Rishabha (Hinduism) - Revision history

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	\| affiliation = [[Tirthankar]]		\| affiliation = [[Tirthankar]]
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	In [[Hinduism]], '''Rishabha''' is one of the twenty four [[avatar]]s of [[Vishnu]] in the [[Bhagavata Purana]].<ref name="Matchett">{{cite book\|last=Matchett\|first=Freda\|title=Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: the relationship between Krishna and Vishnu\|publisher=9780700712816\|year=2001\|page=152\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1oqTYiPeAxMC&pg=PA152 \| isbn=978-0-7007-1281-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wendy Doniger\|title=On Hinduism\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUnaAgAAQBAJ \|year=2014\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-936009-3\|pages=593 note 46}}</ref><ref name=jaini1>{{cite journal\|author=PS Jaini\|title=Jina Rishabha as an avatar of Vishnu\|year= 1977\|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies \| volume=XL\| issue=2\| pages=321–327}}</ref> Some scholars state that this avatar is same as the first [[Tirthankara]] of Jainism.<ref name=jaini1/><ref>{{cite book\|author=D Dennis Hudson\|title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C&pg=PA19 \|year=2008\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-970902-1\|pages=19–21}}</ref> Shaiva texts like [[Linga Purana]] appropriated Tirthankar Rishabhdeva as an avatar of lord Shiva.<ref>https://books.google.~~co.in~~/books?id=BQNgDgAAQBAJ&~~pg=PT59&dq~~=ling+puran+rishabh&hl=~~en&sa~~=~~X&ved~~=~~2ahUKEwifg_DPrfrtAhXkzjgGHRLGC_UQ6AEwAHoECAUQAg#v~~=~~onepage&q~~=~~ling%20puran%20rishabh&f~~=~~false~~</ref> Rishabha is also found in Vedic literature, where it means the "bull" and is an epithet for Rudra (Shiva).<ref name="Dalal2010">{{cite book\|author=Roshen Dalal\|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC \|year= 2010\|publisher=Penguin Books\|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6\|page=88}}</ref>		In [[Hinduism]], '''Rishabha''' is one of the twenty four [[avatar]]s of [[Vishnu]] in the [[Bhagavata Purana]].<ref name="Matchett">{{cite book\|last=Matchett\|first=Freda\|title=Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: the relationship between Krishna and Vishnu\|publisher=9780700712816\|year=2001\|page=152\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1oqTYiPeAxMC&pg=PA152 \| isbn=978-0-7007-1281-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wendy Doniger\|title=On Hinduism\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUnaAgAAQBAJ \|year=2014\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-936009-3\|pages=593 note 46}}</ref><ref name=jaini1>{{cite journal\|author=PS Jaini\|title=Jina Rishabha as an avatar of Vishnu\|year= 1977\|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies \| volume=XL\| issue=2\| pages=321–327}}</ref> Some scholars state that this avatar is same as the first [[Tirthankara]] of Jainism.<ref name=jaini1/><ref>{{cite book\|author=D Dennis Hudson\|title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C&pg=PA19 \|year=2008\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-970902-1\|pages=19–21}}</ref> Shaiva texts like [[Linga Purana]] appropriated Tirthankar Rishabhdeva as an avatar of lord Shiva.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQNgDgAAQBAJ&q=ling+puran+rishabh&pg=PT59\|title = Linga Purana : लिंग पुराण\|isbn = 9789352618804\|last1 = Vinay\|first1 = Dr\|date = 17 March 2017}}</ref> Rishabha is also found in Vedic literature, where it means the "bull" and is an epithet for Rudra (Shiva).<ref name="Dalal2010">{{cite book\|author=Roshen Dalal\|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC \|year= 2010\|publisher=Penguin Books\|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6\|page=88}}</ref>

	According to [[John E. Cort]] and other scholars, there is a considerable overlap between Jain and Hindu Vaishnava traditions in western parts of India, with Hindus adopting Jain sacred figures in Hindu texts like [[Rishabha]] and his son [[Bharata Chakravartin\|Bharata]].<ref>{{cite book\|author=John E. Cort\|authorlink=John E. Cort\|title=Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip7mCwAAQBAJ\|year=2001\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-513234-2\|pages=23, 108–118, 135}}</ref><ref>Padmanabh S. Jaini (1977), [http://www.jstor.org/stable/615287 Jina Ṛṣabha as an Avatāra of Viṣṇu], Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 40, No. 2 (1977), pp. 321-337</ref>		According to [[John E. Cort]] and other scholars, there is a considerable overlap between Jain and Hindu Vaishnava traditions in western parts of India, with Hindus adopting Jain sacred figures in Hindu texts like [[Rishabha]] and his son [[Bharata Chakravartin\|Bharata]].<ref>{{cite book\|author=John E. Cort\|authorlink=John E. Cort\|title=Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip7mCwAAQBAJ\|year=2001\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-513234-2\|pages=23, 108–118, 135}}</ref><ref>Padmanabh S. Jaini (1977), [http://www.jstor.org/stable/615287 Jina Ṛṣabha as an Avatāra of Viṣṇu], Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 40, No. 2 (1977), pp. 321-337</ref>

			In Jainism it is believed that Lord Rishabhadev is same as King [[Ikshvaku]].

	==Vedic Literature==		==Vedic Literature==
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	===Bibliography===		===Bibliography===
	* {{citation \|last=Bloomfield \|first=Maurice \|title=A Vedic Concordance: Being an Alphabetic Index to Every Line of Every Stanza of the Published Vedic Literature and to the Liturgical Formulas Thereof\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dEAQAAMAAJ \|year=1906\|publisher=Harvard University Press }}		* {{citation \|last=Bloomfield \|first=Maurice \|title=A Vedic Concordance: Being an Alphabetic Index to Every Line of Every Stanza of the Published Vedic Literature and to the Liturgical Formulas Thereof\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dEAQAAMAAJ \|year=1906\|publisher=Harvard University Press \|isbn=9788120806542 }}
	* {{citation \|last=Prioreschi \|first=Plinio \|title=A History of Medicine: Primitive and ancient medicine\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJUMhEYGOKsC \|year=1996\| publisher= Horatius\|isbn=978-1-888456-01-1 }}		* {{citation \|last=Prioreschi \|first=Plinio \|title=A History of Medicine: Primitive and ancient medicine\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJUMhEYGOKsC \|year=1996\| publisher= Horatius\|isbn=978-1-888456-01-1 }}
	* {{citation \|last=Radhakrishnan \|first=S. \|authorlink=S. Radhakrishnan \|title=Indian Philosophy \|url=https://archive.org/details/IndianPhilosophyVol.1/page/n281 \|publisher=[[The Macmillan Company]] \|date=1923 }}		* {{citation \|last=Radhakrishnan \|first=S. \|authorlink=S. Radhakrishnan \|title=Indian Philosophy \|url=https://archive.org/details/IndianPhilosophyVol.1/page/n281 \|publisher=[[The Macmillan Company]] \|date=1923 }}
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	[[Category:Jainism and other religions]]		[[Category:Jainism and other religions]]
	[[Category:Hinduism and other religions]]		[[Category:Hinduism and other religions]]
	[[Category:~~Ikshvaku~~ dynasty]]		[[Category:Solar dynasty]]

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2021-07-13T12:47:41Z

Reverted edits by Rajkumar Shauryadev (talk) to last version by Hydrogenation

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{about|usage in Hinduism|the founder of Jainism|Rishabhanatha|the solar month in traditional Indian lunisolar calendar|Vṛṣabha}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = From a series of Vishnu Avataras- Rishabha.jpg
| alt = Rishabha
| caption = Rishabha illustrated as an avatar of Vishnu, one of many versions of Vishnu avatars.
| affiliation = [[Tirthankar]]
}}
In [[Hinduism]], '''Rishabha''' is one of the twenty four [[avatar]]s of [[Vishnu]] in the [[Bhagavata Purana]].<ref name="Matchett">{{cite book|last=Matchett|first=Freda|title=Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: the relationship between Krishna and Vishnu|publisher=9780700712816|year=2001|page=152|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1oqTYiPeAxMC&pg=PA152 | isbn=978-0-7007-1281-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=On Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUnaAgAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-936009-3|pages=593 note 46}}</ref><ref name=jaini1>{{cite journal|author=PS Jaini|title=Jina Rishabha as an avatar of Vishnu|year= 1977|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies | volume=XL| issue=2| pages=321–327}}</ref> Some scholars state that this avatar is same as the first [[Tirthankara]] of Jainism.<ref name=jaini1/><ref>{{cite book|author=D Dennis Hudson|title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C&pg=PA19 |year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-970902-1|pages=19–21}}</ref> Shaiva texts like [[Linga Purana]] appropriated Tirthankar Rishabhdeva as an avatar of lord Shiva.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BQNgDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT59&dq=ling+puran+rishabh&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwifg_DPrfrtAhXkzjgGHRLGC_UQ6AEwAHoECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=ling%20puran%20rishabh&f=false</ref> Rishabha is also found in Vedic literature, where it means the "bull" and is an epithet for Rudra (Shiva).<ref name="Dalal2010">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year= 2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=88}}</ref>

According to [[John E. Cort]] and other scholars, there is a considerable overlap between Jain and Hindu Vaishnava traditions in western parts of India, with Hindus adopting Jain sacred figures in Hindu texts like [[Rishabha]] and his son [[Bharata Chakravartin|Bharata]].<ref>{{cite book|author=John E. Cort|authorlink=John E. Cort|title=Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip7mCwAAQBAJ|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513234-2|pages=23, 108–118, 135}}</ref><ref>Padmanabh S. Jaini (1977), [http://www.jstor.org/stable/615287 Jina Ṛṣabha as an Avatāra of Viṣṇu], Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 40, No. 2 (1977), pp. 321-337</ref>

==Vedic Literature==
{{main|Rishabhanatha}}
The Vedas mention the name Rishabha.{{sfn|Prioreschi|1996|p=205}} However, the context in the [[Rigveda]], [[Atharvaveda]] and the [[Upanishad]]s suggests that it means the [[bull]], sometimes "any male animal" or "most excellent of any kind", or "a kind of medicinal plant".<ref>[http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0200/mw__0259.html Rishabha], Monier Monier-Williams, Sanskrit English Dictionary and Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 226, 3rd column</ref>{{sfn|Prioreschi|1996|p=205}}

According to [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], a professor of comparative religions and philosophy at Oxford who later became the second [[President of India]], there is evidence to show that Rishabha was being worshipped by the first century BCE. The ''[[Yajurveda]]'', states Radhakrishnan, mentions the name of three Tirthankaras – Rishabha, [[Ajitanatha]] and [[Arishtanemi]], and that "the [[Bhāgavata Purāṇa]] endorses the view that Rishabha was the founder of Jainism".{{sfn|Radhakrishnan|1923|p=287}} It is an epithet for the bull in the Rigveda:

{{Quote|
<poem>
ऋषभं मा समानानां सपत्नानां विषासहिम् ।
हन्तारं शत्रूणां कृधि विराजं गोपतिं गवाम् ॥१॥
अहमस्मि सपत्नहेन्द्र इवारिष्टो अक्षतः ।
अधः सपत्ना मे पदोरिमे सर्वे अभिष्ठिताः ॥२॥
अत्रैव वोऽपि नह्याम्युभे आर्त्नी इव ज्यया ।
वाचस्पते नि षेधेमान्यथा मदधरं वदान् ॥३॥
अभिभूरहमागमं विश्वकर्मेण धाम्ना ।
आ वश्चित्तमा वो व्रतमा वोऽहं समितिं ददे ॥४॥
योगक्षेमं व आदायाहं भूयासमुत्तम आ वो मूर्धानमक्रमीम् ।
अधस्पदान्म उद्वदत मण्डूका इवोदकान्मण्डूका उदकादिव ॥५॥
</poem>
|''[[Rig Veda]] X.166''<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/s/10q8 ऋग्वेदः सूक्तं १०.१६६ - विकिस्रोतः], Wikisource Rig Veda</ref>
}}

Translation:

{{Quote|
<poem>
1. Make me a bull among my peers, make me my rivals, conqueror:
Make me the slayer of my foes, a sovran ruler, lord of kine
2. I am my rivals' slayer, like Indra unwounded and unhurt,
And all these enemies of mine are vanquished and beneath my feet.
3. Here, verily, I bind you fast, as the two bow-ends with the string.
Press down these men, O Lord of Speech, that they may humbly speak to me.
4. Hither I came as conqueror with mighty all-effecting power,
And I have mastered all your thought, your synod, and your holy work.
5. May I be highest, having gained your strength in war, your skill in peace
my feet have trodden on your heads. Speak to me from beneath my feet,
as frogs from out the water croak, as frogs from out the water croak.
</poem>
|Ralph Griffith<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_10/Hymn_166 Rigveda Sukta 10.166], Ralph Griffth, Wikisource</ref>}}

Other examples of Rishabha appearing in the Vedic literature include verses 6.16.47 of Rigveda, 9.4.14–15 of Atharvaveda, 3.7.5.13 and 4.7.10.1 of Taittiriya Brahmana, etc.{{sfn|Bloomfield|1906|p=293}}

==See also==
* [[Bharata Chakravartin]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation |last=Bloomfield |first=Maurice |title=A Vedic Concordance: Being an Alphabetic Index to Every Line of Every Stanza of the Published Vedic Literature and to the Liturgical Formulas Thereof|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dEAQAAMAAJ |year=1906|publisher=Harvard University Press }}
* {{citation |last=Prioreschi |first=Plinio |title=A History of Medicine: Primitive and ancient medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJUMhEYGOKsC |year=1996| publisher= Horatius|isbn=978-1-888456-01-1 }}
* {{citation |last=Radhakrishnan |first=S. |authorlink=S. Radhakrishnan |title=Indian Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/IndianPhilosophyVol.1/page/n281 |publisher=[[The Macmillan Company]] |date=1923 }}

{{VishnuAvatars}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Rishis]]
[[Category:Jainism and other religions]]
[[Category:Hinduism and other religions]]
[[Category:Ikshvaku dynasty]]