https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Robert_Knowles_%28parasitologist%29Robert Knowles (parasitologist) - Revision history2026-08-18T19:37:44ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Knowles_(parasitologist)&diff=366539&oldid=prevBot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.2022-12-14T16:02:45Z<p>robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my <a href="/wiki/User_talk:Bot" title="User talk:Bot">talk page</a>.</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>[[File:Robert Knowles. Photograph by Edna Lorenz, Calcutta. Wellcome V0027741.jpg|thumb]]'''Robert Knowles''' (30 October 1883 – 3 August 1936, Calcutta) was a British parasitologist, known for his discovery, with [[Biraj Mohan Das Gupta]], of the ''[[Plasmodium]]'' species now known as ''[[Plasmodium knowlesi]]''.<ref name=ActaTropica2013>{{cite journal|author=Antinori S|author2=Galimberti L|author3=Milazzo L.|author4=Corbellino M|year=2013|title=Plasmodium knowlesi: the emerging zoonotic malaria parasite|journal=Acta Tropica|volume=125|issue=2|pages=191–201|doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.008|pmid=23088834}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Wesolowski R|author2=Wozniak A|author3=Mila-Kierzenkowska C|author4=Szewczyk-Golec K|year=2015|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'' as a Threat to Global Public Health. |volume=53|issue=5|pages=575–581|doi=10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.575|pmc=4635839|pmid=26537037|journal=The Korean Journal of Parasitology}}</ref><br />
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==Biography==<br />
Knowles matriculated at [[Downing College, Cambridge]] and graduated in 1905 with B.A. Receiving medical education at [[St Mary's Hospital, London]], he was made M.R.S.C in 1907 and L.R.C.P. Lond. in 1907. As a British officer in the [[Indian Medical Service]] he was made lieutenant on 1 February 1908, captain on 1 February 1911, major on 1 August 1919, and lieutenant-colonel on 1 August 1927;<ref>{{cite book|author=Crawford, D.G.|title=Roll of the Indian Medical Service 1615–1930|chapter=Knowles, Robert (entry # 450)|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olK-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA545|volume=2 (1800–1930)|year=1930|location=Calcutta|page=545|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co|isbn=9781781502310}}</ref> upon his death in 1936 he held the rank of colonel. He became a professor of protozoology at the [[Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine]] in 1928. Knowles was the director of the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine from 1933 to 1935; in the directorship his predecessor was Hugh William Acton and his successor was Sir [[Ram Nath Chopra]].<br />
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==''P. knowlesi''==<br />
[[Giuseppe Franchini]] published in 1927 what is generally believed to be the first description of the ''Plasmodium'' species now known as ''P. knowlesi''. At the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, in 1931 H. G. M. Campbell detected ''P. knowlesi'' in a macaque imported from Singapore. Campbell showed his discovery to his supervisor L. Everard Napier, who injected the strain into three monkeys, one of which developed symptoms of malaria. Aware of the Protozoological Department's search for a monkey malaria strain, Napier and Campbell gave the infected monkey to the physician Biraj Mohan Das Gupta, working under Knowles. Das Gupta maintained the ''Plasmodium'' species by serial passage in monkeys until Knowles returned from leave. In 1932, Knowles and Das Gupta published their description of the ''Plasmodiium'' species and their account of how it could be transmitted from monkey to human by blood passage to three human volunteers.<ref>{{cite journal|url= |author=Singh B|author2=Daneshvar C.|year=2013|title=Human infections and detection of ''Plasmodium knowlesi''|journal= Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=26|issue=2|pages=165–184|doi=10.1128/cmr.00079-12|pmc=3623376|pmid=23554413}}</ref> The ''Plasmodium'' species was named ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' by Sinton and Mulligan in 1932. The first natural infection of ''P. knowlesi'' in humans was observed in 1965.<ref name=ActaTropica2013/><br />
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==Selected publications==<br />
*with Ronald Senior-White: {{cite book|title=Malaria: its investigation and control with special reference to Indian conditions|year=1927|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co}}<br />
*with H. W. Acton: {{cite book|title=On the dysenteries of India, with a chapter on secondary streptococcal infections and sprue|year=1928}}<br />
*{{cite book|title=An introduction to medical protozoology, with chapters on the spirochætes and on laboratory methods|year=1928}}<br />
**with revision and abridgment by Biraj Mohan Das Gupta: {{cite book|title=Knowles's introduction to medical protozoology|edition=2nd|year=1944|location=Calcutta|publisher=U. N. Dhur & Sons}}<br />
*with Biraj Mohan Dasgupta and Ronald Senior-White: {{cite book|title=Studies in the parasitology of malaria|series=Indian Medical Research Memoirs 18|year=1930|location=Calcutta|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co}}<br />
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==References==<br />
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[[Category:1883 births]]<br />
[[Category:1936 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Downing College, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:Malariologists]]<br />
[[Category:British parasitologists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Medical Service officers]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:British people in colonial India]]</div>Bot