to the Bist Doab Canal but also to Sirhind Canal and to the Bhakra Main Canal (upstream of the wetland), for [[irrigation]], industrial and domestic use.<ref name = invent/>

==Water quality==
Water quality that determines the health of ecosystem of the wetland was monitored by the Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB) in the year 1998-99. The water quality was reported to be of 'A' category as the river entered into Punjab and deteriorated to 'D' category downstream of Ropar Lake, mainly due to the industrial effluents from a number of factories and industrial units. Further studies on physico-chemical analysis of important parameters, biological estimations as well as [[pesticide]] residue analysis have been initiated.<ref name = invent/><ref name = sheet/>

== Flora and fauna ==
The wetland is rich in [[flora]] and [[fauna]] which are categorized below.<ref name = invent/><ref name = sheet/>

=== Flora ===
A total of 19 species of trees and 14 species of bushes and grasses are recorded. Of these, the tree species are ''[[Acacia catechu]]'', ''[[Ameles modesta]]'', ''[[Acacia nilotica]]'', ''[[Albizzia]] lebbek'' ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'', ''[[Bombax ceiba]]'', ''[[Cassia fistula]]'', ''[[Dalbergia sissoo]]'', ''[[Eucalyptus tereticornis]]'', ''[[Ficus benghalensis]]'', ''[[Ficus religiosa]]'', ''[[Mangifera indica]]'', ''[[Melia azedarach]]'', ''[[Moringa oleifera]]'', ''[[Morus indica]]'', ''[[Prosopis juliflora]]'', ''[[Salix]]'' (willow), ''[[Syzygium cumini]]'' (jambul) and ''[[Zizyphus jujuba]]''.<ref name = invent/>

=== Aquafauna ===
Wetland is a major source of fisheries since large species of fishes have been recorded; some of the commercially important ones are: [[Labeo rohita|Rohu]]; [[Labeo gonius]] Seerha; [[Labeo]] calbasu Kalbans or Dhai; [[Labeo]] dero Gid; [[Labeo]] dyocheilus (Kunni); [[Catla]] catla Thal; Cirrhinus mrigala Mori; [[Puntius]] sarana Puthi; Cyprinus carpio communis ([[common carp]]); Cyprinus carpio spacularis ([[Mirror carp]]); Ceenopharyngodon idelle ([[grass carp]]); [[wallago attu]] Mali; Aorichthys seenghala Sangarha; [[Mastacembelus armatus]] Sam (Tire track eel); Ambasis ranga Shisha Mach; [[Channa]] punctatus Dolla (snake headed fish); and [[Channa striata]] Curd.

Gour species of [[frogs]] have been noted.

=== Avifauna ===
Several species of birds have been recorded including 49 local birds, 11 migratory birds, 3 rare birds and 54 common birds. Some of the rare migratory birds are: [[golden-backed woodpecker]] (''Dinopium benghalense'', [[crimson-breasted barbet]] (''Megalaima haemacephala'') and [[green barbet]] (''Stactolaema olivacea'').

===Fauna===
Two species of tortoise (''[[Geoclemys hamiltonii]]'' and ''[[Chitra indica]]'' both endangered), five species of lizards, eleven species of snakes including the threatened ''[[Python molurus]]'' or Indian python or ajgar are found in the wetland.

==Food chain==
The [[food chain]] in the wetland is basically well balanced as it has both deep water and shallow water characteristics and the ecosystem is stated to be <blockquote>
''almost self sufficient and self-regulating.''</blockquote> A Scientific study of the food chain has brought out the following sequence of facts.<ref name = sheet/>
* [[Sunlight]], [[pH]], inorganic salts, [[nutrients]] and dissolved gases are the main [[abiotic]] components of the wetland ecosystems with the organic matter caused by the death and decay of animals and plants accumulating at the bottom of the lake
* [[Decomposition]] at the bottom of the lake takes place due to a variety of [[heterotrophic]] [[microbes]] such as [[bacteria]], [[actinomycetes]] and [[fungi]]; [[Aspergillus]] sp., [[Rhizopus]] sp., [[Curvularia]] sp., [[Paecilomyces]] sp., [[Saprolegnia]] sp. etc. are main species causing the decomposition
* The producers of [[organic matter]] are the [[eutrophic]] green [[plants]] and some [[photosynthetic]] [[bacteria]]; the rooted submerged, floating and emergent [[hydrophytes]] being the [[Typha]] sp., [[Eleocharis]] sp., [[Sagittaria]] sp., [[Nymphaea]] sp., [[Potamogeton]] sp., [[Vallisneria]] sp., [[Eichhornia]] sp., [[Lemna]] sp. etc. and minute, floating or suspended lower plants like [[filamentous algae]], [[diatoms]], [[chlorococcales]] and [[flagellates]].
* [[Herbivores]] such as the [[mollusks]], [[crustaceans]], [[rotifers]] and some [[insects]] are the primary consumers which feed directly on plants.
* Plant remains and organic matter nourish [[detritivore]]s like the [[Chironomidae]] sp., [[mollusks]], [[mites]], some [[crustaceans]] and small [[fishes]]
* Marginal rooted [[macrophytes]] are consumed by [[mammals]] such as [[water buffalo|buffaloes]], [[cows]] etc. which frequent the shores of the lake
* [[Hydrophytes]] are also the food source of some [[birds]]
*[[Carnivores]] like the Predator [[beetles]] and bugs, [[dragonflies]] are the secondary consumers which feed on [[insects]], [[mollusks]], [[rotifers]] and [[crustaceans]]. [[Carnivorous]] fishes also belong to this category
* Large [[carnivorous]] fishes and [[birds]] are the [[tertiary]] consumers which feed on small fishes and insects.
* Top most consumer level is that of the human being and the fish eating birds, which feed mainly on fishes

== Adverse impacts on the wetland ==
Over the years several adverse impacts on the quality of the wetland have been reported. Some of the important ones which invited remedial actions are:<ref name = invent/><ref name = sheet/>
* Acute problems of siltation from the adjoining barren and fragile hills. Bare hills of the catchment are subject to continuous erosion leading to shrinkage of wetland area.
* Unwarranted interference with the resident and migratory birds
* Unauthorized fishing and poaching of wildlife causing damage to species
* Increase in effluents from industrializatation in the upstream area of the wetland, such as the Fertilizer plant at Nangal and Thermal Power Plant at Ropar
* Effluents of chemical pollutants like agrochemical residues run off, industrial effluents and sewage from some towns in the upper reaches of the wetland
* Growth of Invasive weeds

== Restoration measures ==
The Punjab State Council for Science & Technology has evolved several conservation programmes with support from the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoE&F) of the Govt of India. Some of the programmes implemented include mass awareness campaigns and promotion of public participation in the wetland conservation. A few of the measures planned and under various stages of implementation are:<ref name = invent/><ref name = sheet/>
* Afforestation and soil conservation in the highly erosion prone catchment areas of the wetland,
* To erect chain-link fencing of strategic areas of the wetland to prevent exploitation of vital wetland resources and prevent encroachments of the wetland
* detailed survey, including remote sensing survey and preparation of comprehensive maps
* Detailed [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] studies of plant and animal species
* Introduce fish species sustain fragile relationship between the fish level and the other biotic resources like birds and primary producers and to set up new fish seed farms in addition to refurbish the existing ponds.
* Economic assessment

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Python molurus molurus 2.jpg|Indian python ([[Python molurus molurus]], Near threatened species)

File:Sycomoros old.jpg|[[Ficus]] tree or fig tree
File:Konnamaram.JPG| Golden Shower Tree (Cassia fistula)
File:Semal (Bombax ceiba)- Trunk of a Young tree in Kolkata W IMG 9725.jpg|[[Bombax ceiba]] (Cotton tree)
File:Wallago attu 1.jpg|[[Wallago attu]], a species of catfish
File:Megalaima haemacephala 6238.jpg|[[Coppersmith barbet]] (Megalaima haemacephala)
File:Geoclemys hamiltonii.jpg|[[Geoclemys hamiltonii]] (spotted pond turtle)
File:Migratory birds at Ropar Wetland 07.jpg|Migratory birds at Ropar Wetland -January 2018
File:Migratory birds at Ropar Wetland 03.jpg|Migratory birds at Ropar Wetland
File:Migratory birds at Ropar Wetland 01.jpg|Migratory birds at Ropar Wetland
File:Migratory birds at Ropar Wetland 02.jpg|Migratory birds at Ropar Wetland
File:Ropar Wetland 02.jpg|Ropar Wetland -Dec, 2017
File:Ropar Wetland 03.jpg|Ropar Wetland - Dec, 2017
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Wetlands}}
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Kanjli Wetland]]
* [[Harike Wetland]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Punjab, India}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Wetlands of India]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]
[[Category:Landforms of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Lakes of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Constructed wetlands]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Punjab, India]]

Ropar Wetland - Revision history

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