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The '''Rauniyar''' is a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[caste]] mostly found in India and Nepal.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}} They are also known as Rauniyar, Roniyar and Roniaur, they use Rauniyar, Gupta, Sah, Shah, Keshri, Ranjan as their surnames.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}}

== Origin ==

The Roniaur is a sub-group within the Bania community, They are found throughout [[Awadh]] and [[Magadh]]. but their main concentration is the [[Maharajganj District]] and [[Saran district]]. In addition, they are also found in [[Gorakhpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Mirzapur]], [[Varanasi]] and [[Kanpur]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]]. They speak [[Awadhi]], [[bhojpuri]] among themselves, and Hindi with outsiders. Like other Banias, they are strict vegetarians.<ref name="PoI">''People of India: Uttar Pradesh'' Volume XLII Part Three edited by A Hasan & J C Das page 1224 to 1228 Manohar Publications</ref>

In [[Bihar]], the Rauniyar call themselves as Namnihar. Most of the Rauniyars who are Nepalese citizens do not change their surname. They claim to have come from [[Awadh]] some three hundred years. The Roniaur are found mainly in the districts of [[Muzaffarpur]], [[East Champaran]], [[West Champaran]], [[Munger]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Nawada]] and [[Gaya district|Gaya]]. Their common surnames are Sah, Shah, Gupta, Keshri and Rauniyar also. They are strictly endogamous, and practice clan exogamy. The Roniaur speak [[Maithili language|Maithili]] in north east [[Bihar]] and [[Bhojpuri]] in western [[Bihar]].<ref name="S Gopal pages 817">People of India Bihar Volume XVI Part Two edited by S Gopal & Hetukar Jha pages 817 to 820 Seagull Books</ref>

In [[Nepal]], the Rauniyar or Roniaur live in [[Terai]] region mainly in Eastern Part. They use Gupta, [[Shah]], Sah or simply Rauniyar as their surname. They speak [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Maithili language|Maithili]] . Their main occupations are [[Business]], [[Farming]] and are involved in different [[Job]]s in various sectors.{{cn|date=August 2018}}

== Present circumstances ==

The Roniaur are divided into three territorial groupings, the Purbia, Panchnaha and Bail Kuchnaha. Marriages are forbidden within each of these groups. They are further divided into a number of [[exogamous]] clans. The Roniaur are a landless community, and their traditional occupation has been the selling of cloths, food, grains and pulses. They are often the petty shopkeepers in the villages of north Awadh. A few Roniaur were [[jagirdar]]s, but they rarely ever cultivated their own land, depending on [[sharecropper]]s. Their customs are similar to other Awadh Bania, such as the [[Omar (Vaishya)|Omar]].<ref name="PoI"/>

In [[Bihar]], the Roniaur were both traders and landowners. Many were substantial [[jagirdar]]s, but with the land reforms carried out after independence in 1947, and seen a break up of the larger estates in [[Bihar]]. Like other [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] communities, they are undergoing urbanization. Many rural Raniaur are village shopkeepers and money lenders. They have a statewide [[caste]] association, the Raniaur Mahasabha, which acts both as an instrument of social control as well as a communal welfare association.<ref name="S Gopal pages 817"/>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bania communities]]

Roniaur - Revision history

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