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{{Short description|Confection composed of relatively large sugar crystals}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{about|crystalised sugar candy|the cylindrical British boiled candy|Rock (confectionery)|the song|Rock Candy|the mash up rock group|Rock Sugar (band) |other uses|Rock (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox food
| name = Rock candy
| image = [[File:Rock-Candy-Sticks.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Colored and flavored rock candy commonly sold in the United States
| alternate_name = Rock sugar
| country =
| region =
| course =
| type = Confectionery
| served =
| main_ingredient = Sugar, water
| variations = About 10
| calories = 223–400
| other = 450–225
}}

[[File:Brauner Kandiszucker.jpg|thumb|Traditional brown rock sugar]]
[[File:Kandiszucker weiß.jpg|thumb|White rock sugar]]

'''Rock candy''' or '''[[sugar]] candy''',<ref>{{cite book |authors=Judy Pearsal, Bill Truble (editors) |title=The Oxford English Reference Dictionary, 2nd edition |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-19-860050-X |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishref0002unse/page/213 213] |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishref0002unse/page/213}}</ref> also called '''rock sugar''', or '''crystal sugar''', is a type of [[confection]] composed of relatively large sugar [[crystal]]s. This candy is formed by allowing a [[Supersaturation|supersaturated]] solution of sugar and water to crystallize onto a surface suitable for crystal [[nucleation]], such as a string, stick, or plain granulated sugar. Heating the water before adding the sugar allows more sugar to dissolve thus producing larger crystals. Crystals form after 6 to 7 days. [[Food coloring]] may be added to the mixture to produce colored candy.

==Nomenclature==
Etymologically, "sugar candy" derives from late 13th century English (in reference to "crystallized sugar"), from Old French ''çucre candi'' (meaning "sugar candy"), and ultimately from Arabic ''qandi'', from Persian ''qand'' ("cane sugar"), probably from [[Sanskrit]] ''khanda'' ("piece of sugar)", The sense gradually broadened (especially in the U.S.A.) to mean by the late 19th century "any [[confection]] having sugar as its basis". In Britain, these are sweets, and "candy" tends to be restricted to sweets made only from boiled sugar and striped in bright colors.<ref>{{cite web|website=etymonline.com|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/candy|title=Candy}}</ref>

The modern American term "rock candy" (referring to brittle large natural sugar crystals) should not be confused with the British term [[Rock (confectionery)|rock]] (referring to an amorphous and opaque boiled sugar product, initially hard but then chewy at mouth temperature).<ref name=":0">{{cite book|author= Richardson, Tim|date= 2002|title= Sweets: A History of Candy|publisher= Bloomsbury|isbn= 978-1582342290|page= [https://archive.org/details/sweets00timr/page/90 90]|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/sweets00timr/page/90}}</ref>

==Origins==
Islamic writers in the first half of the 9th century described the production of candy sugar, where crystals were grown through cooling supersaturated sugar solutions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sugar-cultivation|title=SUGAR|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica|access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref> One of the famed makers of rock candy in the Muslim east is Hafiz Mustafa in 1864 in Istanbul founded during the reign of [[Sultan Abdulaziz]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/life/hafiz-mustafa-istanbul-confectionery-now-exporting/2197930|title = Hafiz Mustafa: Istanbul confectionery now exporting}}</ref>

According to the production process, rock sugar is divided into two types: single crystal rock sugar and polycrystalline rock sugar.

==Cuisine==
Rock candy is often dissolved in tea. It is an important part of the [[tea culture]] of [[East Frisia]], where a lump of rock sugar is placed at the bottom of the cup. Rock candy consumed with tea is also the most common and popular way of drinking tea in Iran, where it is called ''nabat''; the most popular nabat is [[saffron]].<ref>{{cite web|website=My Persion Corner|url=http://www.mypersiancorner.com/2013/04/sweet-tea-persian-style.html|title=Sweet Tea Persion Style}}</ref> This method of drinking tea can also be found in [[Central Asia]] as ''novvot''.

It is a common ingredient in Chinese cooking. In China, it is used to sweeten [[chrysanthemum tea]], as well as [[tong sui|Cantonese dessert soups]] and the liquor ''[[baijiu]]''. Many households have rock candy available to marinate meats, add to stir fry, and to prepare food such as yao shan. In less modern times, rock sugar was a luxury only for the wealthy. Rock candy is also regarded as having medicinal properties, and in some Chinese provinces, it is used as a part of [[traditional Chinese medicine]].{{citation needed|date = June 2012}}

[[File:Sugar skulls.jpg|thumb|Decorated sugar skulls, sold for the Mexican Day of the Dead]]
In Mexico, it is used during the [[Day of the Dead]] to make sugar skulls, often highly decorated. Sugar skulls are given to children so they will not fear death; they are also offered to the dead.

In the [[Friesland]] province of the [[Netherlands]], bits of rock candy are baked in the luxury white bread ''[[Fryske Sûkerbôle]]''.

Rock candy is a common ingredient in [[Tamil cuisine]], particularly in the Sri Lankan city of [[Jaffna]].{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

In the US, rock candy comes in many colors and flavors, and is slightly hard to find, due to it being considered old-fashioned.<ref name=":0" />

==Misri==
{{Infobox food
| name = Misri
| image = [[File:Misri.JPG|250px]]
| caption = Misri crystals
| alternate_name =
| country = India and [[Iran]]
| region =
| creator =
| course =
| type = Rock candy or [[sweetener]]
| served =
| main_ingredient =
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Misri''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|مسری}}}}, {{lang-hi|मिश्री}}, {{lang-bn|মিছরি}}, [[Nepali language|Nepali]]: मिश्री) refers to crystallized sugar lumps, and a type of confectionery mineral, which has its origins in India and [[Persia]], also known as rock sugar elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tarladalal.com/glossary-misri-1150i |title=Glossary: Misri|website= [[Tarla Dalal]] }}</ref> It is used in India as a type of candy, or used to sweeten milk or tea.<ref name="Dar1996">{{cite book|author=Dar, Bashir Ahmad |title=Studies in Muslim philosophy and literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-zjAAAAMAAJ|access-date=9 August 2011|date=January 1996|publisher=Iqbal Academy Pakistan|page=168|isbn=9789694160542}}</ref><ref name="Baden-Powell1868">{{cite book|author= Baden-Powell, Henry|title=Hand-book of the economic products of the Punjab: with a combined index and glossary of technical vernacular words|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookeconomi00powgoog|access-date=9 August 2011|year=1868|publisher= Thomason Civil Engineering College Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookeconomi00powgoog/page/n548 307]–}}</ref>

In Hinduism, mishri may be offered to a deity as ''bhog'' and distributed as ''[[prasad]]''. The god [[Krishna]] is said to be fond of ''makkhan'' (butter) and misri. In many devotional songs written in [[Brij|Brajbhoomi]] in praise of Krishna, the words ''makkhan'' and ''misri'' are often used in combination. In Karnataka people serve mishri along with water to visitors in the Summer season.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

Among Indian misri dishes are ''mishri-mawa'' (''[[kalakand]]''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chezshuchi.com/Kalakand.html |title=Kalakand|website=chezshuchi.com}}</ref> ''mishri-peda'', which are more commonly eaten in Northern-Western India, [[Uttar Pradesh]], Delhi, Rajasthan, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Odisha, India|Odisha]],
[[Gujarat]], North coastal of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and many other states and parts of India.

The [[Ghantewala]] Halwai of Delhi, who started his career by selling ''Misari mawa'' in 1790<ref>{{cite book|title=Hardy's Encyclopaedic Guide to Agra, Delhi, Jaipur, and Varanasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug9DAAAAYAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Hardy & Ally |location=India}}</ref> is famous for Misari [[khoa|mawa]] and sells 40 varieties of sweets made from Misari.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

==Beverages==
[[Rock and rye]] is a term used both for alcoholic liqueurs and cocktails using rye whiskey and rock candy, as well as for non-alcoholic beverages made in imitation thereof, such as the "Rock & Rye" flavor of soda pop made by [[Faygo]].<ref>{{cite web|date=13 January 2015 |url=http://www.liquor.com/articles/rock-and-rye/#gs.cLsUYZA |title=This is How to Bring Rock and Rye Back from the Dead |website=Liquor.com |access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Rouch2003">{{cite book|author=Rouch, Lawrence L. |title=The Vernor's Story: From Gnomes to Now|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-yv2HI_5ZhcC&pg=PA34|year=2003|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-06697-8|pages=34–}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hard candy]]
*[[Jaggery]], an early form of sugar

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author=Hadi, Saiyid Muhammad |title=The sugar industry of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yMU_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA96|access-date=9 August 2011|year=1902|publisher=Printed by F. Luker at the Government Press}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons category}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/candy/recipe-rockcandy.html |website=Exploratorium.edu|title= Recipe for rock candy}} An educational exercise in crystal and candy making.

{{Sugar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rock Candy}}
[[Category:Candy]]
[[Category:Crystals]]
[[Category:Sugar]]

Rock candy - Revision history

Kausty: rework section based on references

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