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{{Short description|Paleolithic site in Punjab, northern Pakistan}}
{{Coord|33.5|N|73.2|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Riwat
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| map_type = Pakistan
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| coordinates = {{Coord|33.5|N|73.2|E}}
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| location = [[Soan River|Soan Valley]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
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| epochs = [[Lower Palaeolithic]]
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| discovered = 1983
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| archaeologists = {{Plainlist|
* [[Robin Dennell]]
* [[Bridget Allchin]]
* [[F. Raymond Allchin]]
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'''Riwat''' ([[Rawat, Murree]]) is a [[Paleolithic]] site in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], northern [[Pakistan]]. Another site, called [[Riwat Site 55]], shows a later occupation dated to around 45,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|title=A 45,000-Years-Old open-air Paleolithic Site at Riwat, Northern Pakistan|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233522757}}</ref>

==Site==

The site was discovered in 1983. The artifacts consist of flakes and cores made of quartzite. The collection of pebble tools is claimed to be 1.9 million years old and has been disputed because the artifacts weren't found in their original context.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&pg=PA312&dq=riwat|title=The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors|page=312|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=9781780760605|date=2012-12-11}}</ref> The claims of the dating of the site are being continuously researched.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeJMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA9&dq=riwat|title=The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Volume 1|page=9|publisher=Oxford University Press|first=Neil|last=Silberman|isbn=9780199735785|date=November 2012}}</ref>

== Discovery ==
Riwat was discovered by the British Archaeological Mission to Pakistan, directed by [[F. Raymond Allchin]] and [[Bridget Allchin]] (1977–1987),<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Allchin|first=Bridget|date=1986|title=Earliest traces of man in the Potwar Plateau, Pakistan: a report of the British Archaeological Mission to Pakistan|journal=South Asian Studies|volume=2|issue=1|pages=69–83|doi=10.1080/02666030.1986.9628347|issn=0266-6030}}</ref> and [[Robin Dennell]] (1988–1999).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/archaeology/staff/dennell/biography/|title=Professor Robin Dennell - Biography|website=University of Exeter|language=en|access-date=2017-09-25}}</ref> In the early 1980s, the mission set out to investigate the earliest periods in the prehistory of Pakistan, which at that point were only poorly understood, based on the work of [[Helmut de Terra]] and [[T. T. Paterson]] in the 1930s. One of the localities described by de Terra and Paterson was a place near the village of [[Rawat, Murree|Rawat]] where artefact-bearing [[Pleistocene]] [[quartzite]] deposits could be found eroding out of the ridges and slopes of the [[Soan River|Soan Valley]]. Revisiting the site, which they called [[Riwat Site 55]], in 1983, the mission discovered prehistoric [[stone tool]]s in good condition, and therefore decided to open an excavation, which was conducted over two seasons by Dennell and Pakistani archaeologist M. Halim. The site was dated to the [[Upper Paleolithic|Upper Palaeolithic]], about 45,000 years ago.<ref name=":1" />

At the same time, Dennell, together with geologist [[Helen Rendell]], decided to survey the area around Riwat for more Palaeolithic sites. They noted several finds which appeared to be older than those at Site 55, perhaps indicating a [[Middle Paleolithic|Middle Palaeolithic]] or even [[Lower Paleolithic|Lower Palaeolithic]] occupation, but conclusively demonstrating that they were made by human hands, and that they were as old as suspected, proved difficult.<ref name=":1" /> In 1985, Rendell and Dennell published a paper in which they argued that some of the Riwat artefacts could be dated to the Lower Palaeolithic, between 400,000 and 700,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rendell|first1=H.|last2=Dennell|first2=R. W.|date=1985|title=Dated Lower Palaeolithic Artefacts From Northern Pakistan|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=26|issue=3|pages=393|doi=10.1086/203287|issn=0011-3204}}</ref> Later, in 1988, they selected six artefacts which they argued were as much as two million years old, and therefore the earliest evidence of humans outside of Africa known at the time.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Dennell|first1=R. W.|last2=Rendell|first2=H.|last3=Hailwood|first3=E.|date=1988|title=Early tool-making in Asia: two-million-year-old artefacts in Pakistan|journal=Antiquity|volume=62|issue=234|pages=98–106|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00073555|issn=0003-598X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dennell|first1=R. W.|last2=Rendell|first2=H. M.|last3=Hailwood|first3=E.|date=1988|title=Late Pliocene Artefacts from Northern Pakistan|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=29|issue=3|pages=495–498|doi=10.1086/203666|issn=0011-3204}}</ref>

==Assemblage==
The Lower Palaeolithic [[assemblage (archaeology)|assemblage]] at Riwat consists of sixteen pieces of [[Lithic flake|flaked stone]] that were found at the base of a deeply eroded [[gully]]. With the exception of [[hand axes|handaxes]], the [[stone tool]]s used by hominins in this period (the [[Oldowan industry]]) were very simple, consisting of large flakes struck from a [[Lithic core|core]] with little preparation or forethought. As a result of this and their great age, they can be difficult to distinguish from pieces of stone that were flaked through natural processes, such as rolling down a slope. Dennell therefore analysed the Riwat assemblage for characteristic features of human modification: [[bulb of percussion|bulbs of percussion]] and ripple marks, indicating that significant force was applied to the core in a single place; a large number of flakes struck from the same core, using up a majority of the core's original surface; flakes struck from different directions; and [[Retouch (lithics)|retouch]]. Based on this analysis, he presented six pieces which he considered likely to be artefacts:<ref name=":2" />
* '''R001''' – a core with six or seven flakes removed, in different directions, leaving only 35% of the original surface untouched. It was found ''{{Archaeogloss|in situ}}'' with the flaked surfaces embedded in the gully side, ruling out the possibility that it had been flaked after eroding out of its original context.
* '''R008''' – a small, retouched flake.
* '''R010''' – a small flake.
* '''R011''' – a core with two flakes removed.
* '''R013''' – a large flake.
* '''R014''' – a core with one very large flake and seven smaller flakes removed, with a clear bulb of percussion.
A further seven pieces were described as possibly manufactured by hominids, but "equivocal".<ref name=":2" /> In 1988 Dennell and his team revisited Riwat and found another flake ('''R88/1''') that they considered likely to be artefactual. They were also able to document that out of more than 1,000 stones in the same deposit, none were flaked (indicating that they were not deposited in an environment where natural flaking was common).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvPLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|title=The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia|last=Dennell|first=Robin|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781316583074|location=Cambridge|pages=136–139|language=en|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Paleolithic}}
*[[History of Pakistan]]
*[[Early human migration]]
*[[Oldowan]]
*[[Prehistoric Asia]]
*[[Madrasian culture]]
*[[Soanian]]
*[[South Asian Stone Age]]

==References==
*B. Bower, ''Early Tool Making: An Asian Connection'', Science News (1988).
*Rendell, H. and Dennell, R.W. 1987 ''Thermoluminescence Dating of an Upper Pleistocene Site, Northern Pakistan''. Geoarchaeology 2, 63–67.
*Roy Larick and Russell L. Ciochon, ''[http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/origins/hominid_journey/earlyasian/Larick-2.html The African Emergence and Early Asian Dispersals of the Genus Homo]'', American Scientist (1996)
*R. W. Dennell, H. M. Rendell and E. Hailwood, ''Late Pliocene Artefacts from Northern Pakistan '', Current Anthropology, Vol. 29, No. 3 (June 1988), pp. 495–498
*R. W. Dennell, H. M. Rendell, M. Halim, E. Moth, "A 45,000-Years-Old open-air Paleolithic Site at Riwat, Northern Pakistan", Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 19, No. 1. (Spring, 1992), pp. 17–33.

{{Reflist}}

{{Prehistoric Asia}}

[[Category:1983 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Paleolithic sites]]
[[Category:Murree District]]

Riwat - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article