Robert Thorpe (Indian Army officer) - Revision history

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{{use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
[[File:Robert thorpe.jpg|alt=|thumb|Gravestone of Lt. Robert Thorpe in Kashmir.]]
Lieutenant '''Robert Thorpe''' (1838–1868{{sfn|Peer, Curfewed Night|2011|p=73}}) was an officer of the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name="Mir">{{citation |last1=Mir |first1=N. A. |last2=Mir |first2=V. C. |title=Inspirational people and care for the deprived: medical missionaries in Kashmir |journal=The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh |date=1 Apr 2008 |volume=38 |pages=85–8 |number=1 |pmid=19069044 }}</ref> He visited Kashmir during the reign of Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Ranbir Singh]] and wrote about the sufferings of the [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri people]]. His writings were compiled into a book titled ''Cashmere Misgovernment'' which was later published posthumously in London in 1870. He also appealed to the British soldiers, who raised funds for [[Church Mission Society|Christian Missionary Society]] to send medical help to the [[Kashmir Valley]]. This eventually led to the founding of the [[Kashmir Mission Hospital|British Mission Hospital]] in Srinagar.<ref name=Mir/>

Historians state that Thorpe's life is shrouded in "myth, memory and history".{{sfn|Kumar & Dar, Marginality and Historiography|2015|p=41}} He is regarded in Kashmir as a martyr who died for the cause of Kashmiris.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/breaking-news/25841|title=Kashmir remembers Robert Thorpe on his 149th death anniversary|date=2017-11-22|work=Kashmir Observer|access-date=2018-01-31|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/story/233792.html|title=Being Robert Thorp|last=Thorpe|first=Robert|date=31 January 2018|website=Greater Kashmir|access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kashmirtimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=73632|title=Tributes paid to Robert Thorpe on his death anniversary - Kashmir Times|website=www.kashmirtimes.in|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>

== Family==
According to Jane Strand, a surviving relative of Robert Thorpe, Robert Thorpe was born in 1838 to parents Thomas Thorp (died 1854), a solicitor in Alnwick in [[Northumberland]], and Elizabeth Jane Tudor (died 1890) from [[Bath, Somerset]]. Robert had a brother William Tudor Thorp, who was a [[vicar]] and the great grandfather of Jane Strand.<ref name=AshiqHussain>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Ashiq |url=http://www.inkbind.org/the-life-and-times-of-robert-thorpe/ |title=The life and times of Robert Thorpe |date=19 November 2018 |website=Ink Bind |language=en-US |access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref>
Recently on a podcast named [https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/ma%C4%81z-me%C3%A1czhar-an-intimate-conversation-between/id1605524765?i=1000552410359 Maaz Meaczhar], Jane explains in detail her relationship to Robert and also helps correct a historical error regarding the identity of his biological mother.

==Life and career==
According to Jane Strand's information, Robert went to school first in [[County Durham|Durham]] and later in [[Charterhouse School|Charterhouse]], London. He was commissioned in the 98th foot regiment of British Army in India ([[British Indian Army]] in modern terminology) in February 1858. He resigned from the Army in February 1867.<ref name=AshiqHussain/>

When Thorpe entered Kashmir around 1865, he was a Lieutenant.<ref name=Mir/> Scholar [[Sheikh Showkat Hussain]] believes that Thorpe was sent to Kashmir on a mission, to prepare the case for British intervention in Kashmir.{{sfn|Hussain, Kashmir Profiles|2017|p=27}}

== Writings on Kashmir ==
Between 1865 and 1868, Thorpe travelled extensively in the villages, collecting information about the living conditions, economy, taxation, and the state apparatus.{{sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 1|2015|p=265}} He wrote scathing articles on the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra rule]] in Anglo-Indian newspapers.<ref>{{citation |last1=Shauq |first1=Shafi |last2=Zahoor |first2=Qazi |last3=Farooqi |first3=Shoukat |title=Europeans on Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0VuAAAAMAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Summit|page=24|isbn=9788186981009 }}</ref> He wrote to the British officials at [[Lahore]] (provincial capital of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]) and [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (capital of British India).{{sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 1|2015|p=265}} But his writings also contained a strong political message. He was advocating the British annexation of Kashmir, a prevailing view among the British officials at that time.{{sfn|Teng, Kashmir Papers – Introduction|1973|pp=xxxiii–xxxiv}} His attack on the Dogra rulers and the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846|Treaty of Amritsar]] that transferred Kashmir to the Dogras were scathing:
{{quote|...by a government into whose hands British statesmen sold the people of Kashmir, by a government, therefore whose existence is a disgrace to the British name. It is at once a memorial of that foul act, when like the arch traitor of old; we battered innocent lives, which fate placed into our hands for a few pieces of silver.<ref>{{citation |last=Parray |first=Bilal Ahmad |title=European Travel Writing and Kashmir: Representations of a Land of Beauty Borderland and Belated Interests |journal=University |publisher=Pondicherry University/Shodhganga |date=2014 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/175791/ |at=Chapter 6}}</ref>}}
His writings did not lead to annexation of Kashmir. However, the British government brought the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into a subsidiary alliance, placing a [[British Resident]] in Kashmir.{{sfn|Hussain, Kashmir Profiles|2017|p=29}}

Other than the political messages, scholars find Thorpe's writings valuable for the detailed information they provide on the state of the early Dogra administration. They describe the patterns of land tenure and revenue administration, the tax administration of the shawl industry, transport of supplies for troops and the system of [[begar]] (forced labour for the state). They bring to fore the "poverty, oppression and degradation" that characterised the early Dogra administration.{{sfn|Teng, Kashmir Papers – Introduction|1973|pp=xxxiv–xxxv}}

The writings were compiled into a book ''Cashemre Misgovernment'' published by Longmans, Green and Company in London in the year 1870. The book has been republished many times, two modern editions including those edited by S. N. Gadru{{sfn|Gadru|1973}} and Fida Hassnain.{{sfn|Hassnain, Kashmir Misgovernment by Robert Thorpe|1980}}

==Death==
Thorpe died in Srinagar on 22 November 1868 under mysterious circumstances. The cause of death was determined by the British doctor [[Henry Cayley]] as a rupture of the heart. Poisoning was alleged and continues to be suspected even though the doctor ruled it out.{{sfn|Hussain, Kashmir Profiles|2017|p=29}}

[[Cecil Tyndale-Biscoe]], who went as a Christian missionary to Kashmir in 1890, informs us that prior to his death, Thorpe was ordered out of the state by the Maharaja. When he refused to leave, he was tied to his bed and carried to the pass. Thorpe is said to have escaped and returned to Srinagar. His death occurred the following day.{{sfn|Tyndale-Biscoe, Kashmir in Sunlight and Shade|1925|p=239}}<ref name=Rehman>Shams S. Rehman, [https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/local-news/a-beautiful-muslim-bride-started-the-kashmir-1067567 A beautiful Muslim bride started the Kashmir link], Manchester Evening News, 21 August 2007.</ref>

Fida Hassnain, on the other hand, states that the Maharaja's men attacked Thorpe when he went to the [[Shankaracharya Hill]] near the Dal Lake (also called the ''Takhat-i-Sulaiman''), and he died on the spot. The source of this information is not specified.{{sfn|Hassnain, Kashmir Misgovernment by Robert Thorpe|1980|p=18}}

Thorpe was buried at a Christian cemetery at [[Sheikh Bagh Cemetery|Shaikh Bagh]]. The carving on the grave states, "He gave his life for Kashmir".{{sfn|Peer, Curfewed Night|2011|p=73}}

==Legacy==
Robert Thorpe's appeals for help mobilised other British officers such as Sir Robert Montgomery, who was the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab, Sir Herbert Edwards, Colonel Martin and Colonel Urmston, who got together and raised funds for sending a medical missionary to Kashmir with the help of the [[Foreign Christian Missionary Society|Christian Missionary Society]]. Doctor [[William Jackson Elmslie]] went as a missionary doctor in 1864. His work is said to have been obstructed by the Maharaja's administration, but he continued until his death in 1872. Afterwards, the Society sent Doctor Theodore Maxwell who was able to get land from the administration for building a basic [[Kashmir Mission Hospital|Mission Hospital]] at Rustum Gari, close to the ''Takhat-i-Sulaiman''. Dr. [[Arthur Neve]], who succeeded him, built the present hospital.{{sfn|Tyndale-Biscoe, Kashmir in Sunlight and Shade|1925|p=240}}

In 1967, Fida Hassnain wrote an article on Robert Thorpe in a local newspaper calling him "the first martyr" of Kashmir. Major Afzal arranged the first anniversary memorial at the grave of Robert Thorpe, and since then it is remembered every year.{{sfn|Hassnain, Kashmir Misgovernment by Robert Thorpe|1980|p=18}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://kashmirlife.net/kashmir-remembers-robert-thorpe-on-149th-death-anniversary-156529/ |title=Kashmir remembers Robert Thorpe on 149th death anniversary |date=22 November 2017 |newspaper=Kashmir Life |access-date=2018-01-31}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |editor-first=S. N. |editor-last=Gadru |title=Kashmir Papers: British Intervention in Kashmir |url=http://www.ikashmir.net/mkteng/docs/Kashmir%20Papers.pdf |year=1973 |publisher=Freethought Literature Company }}
** {{citation |last=Teng |first=Mohan Kishen |chapter=Introduction |title=Ibid |year=1973 |page=xiii– |ref={{sfnref|Teng, Kashmir Papers – Introduction|1973}}}}
** {{citation |first=Arthur |last=Brinckman |chapter=Wrongs of Cashmere |title=Ibid |pages=1–46 |year=1973 |origyear=first published 1868}}
** {{citation |first=Robert |last=Thorp |chapter=Kashmir Misgovernment |title=Ibid |pages=47–96 |year=1973 |origyear=first published 1870}}
** {{citation |first=William |last=Digby |chapter=Condemned Unheard |title=Ibid |year=1973 |pages=97–304 |origyear=first published 1890}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Hassnain |editor-first=F. M. |editor-link=Fida Hassnain |title=Kashmir Misgovernment by Robert Thorpe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIQeAAAAMAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=Gulshan Publishers |ref={{sfnref|Hassnain, Kashmir Misgovernment by Robert Thorpe|1980}}}}
* {{citation |first=Sheikh Showkat |last=Hussain |author-link=Sheikh Showkat Hussain |title=Kashmir Profiles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1x9LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |date=2017 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah |isbn=978-2-7451-2195-0 |ref={{sfnref|Hussain, Kashmir Profiles|2022}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Amit |last1=Kumar |first2=Fayaz A. |last2=Dar |title=Marginality and Historiography: The Case of Kashmir's History |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=26 September 2015 |volume=50 |number=39 |pages=37–44 |ref={{sfnref|Kumar & Dar, Marginality and Historiography|2022}}}}
* {{citation |last=Peer |first=Basharat |author-link=Basharat Peer |title=Curfewed Night |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ed_Oq574FYoC |year=2011 |publisher=Random House Publishers India Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-8400-223-2 |ref={{sfnref|Peer, Curfewed Night|2022}}}}}
* {{citation |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |author-link=Muhammad Yusuf Saraf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_egBAAAAMAAJ |year=2015 |origyear=first published 1977 by Ferozsons |publisher=National Institute Kashmir Studies |location=Mirpur |ref={{sfnref|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 1|2022}}}}
* {{citation |last=Tyndale-Biscoe |first=Cecil Earle |author-link=Cecil Tyndale-Biscoe |title=Kashmir in Sunlight and Shade |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xhaj6YtQy3YC |year=1925 |publisher=Mittal Publications |id=GGKEY:BT1J7APQRW3 |ref={{sfnref|Tyndale-Biscoe, Kashmir in Sunlight and Shade|1925}}}}
* {{citation |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7Ptp4Iod8EC&pg=PA292 |year=2004 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=978-1-85065-700-2 |ref={{sfnref|Zutshi, Languages of Belonging|2022}}}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite news |title=Kashmir remembers Robert Thorpe on 149th death anniversary |date=22 November 2017 |newspaper=Kashmir Life |url=http://kashmirlife.net/kashmir-remembers-robert-thorpe-on-149th-death-anniversary-156529/ |access-date=2018-01-31}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thorpe, Robert}}
[[Category:1838 births]]
[[Category:1868 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]
[[Category:19th-century British writers]]
[[Category:Writers about the Kashmir conflict]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:58, 13 March 2022
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	{{use Indian English\|date=May ~~2022~~}}		{{use Indian English\|date=May 2018}}
	{{use dmy dates\|date=May ~~2022~~}}		{{use dmy dates\|date=May 2018}}
	[[File:Robert thorpe.jpg\|alt=\|thumb\|Gravestone of Lt. Robert Thorpe in Kashmir.]]		[[File:Robert thorpe.jpg\|alt=\|thumb\|Gravestone of Lt. Robert Thorpe in Kashmir.]]
	Lieutenant '''Robert Thorpe''' (1838–1868{{sfn\|Peer, Curfewed Night\|2011\|p=73}}) was an officer of the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name="Mir">{{citation \|last1=Mir \|first1=N. A. \|last2=Mir \|first2=V. C. \|title=Inspirational people and care for the deprived: medical missionaries in Kashmir \|journal=The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh \|date=1 Apr 2008 \|volume=38 \|pages=85–8 \|number=1 \|pmid=19069044 }}</ref> He visited Kashmir during the reign of Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)\|Ranbir Singh]] and wrote about the sufferings of the [[Kashmiris\|Kashmiri people]]. His writings were compiled into a book titled ''Cashmere Misgovernment'' which was later published posthumously in London in 1870. He also appealed to the British soldiers, who raised funds for [[Church Mission Society\|Christian Missionary Society]] to send medical help to the [[Kashmir Valley]]. This eventually led to the founding of the [[Kashmir Mission Hospital\|British Mission Hospital]] in Srinagar.<ref name=Mir/>		Lieutenant '''Robert Thorpe''' (1838–1868{{sfn\|Peer, Curfewed Night\|2011\|p=73}}) was an officer of the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name="Mir">{{citation \|last1=Mir \|first1=N. A. \|last2=Mir \|first2=V. C. \|title=Inspirational people and care for the deprived: medical missionaries in Kashmir \|journal=The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh \|date=1 Apr 2008 \|volume=38 \|pages=85–8 \|number=1 \|pmid=19069044 }}</ref> He visited Kashmir during the reign of Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)\|Ranbir Singh]] and wrote about the sufferings of the [[Kashmiris\|Kashmiri people]]. His writings were compiled into a book titled ''Cashmere Misgovernment'' which was later published posthumously in London in 1870. He also appealed to the British soldiers, who raised funds for [[Church Mission Society\|Christian Missionary Society]] to send medical help to the [[Kashmir Valley]]. This eventually led to the founding of the [[Kashmir Mission Hospital\|British Mission Hospital]] in Srinagar.<ref name=Mir/>

	Historians state that Thorpe's life is shrouded in "myth, memory and history".{{sfn\|Kumar & Dar, Marginality and Historiography\|2015\|p=41}} He is regarded in Kashmir as a martyr who died for the cause of Kashmiris.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/breaking-news/25841\|title=Kashmir remembers Robert Thorpe on his 149th death anniversary\|date=2017-11-22\|work=Kashmir Observer\|access-date=2018-01-31\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/story/233792.html\|title=Being Robert Thorp\|last=Thorpe\|first=Robert\|date=31 January 2018\|website=Greater Kashmir\|access-date=1 February ~~2022~~}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.kashmirtimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=73632\|title=Tributes paid to Robert Thorpe on his death anniversary - Kashmir Times\|website=www.kashmirtimes.in\|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>		Historians state that Thorpe's life is shrouded in "myth, memory and history".{{sfn\|Kumar & Dar, Marginality and Historiography\|2015\|p=41}} He is regarded in Kashmir as a martyr who died for the cause of Kashmiris.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/breaking-news/25841\|title=Kashmir remembers Robert Thorpe on his 149th death anniversary\|date=2017-11-22\|work=Kashmir Observer\|access-date=2018-01-31\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/story/233792.html\|title=Being Robert Thorp\|last=Thorpe\|first=Robert\|date=31 January 2018\|website=Greater Kashmir\|access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.kashmirtimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=73632\|title=Tributes paid to Robert Thorpe on his death anniversary - Kashmir Times\|website=www.kashmirtimes.in\|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>

	== Family==		== Family==
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	** {{citation \|first=William \|last=Digby \|chapter=Condemned Unheard \|title=Ibid \|year=1973 \|pages=97–304 \|origyear=first published 1890}}		** {{citation \|first=William \|last=Digby \|chapter=Condemned Unheard \|title=Ibid \|year=1973 \|pages=97–304 \|origyear=first published 1890}}
	* {{citation \|editor-last=Hassnain \|editor-first=F. M. \|editor-link=Fida Hassnain \|title=Kashmir Misgovernment by Robert Thorpe \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIQeAAAAMAAJ \|year=1980 \|publisher=Gulshan Publishers \|ref={{sfnref\|Hassnain, Kashmir Misgovernment by Robert Thorpe\|1980}}}}		* {{citation \|editor-last=Hassnain \|editor-first=F. M. \|editor-link=Fida Hassnain \|title=Kashmir Misgovernment by Robert Thorpe \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIQeAAAAMAAJ \|year=1980 \|publisher=Gulshan Publishers \|ref={{sfnref\|Hassnain, Kashmir Misgovernment by Robert Thorpe\|1980}}}}
	* {{citation \|first=Sheikh Showkat \|last=Hussain \|author-link=Sheikh Showkat Hussain \|title=Kashmir Profiles \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1x9LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 \|date=2017 \|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah \|isbn=978-2-7451-2195-0 \|ref={{sfnref\|Hussain, Kashmir Profiles\|~~2022~~}}}}		* {{citation \|first=Sheikh Showkat \|last=Hussain \|author-link=Sheikh Showkat Hussain \|title=Kashmir Profiles \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1x9LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 \|date=2017 \|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah \|isbn=978-2-7451-2195-0 \|ref={{sfnref\|Hussain, Kashmir Profiles\|2017}}}}
	* {{citation \|first1=Amit \|last1=Kumar \|first2=Fayaz A. \|last2=Dar \|title=Marginality and Historiography: The Case of Kashmir's History \|journal=Economic and Political Weekly \|date=26 September 2015 \|volume=50 \|number=39 \|pages=37–44 \|ref={{sfnref\|Kumar & Dar, Marginality and Historiography\|~~2022~~}}}}		* {{citation \|first1=Amit \|last1=Kumar \|first2=Fayaz A. \|last2=Dar \|title=Marginality and Historiography: The Case of Kashmir's History \|journal=Economic and Political Weekly \|date=26 September 2015 \|volume=50 \|number=39 \|pages=37–44 \|ref={{sfnref\|Kumar & Dar, Marginality and Historiography\|2015}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Peer \|first=Basharat \|author-link=Basharat Peer \|title=Curfewed Night \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ed_Oq574FYoC \|year=2011 \|publisher=Random House Publishers India Pvt. Limited \|isbn=978-81-8400-223-2 \|ref={{sfnref\|Peer, Curfewed Night\|~~2022~~}}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Peer \|first=Basharat \|author-link=Basharat Peer \|title=Curfewed Night \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ed_Oq574FYoC \|year=2011 \|publisher=Random House Publishers India Pvt. Limited \|isbn=978-81-8400-223-2 \|ref={{sfnref\|Peer, Curfewed Night\|2011}}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Saraf \|first=Muhammad Yusuf \|author-link=Muhammad Yusuf Saraf \|title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 1 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_egBAAAAMAAJ \|year=2015 \|origyear=first published 1977 by Ferozsons \|publisher=National Institute Kashmir Studies \|location=Mirpur \|ref={{sfnref\|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 1\|~~2022~~}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Saraf \|first=Muhammad Yusuf \|author-link=Muhammad Yusuf Saraf \|title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 1 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_egBAAAAMAAJ \|year=2015 \|origyear=first published 1977 by Ferozsons \|publisher=National Institute Kashmir Studies \|location=Mirpur \|ref={{sfnref\|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 1\|2015}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Tyndale-Biscoe \|first=Cecil Earle \|author-link=Cecil Tyndale-Biscoe \|title=Kashmir in Sunlight and Shade \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xhaj6YtQy3YC \|year=1925 \|publisher=Mittal Publications \|id=GGKEY:BT1J7APQRW3 \|ref={{sfnref\|Tyndale-Biscoe, Kashmir in Sunlight and Shade\|1925}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Tyndale-Biscoe \|first=Cecil Earle \|author-link=Cecil Tyndale-Biscoe \|title=Kashmir in Sunlight and Shade \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xhaj6YtQy3YC \|year=1925 \|publisher=Mittal Publications \|id=GGKEY:BT1J7APQRW3 \|ref={{sfnref\|Tyndale-Biscoe, Kashmir in Sunlight and Shade\|1925}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Zutshi \|first=Chitralekha \|title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7Ptp4Iod8EC&pg=PA292 \|year=2004 \|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers \|isbn=978-1-85065-700-2 \|ref={{sfnref\|Zutshi, Languages of Belonging\|~~2022~~}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Zutshi \|first=Chitralekha \|title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7Ptp4Iod8EC&pg=PA292 \|year=2004 \|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers \|isbn=978-1-85065-700-2 \|ref={{sfnref\|Zutshi, Languages of Belonging\|2004}}}}

	== External links ==		== External links ==