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{{Short description|Second octave in Indian classical music}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Ṛiṣabha (Re).jpg|thumb|Rishabh (Re)]]

'''Rishabha''' ({{Langx|sa|ऋषभ|translit=Ṛṣabha}} {{IPA|sa|ɽ̩̊ʂɐbʱɐ|}}) is the second of the seven [[svara]]s in [[Hindustani music|Hindustani]] and [[Carnatic music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://raag-hindustani.com/Notes.html|title=The Notes in an Octave in Indian Classical Music|website=Raag Hindustani}}</ref> Rishabha is the long form of the syllable रे (Re).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://brainly.in/question/4916824 | title=What is the full form of SA, RA, GA, MA, PA, DHA, NI, SA | date=28 July 2018 | publisher=Brainly | accessdate=17 December 2021 }}</ref>

== Detail ==
The following is the information about Rishabha and its importance in [[Indian classical music]]:

* Rishabha is the second ''svara'' in an octave or ''[[Saptak]]'' and follows "Sa" (Shadja) as its immediate successor.
* The [[svara]] of Rishabha is ''Komal'' and ''Shuddha''.
* It is said that Shadja is the basic svara from which all the other 6 svaras are produced. When we break the word Shadja then we get, ''Shad'' and ''Ja''. It means that Shad is 6 and ja is 'giving birth' in [[marathi (language)|Marathi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://saxonianfolkways.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/the-7-shadows-of-shadja | title=The 7 Shadows of Shadja | date=30 January 2013 }}</ref> So basically the translation is :
'''षड् - 6, ज -जन्म . Therefore, it collectively means giving birth to the other 6 notes of the music.'''
So the svara Re is formed from [[Shadja]].
* The frequency of Rishabha is 270 Hz. The frequencies of the seven svaras are also given below: Sa 240 Hz, Re 270 Hz, Ga 300 Hz, Ma 320 Hz, Pa 360 Hz, Dha 400 Hz, and Ni 450 Hz, Sa 480 Hz (Taar Saptak) ........ (and so on). 'Sa' can have any frequency but then the frequencies of other svaras increase or decrease with a common ratio or difference.
Consequently, the Re after the Sa of 480 Hz (Taar Saptak) has a frequency of 540 Hz i.e. the double of the Lower octave Re.
* There are 3 [[Shruti (music)|Shruti]] of Rishabha. Previously the main Shruti, not only for Re but for all the other svaras, was on the last Shruti but now it is considered to be on the 1st Shrurti.
For example, if these are the 3 Shruti's of Re then,

'''Previously this was the position of the main Shruti of Re'''.
'''^'''
'''1 2 3'''
''' ^'''
'''But now this position has become the main Shruti of Re'''.
* All the other svaras except Shadja (Sa) and Pancham (Pa) can be {{lang|hi-Latn|Komal}} or {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra svara}}s but Sa and Pa are always Shuddha svaras. And hence svaras Sa and Pa are called '''Achal Svaras''', since these svaras don't move from their original position. Svaras Ra, Ga, Ma, Dha, Ni are called '''Chal Svaras''', since these svaras move from their original position.

'''Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni - Shuddha Svaras'''

'''Re, Ga, Dha, Ni - {{lang|hi-Latn|Komal Svaras}}'''

'''Ma - {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra Svaras}}'''

* Ragas from [[Bhairav Thaat]], [[Poorvi Thaat]], [[Marwa Thaat]], [[Bhairavi Thaat]] and [[Todi Thaat]] have Komal Rishabha, rest of the [[thaat]]s have Shuddha Rishabha.
* Ragas where Re is the Vadi svara - Raga [[Brindabani Sarang]], etc. Ragas where Re is the Samvadi svara - Raga [[Bhairav (raga)|Bhairav]], etc.
* Hypothetically speaking, Re is said to be the Rishimuni (also known as Rushimuni), Rishimuni as in, the three main gods, [[Bhrama|Brahma]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] were first created i.e. Sakar Brahma (Sa) and then these three gods created the Rishimunis (the sages) i.e. Re. Re is made the acronym of Rishimuni for showing the importance of the syllable Re.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-significance-of-Seven-Sur-Sa-Re-Ga-Ma-Pa-Dha-Ni-Sa-in-music | title=What is the significance of Seven Sur (Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa) in music? }}</ref>
* Rishabha is said to be sourced from the lowing of a [[bull]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://adharashadja.wordpress.com/2017/03/21/swara-and-shruti/#:~:text=SHRUTIS | title=Swara and Shruti | date=21 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dollsofindia.com/library/raga_ragini/ | title=The Raga Ragini System of Indian Classical Music | date=15 March 2007 }}</ref>
* Rishabha is associated with the planet [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://adharashadja.wordpress.com/2017/03/21/swara-and-shruti/#:~:text=SHRUTIS | title=Swara and Shruti | date=21 March 2017 }}</ref>
* Rishabha is the Name of the earliest and the very First [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]]
* Rishabha is associated with [[Red]] colour.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://adharashadja.wordpress.com/2017/03/21/swara-and-shruti/#:~:text=SHRUTIS | title=Swara and Shruti | date=21 March 2017 }}</ref>

==Difference in pronouncing==
In the introductory part of Rishabha it is given that, 'Rishabha is the long form of the syllables रे and री. For simplicity in pronouncing while singing the syllable, Rishabha is pronounced as Re and Ri'. This is given because the pronouncing of the syllable Re is different in the Hindustani classical music and Carnatic classical music. In Hindustani classical music, the pronouncing of Rishabha is done as Re and in Carnatic classical music, the pronouncing of Rishabha is done as Ri.

So a Hindustani classical singer will sing the 7 svaras as : Sa '''Re''' Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa.

While a Carnatic classical singer will sing these svaras like : Sa '''Ri''' Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa.

==See also==
* [[List of Ragas in Hindustani classical music]]
* [[Svara]]
* [[Shadja (svara)|Shadja]] (Sa)
* [[Gandhar (svara)|Gandhara]] (Ga)
* [[Madhyam (svara)|Madhyam]] (Ma)
* [[Pancham (svara)|Pancham]] (Pa)
* [[Dhaivat (svara)|Dhaivat]] (Dha)
* [[Nishad (svara)|Nishada]] (Ni)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian classical music]]
[[Category:Musical notation]]
[[Category:Musical scales]]
[[Category:Hindustani music terminology]]
[[Category:Carnatic music terminology]]

Rishabha (svara) - Revision history

GildaNolan0093: new the details added tags