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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|Catholicism}}~~
	*[[Bettiah Christians]]		*[[Bettiah Christians]]
	*[[Christianisation of Goa]]		*[[Christianisation of Goa]]

imported>Nolicmahr: /* Origins */

2021-08-18T11:39:17Z

Origins

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Roman Catholic Kshatriya
|native_name = '''Chardo'''
|native_name_lang = kon
|langs = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|religions = [[Roman Catholic]]
|related = [[Kshatriyas]]
}}
'''Roman Catholic Kshatriyas''' (''Chardo'' in [[Indo-Portuguese creole]] and ''Saarodi'' in Mangalorean [[Konknni]]) are a modern and [[Christianisation of Goa|Christianised]] caste among [[Goan Catholics]], [[Bombay East Indian]]s, and [[Mangalorean Catholic]]s. They are the patrilineal descendants of [[Kshatriya]] and [[Vaishya Vani]] converts to [[Latin Church in India|Roman Catholicism]], in parts of the [[Konkan]] region that were under [[Portuguese Goa]]n rule.<ref name="Silva"/><ref name="Chardos"/><ref>{{harvnb|Risley|Crooke|1915|p=[https://books.google.com.bh/books?id=QA2OKK0-bdcC&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q&f=false 80]}}</ref> They are known as '''''Chardo''''' in the Goan Catholic dialects of Konkani<ref>{{harvnb|Pinto|1999|p=165}}</ref> ([[Devanagari]]: चारड्डो) and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], '''''Charodi''''' ([[Kanarese script]]: ಚರೋಡಿ; ''Tsāroḍi''<ref name="Silva">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=4}}</ref>) in the Mangalorean Catholic dialect of Konkani, and as '''''Sandori''''' for their hometown in [[Sandor, Palghar|Sandor]], in contrast to ''[[Kupari]]s'' in [[Bombay East Indian dialect]]s. They have mostly been an [[Endogamy|endogamous]] group.<ref>{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=15}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=[https://books.google.com.bh/books?id=lyU4nepW2xQC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false 78]}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The precise etymology of the word ''Chardo'' is unclear. The two most probable explanations are as follows:<ref name="gazat"/>
* The roots of this Konkani word probably lies in the [[Prakrit]] word ''[[Chavda dynasty|Chavada]]'', which the name of a tribe of warriors who migrated to Goa from [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in the 7th and 8th centuries, after their kingdom was destroyed by the [[Arab]]s in 740 AD.<ref name="gazat">{{harvnb|Gune|Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept|1979|p=21}}</ref>
* Another explanation given by historian B.D. Satoskar is that the Konkani word comes from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''Chatur-rathi'' or the Prakrit ''Chau-radi'', which literally means "the ones who ride a chariot yoked with four horses".<ref name="gazat"/>

==Origins==
The Kshatriyas of [[Goa]] constituted the nobility and warrior class, and ranked second in the Hindu [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna system]]. Those involved in the trading profession were known as ''Chattim'', which was an occupational appellation common to Brahmins as well.<ref name="Chardos"/> The origins of this Christian caste can be traced back to the [[Christianisation]] of the [[Velhas Conquistas]] ({{lang-pt|Old Conquests}}) by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] during the 16th and 17th centuries.<ref name="Chardos"/> The [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]], [[Franciscan]] and [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[missionaries]] converted many Kshatriyas to Christianity.<ref name="Prabhu">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=133}}</ref> The caste appellation of ''Chardo'' eventually fell into disuse among the remaining few Hindu Kshatriyas, who began calling themselves ''Maratha'', in order to differentiate themselves from those Kshatriyas who had embraced Christianity and to also align themselves with the ascendant Hindu [[Maratha]]s in the neighbouring [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]].<ref name="Chardos"/> The Kshatriyas and [[Vaishya Vani]]s, who were among the last to convert, were incorporated into the ''Chardo'' caste.<ref name="Chardos">{{harvnb|Gomes|1987|pp=77–78}}</ref>

The earliest known instance of Goan Kshatriya conversions to Christianity took place in 1560, when 700 Kshatriyas were baptised ''en masse'' in [[Karmali|Carambolim]], [[Tiswadi]]. Their decision to embrace Christianity was made after deliberation of the village assembly, and came about as they were subjects of the Portuguese government.<ref name="de Sousa"/> Another instance of a Kshatriya group of 200 members being baptized ''en masse'' in [[Batim]] (a village in [[Bardez]]) in August 1560 is mentioned in a letter of Jesuit missionary [[Luís Fróis]], dated 13 November 1560.<ref name="de Sousa">{{harvnb|Pinto|1999|p=166}}</ref>

The ''Charodis'' form the second largest group in the [[Mangalorean Catholics|Mangalorean Catholic]] community.<ref name="Silva"/> In [[South Canara]], many ''Charodis'' took up service in the army of the [[Keladi Nayaka]]s, and came to constitute the bulk of the Christian soldiers in their army. The Lewis-Naik family of [[Kallianpur]] near [[Udupi]], produced many distinguished soldiers and officers in the Keladi army. In recognition of their service, the Nayakas rewarded them with large tracts of land in Kallianpur.<ref>{{harvnb|Pinto|1999|p=180}}</ref> During the [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence struggle]], ''Chardos'' were perceived by Indian nationalists to be more sympathetic to Indian nationalist leanings and less likely to be pro-European loyalists than ''[[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Bamonns]]''.<ref name="Cunha">{{harvnb|Desai|2000|p=5}}</ref>

The ''Chardos'' have traditionally been an endogamous group, and while they traditionally did not inter-marry or mingle with lower castes, the statutes and norms of the Roman Catholic church and the Portuguese authorities prevented them from discriminating against the latter.<ref>{{harvnb|Sinha|2002|p=74}}</ref> ''[[Padval]]s'' are a subcaste within Roman Catholic Cxatrias of [[Jain Bunt]] origin.

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism}}
*[[Bettiah Christians]]
*[[Christianisation of Goa]]
*[[Christianity in Goa]]
*[[Christianity in Karnataka]]
*[[Christianity in Maharashtra]]
*[[Cuncolim Revolt]]
*[[Caste system among Indian Christians]]
*[[Roman Catholicism in Goa]]
*[[Roman Catholicism in Mangalore]]
*[[Saibinn]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{Cite journal
|last1=Desai
|first1=Nishtha
|url=http://www.lusotopie.sciencespobordeaux.fr/desai.pdf
|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]], 36 [[Kilobyte|KB]]
|title=The Denationalisation of Goans: An Insight into the Construction of Cultural Identity
|journal=Lusotopie
|year=2000
|pages=469–476
|access-date=19 April 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322225837/http://www.lusotopie.sciencespobordeaux.fr/desai.pdf
|archive-date=22 March 2012
|df=dmy-all
}}
*{{Cite journal
|last=Gomes
|first=Olivinho
|year=1987
|title=Village Goa: a study of Goan social structure and change
|publisher=S. Chand
}}.
*{{Cite journal
|last2=Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept
|last1=Gune
|first1=Vithal Trimbak
|year=1979
|title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer, Volume 1
|publisher=Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Pereira
|first=Benegal
|url=http://www.goacom.com/culture/biographies/eddiepereira/
|title=The life and times of Eddie Sadashiva Pereira: An extraordinary Goenkar (1915–1995)
|publisher=Goacom.com
|ref=eddie
|access-date=19 April 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927092511/http://www.goacom.com/culture/biographies/eddiepereira/
|archive-date=27 September 2011
|df=dmy-all
}}
*{{Cite journal
|last=Pinto
|first=Pius Fidelis
|authorlink=Pius Fidelis Pinto
|year=1999
|title=History of Christians in coastal Karnataka, 1500–1763 A.D.
|location=Mangalore
|publisher=Samanvaya Prakashan
}}.
*{{Cite book
|last=Prabhu
|first=Alan Machado
|year=1999
|title=Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians
|publisher=I.J.A. Publications
|isbn=978-81-86778-25-8
}}.
*{{Cite book
|last2=Crooke
|first2=William
|last1=Risley
|first1=Herbert Hope
|authorlink2=William Crooke
|authorlink1=Herbert Hope Risley
|title=The people of India
|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024114773
|publisher=Thacker & Co
|year=1915
|access-date=15 February 2012}}
*{{Cite book
|year=2003
|last=Robinson
|first=Rowena
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyU4nepW2xQC
|title=Christians of India
|publisher= SAGE
|isbn=978-0-7619-9822-8
|access-date=19 April 2011}}
*{{Cite journal
|last1=Silva
|first1=Severine
|last2=Fuchs
|first2=Stephan
|url=http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/afs/pdf/a173.pdf
|title=The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India
|journal=Asian Ethnology
|year=1965
|series=2
|pages=1–52
|volume=24
|access-date=1 January 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320030443/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/afs/pdf/a173.pdf
|archive-date=20 March 2012
|df=dmy-all
}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Sinha
|first=Arun
|year=2002
|title=Goa Indica: a critical portrait of postcolonial Goa
|publisher=Bibliophile South Asia
|isbn=978-81-85002-31-6
}}.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=50em}}
*{{Cite journal
|last=Morenas
|first=Zenaides
|year=2002
|title=The Mussoll dance of Chandor: the dance of the Christian Kshatriyas
|publisher=Clarissa Vaz e Morenas Konkani Research Fellowship Endowment Fund
}}.
{{refend}}

{{Christianity footer}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{Communities in Mangalore}}
{{Asia in topic|Roman Catholicism in}}
{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and Konkan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roman Catholic Kshatriya}}
[[Category:Goan society]]
[[Category:Mangalorean society]]
[[Category:Christian communities of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Goa]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Goan Catholics| ]]
[[Category:Mangalorean Catholics| ]]

Roman Catholic Kshatriya - Revision history

Greyscaledesign: Article updated with improved flow

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

imported>Nolicmahr: /* Origins */