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	[[Category:Bengal Engineers officers]]		[[Category:Bengal Engineers officers]]
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix =
|name = Robert Kyd
|honorific_suffix =
|image = File:Robert Kyd.jpg
|birth_name =
|other_name =
|nickname =
|birth_date = 1746
|birth_place = [[Forfarshire]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]]
|death_date = 27 May 1793
|death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
|placeofburial = [[South Park Street Cemetery]]
|allegiance = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|22x25px]] [[East India Company]]
|branch = [[Bengal Army]]
|serviceyears = 1764-1793
|rank = [[Colonel]]
|unit = Bengal Engineers
|commands =
|battles =
|awards =
|memorials =
|spouse =
|children =
|relations =
|laterwork =
|signature =
}}
[[Colonel]] '''Robert Kyd''' (1746 – 27 May 1793<ref>{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/stream/bengalobituaryo00calgoog#page/n125/mode/1up/|page=99|title=The Bengal Obituary|publisher=W Thacker and Co.|place=Calcutta|year=1851|author=Holmes and Co.}}</ref>) was a British army officer stationed in [[India]]. He founded the [[Indian Botanical Gardens|botanical garden]] at [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in 1787.<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|author=Desmond, Ray| chapter=Kyd, Robert (1746–1793)| title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography| year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/15814 }}</ref>

==Life and career==
Little is known of Kyd's early life. He was born in Scotland at Forfarshire (now [[Angus, Scotland|Angus]]), the son of Thomas, a merchant, and Rachel Eccles. He may have studied medicine at Edinburgh. He joined the Bengal Engineers as an ensign in 1764. He became a lieutenant a year later, a captain on 3 April 1768, major on 29 May 1780, and lieutenant-colonel by 7 December 1782. He was then made a Secretary to the Military Department of Inspection in Bengal and continued in that post until his death.<ref name=odnb/>

[[File:Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden - Howrah 2011-01-08 9780.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Kyd memorial urn by [[Thomas Banks]] (1795) at the [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]].]]
Kyd was interested in horticulture and owned a private garden in Shalimar near Howrah. He proposed the idea of a botanic garden to the then Governor-General [[Sir_John_Macpherson,_1st_Baronet|Sir John Macpherson]], who passed on the idea to the Court of Directors of the [[East India Company]]. His idea was that it should help in finding alternate sources of food to prevent famines and to identify plants that might be commercially useful. The plants he mentioned included the [[sago palm]] from Malaya and the Persian [[Date palm|date]]. The plan was approved on 31 July 1787 and Kyd was made an honorary superintendent.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Hastings, RB|year= 1986| title= The relationships between the Indian botanic garden, Howrah and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in economic botany| journal=Bull. Bot. Surv. India|volume=28| issue=1–4|pages=1–12|url=http://www.kew.org/collections/ecbot/pages/wp-content/media/papers/hastings1986howrah.pdf}}</ref> Kyd had proposed that the botanical garden would help in introduction of economically important plants and help the East India Company "outstrip our rivals in every valuable production which nature has confined to this part of the globe".<ref>{{cite journal|author= Sharma, Jayeeta |year= 2006| title= British science, Chinese skill and Assam tea: Making empire's garden|journal= Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=43|issue= 4|page=429|doi=10.1177/001946460604300402|s2cid= 154354876}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Calcutta Botanic Garden and the colonial re-ordering of the Indian environment| journal= Archives of Natural History |volume=35 |issue=1|pages=150–163| year=2008|author=Axelby, Richard| doi=10.3366/E0260954108000144| url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/7618/1/AHN_FINAL_PUBLISHED_ARTICLE.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= Thomas, A. P.|year= 2006| title= The establishment of Calcutta Botanic Garden: plant transfer, science and the East India Company, 1786–1806|journal= Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=16|issue= 2|pages=165–177|doi=10.1017/s1356186306005992}}</ref> By 1790 Kyd had 4000 plants in the garden and when the botanist [[Joseph Hooker]] visited in 1848, he noted that it had "contributed more useful and ornamental tropical plants to the public and private gardens of the world than any other establishment before or since".<ref name=odnb /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/himalayanjourna00hookgoog#page/n30/mode/1up| author=Hooker, JD|title=Himalayan Journals. volume 1| publisher=John Murray| place=London| year=1854| pages=3–4}}</ref>

A genus ''[[Kydia]]'' (''[[Kydia calycina]]'') in the family [[Malvaceae]] was named after him by [[William Roxburgh]].<ref name=odnb/>

==Interment==
Kyd made a request in his will that he be buried without any religious ceremony in the botanical garden that he founded, but was instead interred in [[South Park Street Cemetery]].

A beautiful urn sculpted by a Mr Banks has been placed as a memorial in the botanical garden that he founded.<ref name="Bengal Obituary">{{cite book|title=The Bengal Obituary |author=Holmes and Co | url=https://archive.org/stream/bengalobituaryo00calgoog#page/n125/mode/1up/ |publisher= W. M. Thacker & Co, London & St Andrews Library, Calcutta| location=London |year=1851 |page=99}}</ref>

He also left behind specific payments to be made to his native servants "Rajemahl Missah ... in retribution for the unsuitable education given to him, entailing separation from his native soil and kindred. To the other native known by the name of George, in reparation of the injury dune him by his former master, in alienating him from his tribe (understood Rajpoot), converting him to Christianity, and secluding him from all future connection with his family, the monthly sum of six rupees during his life; to both on condition of their continuing to serve Major Alexander Kyd during his residence in India..."<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753002133160#page/ix/mode/1up|journal=Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta.|volume=4| year=1893| author=George King|title=Preface| pages=i–xi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author= Desmond, Ray |year=1992| title= The European Discovery of the Indian Flora. |publisher=Oxford University Press, Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/calcuttapastpres00blec#page/164/mode/1up/|pages=161–165|author=Blechynden, Kathleen|title=Calcutta past and present| publisher= W. Thacker and Co.|place=Calcutta| year=1905}}</ref>

==Family==
Major [[Alexander Kyd]], later Lieutenant General and Surveyor General of Bengal, was a first cousin once removed of Robert (Thomas Kyd was brother of George Kyd, grandfather of Alexander Kyd) and was the father of [[James Kyd]] (1786-1836) and his brother Robert (d. 1825), who became shipbuilders, also an Alexander Kyd. Kyd street and the locality [[Kidderpore]] derive their names from this family. James Kyd became Company Master Builder after the retirement of A. Waddell.<ref>{{cite book| title=The good old days of the Honorable John Company|author=Carey, WH|year=1882|publisher=Quins Book Co|place= Calcutta|url=https://archive.org/stream/goodolddaysofhon00careuoft#page/64/mode/2up/|page=64}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links ==
* [http://apps.kew.org/floraindica/htm/biography_kyd.htm Biography of Kyd at RBG, Kew]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kyd, Robert}}
[[Category:1746 births]]
[[Category:1793 deaths]]
[[Category:Scottish botanists]]
[[Category:People from Angus]]
[[Category:Bengal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]

Robert Kyd - Revision history

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