Robert Lingat - Revision history

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	\|others= Translated from French with Additions by [[J Duncan M Derrett\|J.D.M.Derrett]]		\|others= Translated from French with Additions by [[J Duncan M Derrett\|J.D.M.Derrett]]
	\|title= The Classical Law of India		\|title= The Classical Law of India
	\|url= https://www.worldcat.org/title/classical-law-of-india/oclc/660299~~&referer=brief_results~~		\|url= https://www.worldcat.org/title/classical-law-of-india/oclc/660299
	\|orig-year= originally published in French in 1967		\|orig-year= originally published in French in 1967
	\|date= English translation 1973		\|date= English translation 1973
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	\|oclc= 660299		\|oclc= 660299
	}}		}}
	</ref> He died May 7, 1972, one year before the first English translation of his work established it as the single most authoritative text on the concept of [[dharma]] in [[Law of India#History ~~of Indian law~~\|Indian legal history]].<ref>[http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-classical-law-of-india-robert-lingat/1001113740 B&N]</ref> This followed three decades after his three-volume Thai-language edition of Siamese laws (1939-1940) earned him recognition from renowned legal scholar [[John Henry Wigmore]] as "the greatest (and almost the only) authority on Siamese legal history," adding: "It will be a notable day when the learned editor will produce for us (as surely he is destined to do) a translation in French."<ref name=Wigmore>{{cite journal		</ref> He died May 7, 1972, one year before the first English translation of his work established it as the single most authoritative text on the concept of [[dharma]] in [[Law of India#History\|Indian legal history]].<ref>[http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-classical-law-of-india-robert-lingat/1001113740 B&N]</ref> This followed three decades after his three-volume Thai-language edition of Siamese laws (1939-1940) earned him recognition from renowned legal scholar [[John Henry Wigmore]] as "the greatest (and almost the only) authority on Siamese legal history," adding: "It will be a notable day when the learned editor will produce for us (as surely he is destined to do) a translation in French."<ref name=Wigmore>{{cite journal
	\|last= Wigmore\|first= John H.		\|last= Wigmore\|first= John H.
	\|author-link= John Henry Wigmore		\|author-link= John Henry Wigmore
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	\|script-title=th:ประมวลกฎมาย รัชกาลที่ ๑ จุลศักราช ๑๑๖๖		\|script-title=th:ประมวลกฎมาย รัชกาลที่ ๑ จุลศักราช ๑๑๖๖
	\|trans-title=A compilation of Siamese laws made in the first reign of the Chakkri dynasty, 1806, from the Royal version of the three seals		\|trans-title=A compilation of Siamese laws made in the first reign of the Chakkri dynasty, 1806, from the Royal version of the three seals
	\|url= https://www.worldcat.org/title/compilation-of-siamese-laws-made-in-the-first-reign-of-the-chakkri-dynasty-1806-from-the-royal-version-of-the-three-seals/oclc/28518324~~&referer=brief_results~~		\|url= https://www.worldcat.org/title/compilation-of-siamese-laws-made-in-the-first-reign-of-the-chakkri-dynasty-1806-from-the-royal-version-of-the-three-seals/oclc/28518324
	\|access-date= February 27, 2013		\|access-date= February 27, 2013
	\|volume= in three volumes		\|volume= in three volumes
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	\|title= ประวัติศาสตร์กฏใหมายไทย (กฏใหมายเกชน)กฏใหมายทีดิน : คำสอนชั้นปริญญาโท พุทธศักราช ๒๔๘๓ (roman: Prawattisāt kotmāi Thai (kotmāi 'ēkkachon), kotmāi thīdin : khamsō̜n chan parinyā thō Phutthasakkarāt 2483)		\|title= ประวัติศาสตร์กฏใหมายไทย (กฏใหมายเกชน)กฏใหมายทีดิน : คำสอนชั้นปริญญาโท พุทธศักราช ๒๔๘๓ (roman: Prawattisāt kotmāi Thai (kotmāi 'ēkkachon), kotmāi thīdin : khamsō̜n chan parinyā thō Phutthasakkarāt 2483)
	\|trans-title=History of Thai law (civil law) land tenure : master's thesis 2483 BE/AD 1940		\|trans-title=History of Thai law (civil law) land tenure : master's thesis 2483 BE/AD 1940
	\|url= https://www.worldcat.org/title/prawattisat-kotmai-thai-kotmai-ekkachon-kotmai-thidin-khamson-chan-parinya-tho-phutthasakkarat-2483-1940/oclc/74896560~~&referer=brief_results~~		\|url= https://www.worldcat.org/title/prawattisat-kotmai-thai-kotmai-ekkachon-kotmai-thidin-khamson-chan-parinya-tho-phutthasakkarat-2483-1940/oclc/74896560
	\|format= thesis		\|format= thesis
	\|type= LL.M.		\|type= LL.M.

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	</ref> After the outbreak of the [[Franco-Thai War]] (October 1940–May 9, 1941) and during the [[Hanoi#During ~~two wars~~\|Japanese occupation of Hanoï]], Lingat there published another work on Thailand.<ref>{{cite book		</ref> After the outbreak of the [[Franco-Thai War]] (October 1940–May 9, 1941) and during the [[Hanoi#During WWII and Vietnam War\|Japanese occupation of Hanoï]], Lingat there published another work on Thailand.<ref>{{cite book
	\|last= Lingat		\|last= Lingat
	\|first= Robert		\|first= Robert

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Alter: title. Add: oclc, date. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:CS1 Thai-language sources (th)‎ | #UCB_Category 507/4144

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'''Robert Lingat''' (Rō̜ Lǣngkā, {{lang-th|โรแบร์ แลงกาต์}}, 1892 – 1972), was a [[French people|French]]-born academic and legal scholar most known for his masterwork on the [[Classical Hindu law in practice|practice of classical Hindu Law]].<ref>{{cite book
|last= Lingat
|first= Robert
|author-link= Robert Lingat
|others= Translated from French with Additions by [[J Duncan M Derrett|J.D.M.Derrett]]
|title= The Classical Law of India
|url= https://www.worldcat.org/title/classical-law-of-india/oclc/660299&referer=brief_results
|orig-year= originally published in French in 1967
|date= English translation 1973
|publisher= Univ of California Press
|location= Berkeley
|isbn= 9781882239085
|oclc= 660299
}}
</ref> He died May 7, 1972, one year before the first English translation of his work established it as the single most authoritative text on the concept of [[dharma]] in [[Law of India#History of Indian law|Indian legal history]].<ref>[http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-classical-law-of-india-robert-lingat/1001113740 B&N]</ref> This followed three decades after his three-volume Thai-language edition of Siamese laws (1939-1940) earned him recognition from renowned legal scholar [[John Henry Wigmore]] as "the greatest (and almost the only) authority on Siamese legal history," adding: "It will be a notable day when the learned editor will produce for us (as surely he is destined to do) a translation in French."<ref name=Wigmore>{{cite journal
|last= Wigmore|first= John H.
|author-link= John Henry Wigmore
|date= Digitized 2012
|orig-year= Originally published 1940
|title= Pramnŏn Kŏtmai Roc'ăkan T'I Nŭng Cŭlăcăkărăt 1166. (Code of the first reign [of Siam] 1166 [A.D. 1804-05]). Edited by R. Lingat, from the Official Manuscripts of the Triple Seal. Bangkok, Vols. I, II, 1939; Vol. III (in press).
|trans-title=Thai ประมวลกฎมาย รัชกาลที่ ๑ จุลศักราช ๑๑๖๖
|journal= Louisiana Law Review
|volume= 2|pages=556–567
|publisher= at DigitalCommons
|url= http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol2/iss3/18
|access-date= February 20, 2013}}</ref>

== Life ==
Lingat was born in [[Charleville-Mézières|Charleville]] in 1892, and though not much is known of his personal life, it is established that he received his doctorate in Law in Paris in 1919. He moved to work in [[Bangkok]] as a legal adviser between 1924-1940 where he became involved in the growing debate regarding the origin of the Indian legal system.<ref name=Wigmore/>

== Works ==
During his time at the [[Faculty of Law, Thammasat University]] (then known in English as University of Moral and Political Sciences), he edited a three-volume set of Siamese laws from official manuscripts of the Law Code of 1805 (1166 [[Chula Sakarat]]) promulgated in the first reign of the [[Chakri Dynasty|Chakkri dynasty]],<ref name=Wigmore/><ref>{{cite book
|editor-last= Lingat
|editor-first= Robert
|editor-link= Robert Lingat
|script-title=th:ประมวลกฎมาย รัชกาลที่ ๑ จุลศักราช ๑๑๖๖
|trans-title=A compilation of Siamese laws made in the first reign of the Chakkri dynasty, 1806, from the Royal version of the three seals
|url= https://www.worldcat.org/title/compilation-of-siamese-laws-made-in-the-first-reign-of-the-chakkri-dynasty-1806-from-the-royal-version-of-the-three-seals/oclc/28518324&referer=brief_results
|access-date= February 27, 2013
|volume= in three volumes
|date= 1938–39
|publisher= University of moral and political sciences
|location= Bangkok
|oclc= 28518324
|language= th
}}</ref> under the Three Seals. (From left to right the seals are: 1. The Royal Lion of the Minister of the Interior; 2. The Trunked Lion of the Minister of Defence; and 3. The Crystal Lotus of the Minister of the Port.<ref name="JSS_043_1c">{{cite journal
|last1= Dhani Nivat
|first1= Prince
|year= 1955
|title= The Reconstruction of Rama I of the Chakri Dynasty
|journal= Journal of the Siam Society
|volume= 43 |issue= 1 |publisher= Siam Society Heritage Trust
|url= http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1951/JSS_043_1c_PrinceDhaniNivat_ReconstructionOfRamaI.pdf
|access-date= January 17, 2013
|quote= First page of the Law Code of 1805
}}</ref>{{rp|p.9/30}}) In 1941, Lingat submitted to the university a thesis on the history of Thai land tenure, later published in 1949.<ref>{{cite book
|last= Lingat
|first= Robert
|author-link= Robert Lingat
|title= ประวัติศาสตร์กฏใหมายไทย (กฏใหมายเกชน)กฏใหมายทีดิน : คำสอนชั้นปริญญาโท พุทธศักราช ๒๔๘๓ (roman: Prawattisāt kotmāi Thai (kotmāi 'ēkkachon), kotmāi thīdin : khamsō̜n chan parinyā thō Phutthasakkarāt 2483)
|trans-title=History of Thai law (civil law) land tenure : master's thesis 2483 BE/AD 1940
|url= https://www.worldcat.org/title/prawattisat-kotmai-thai-kotmai-ekkachon-kotmai-thidin-khamson-chan-parinya-tho-phutthasakkarat-2483-1940/oclc/74896560&referer=brief_results
|format= thesis
|type= LL.M.
|access-date= February 27, 2013
|date= published 1949
|orig-year= submitted 1940
|publisher= Rōngphim Mahāwitthayālai Thammasāt
|location= Krung Thēp
|oclc= 74896560
|language= th
}}
</ref> After the outbreak of the [[Franco-Thai War]] (October 1940–May 9, 1941) and during the [[Hanoi#During two wars|Japanese occupation of Hanoï]], Lingat there published another work on Thailand.<ref>{{cite book
|last= Lingat
|first= Robert
|author-link= Robert Lingat
|title= Le Régime des biens entre époux en Thaïlande
|trans-title=Division of property between spouses in Thailand
|url= https://www.worldcat.org/wcidentities/lccn-n85-119378|access-date= February 27, 2013
|year= 1943
|publisher= [[École française d'Extrême-Orient|Impr. d'Extréme-Orient]]
|location= Hanoï
|language= fr
}}</ref> He worked at several universities in the former [[French colonies]] where, among other things, he was named Professor in the faculty of Law in Indo-China in 1941. Returning to Thammasat, he taught in [[French language|French]] with [[translator]]s rendering his instructions into [[Thai language|Thai]] — a post which he held until 1955. In 1961 he left his post at a university in [[Cambodia]] to return to France where, until shortly before his death, he taught at the Center for Indian Studies at the [[University of Paris]].

There he published the French edition of ''The Classical Law of India'', in which he details the origin of the Indian legal system. The book draws heavily on the work of [[P. V. Kane]] and [[Max Müller]], but is at the same time very innovative in its approach. He also used Professor [[Ram Sharan Sharma]]'s works to have an idea on ancient India. It was originally published in French in 1967 and translated to English by [[J. Duncan M. Derrett]] in 1973. It has since become the standard textbook for those who wish to learn about the history of the Indian legal system. His work condenses the enormous volume of Indian literature into one fairly short book — unlike P.V Kane who published his findings in an incredibly dense and long series of books. Wigmore (1940) notes that authors of elaborate treatises represented "...mainly their own elaborations of detail as to what the law ''ought'' to be; but they did not necessarily represent what the law really was in practice." He then illustrates Lingat's approach with a quote translated from his ''L'Influence Indoue dans 'ancien Droit Siamois'' (Paris 1937) p. 18: <blockquote>The [[dharmasastras]] [books of law] are not ordinary legal treatises expounding the actual law of the country. The science of law was connected with the study of Veda [religious texts]. The latter leads to the study of the rules which necessarily control human societies and are independent of human wills. It reveals to men the principles which should inspire their conduct if they wish to live the meritorious life. They are thus analogous to the European "[[natural law]]." But while the European theorists of the "natural law" seldom went beyond the vague region of generalities and the exposition of fundamental principles, the Hindus proceeded to deduce from these principles a mass of detailed and precise rules. Thus the dharmasastras, while theoretically expounding only natural (not positive) [[Rule of law|law]], in fact regulated the entire legal life of man. Hence they were liable to be mistaken for genuine legal treatises.</blockquote>

== ''Journal of the Siam Society'' (JSS) ==
Lingat was a frequent contributor to the ''[[Journal of the Siam Society]]''.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.siam-society.org/OJS/index.php/JSS/about
|title = Journal of the Siam Society
|year = 2013
|publisher = Siamese Heritage Trust
|access-date = February 27, 2013
|quote = About the journal
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120817041245/http://www.siam-society.org/OJS/index.php/JSS/about
|archive-date = August 17, 2012
}}</ref> Some of the articles that he wrote, or which refer to his published works, have been made available on line by the Siamese Heritage Protection Program.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://siamese-heritage.org/
|title= Siamese Heritage Trust
|year= 2013
|publisher= Siamese Heritage Trust
|access-date= February 27, 2013
|quote= To Commemorate the 84th Royal Birthday Anniversary of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej Patron of The Siam Society Under Royal Patronage.
}}</ref>

* {{cite journal
|last= Lingat |first= R. |author-link= Robert Lingat
|year= 1933
|title= History of Wat Pavaranivesa
|journal= Journal of the Siam Society
|volume= 26 |issue= 1 |publisher= Siamese Heritage Trust
|url= http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1931/JSS_026_1c_Lingat_HistoryOfWatPavaraniveca.pdf
|access-date= February 20, 2013
}}
* Vol. 27.1 1935 Le Culte du Bouddha d'Emeraude Lingat, R.
* Vol. 28.2 1935 Les trois Bangkok recorders (Notes) Lingat, R.
* {{cite journal
|last= Lingat |first= R. |author-link= Robert Lingat
|year= 1950
|title= Evolution of the Conception of Law in Burma and Siam
|journal= Journal of the Siam Society
|volume= 38 |issue= 1 |pages= 13–24
|publisher= Siamese Heritage Trust
|url= http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1941/JSS_038_1c_Lingat_EvolutionOfTheConceptionOfLawInBurmaAndSiam.pdf
|access-date= February 20, 2013
}}

== See also ==
* [[Hindu Law]]
* [[Classical Hindu law]]
* [[Classical Hindu law in practice]]
* [[Dhammasattha]]
* [[Law of Thailand]]
* [[Legal realism]]
* [[Penal Code of India]]
* [[Rta]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au:Lingat,%20Robert&fq=-mt:fic%20%3E%20-mt:juv&dblist=638 List of works and holdings at WorldCat®]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lingat, Robert}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu law]]