Rodger3020: Contributed a new entry to the platform.

2023-03-17T05:12:13Z

Contributed a new entry to the platform.

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{{Short description|Unicameral parliament of Estonia}}
{{more citations needed}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = State Assembly of Estonia
| coa_pic = File:Riigikogu logo.svg
| native_name = Riigikogu
| legislature = XV Riigikogu
| house_type = Unicameral
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1919|4|23}}
| disbanded = [[Occupation of the Baltic states|1940–1991]]
| leader1_type = Chairman
| leader1 = [[Lauri Hussar]]
| party1 = [[Estonia 200]]
| election1 = 10 April 2023
| leader2_type = First Vice-Chairman
| leader2 = [[Toomas Kivimägi]]
| party2 = [[Estonian Reform Party|Reform]]
| election2 = 10 April 2023
| leader3_type = Second Vice-Chairman
| leader3 = [[Jüri Ratas]]
| party3 = [[Estonian Centre Party|Centre]]
| election3 = 10 April 2023
| members = 101
| structure1 = Riigikogu 2023.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 =
'''[[Kaja Kallas' third cabinet|Government]] (60)'''
: {{Color box|{{party color|Estonian Reform Party}}|border=silver}} [[Estonian Reform Party|Reform]] (37)
: {{Color box|{{party color|Estonia 200 (2021)}}|border=silver}} [[Estonia 200|E200]] (14)
: {{Color box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Estonia)}}|border=silver}} [[Social Democratic Party (Estonia)|SDE]] (9)
'''Opposition (41)'''
: {{Color box|{{party color|Conservative People's Party of Estonia}}|border=silver}} [[Conservative People's Party of Estonia|EKRE]] (17)
: {{Color box|{{party color|Estonian Centre Party (2023)}}|border=silver}} [[Estonian Centre Party|Centre]] (16)
: {{Color box|{{party color|Isamaa}}|border=silver}} [[Isamaa]] (8)
| session_room = Riigikogu (2011).jpg
| meeting_place = [[Toompea Castle]], [[Tallinn]]
| committees1 = {{Collapsible list |title = 11 Committees|Constitutional|Cultural Affairs|Economic Affairs|Environment|European Union Affairs|Finance|Foreign Affairs|Legal Affairs|National Defence|Rural Affairs|Social Affairs}}
| last_election1 = [[2023 Estonian parliamentary election|5 March 2023]]
| next_election1 =
| voting_system1 = [[Party-list proportional representation]]<br>[[D'Hondt method#Variations|Modified D'Hondt method]]
| website = [http://www.riigikogu.ee www.riigikogu.ee]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Riigikogu''' ({{IPA-et|ˈriːɡikoɡu}}; from [[Estonian language|Estonian]] ''riigi-'', "of the state", and ''kogu'', "assembly") is the [[unicameral]] [[parliament]] of [[Estonia]]. In addition to approving legislation, the Parliament appoints high officials, including the [[Prime Minister of Estonia|Prime Minister]] and [[Supreme Court of Estonia|Chief Justice of the Supreme Court]], and elects (either alone or, if necessary, together with representatives of local government within a broader electoral college) the [[President of Estonia|President]]. Among its other tasks, the Riigikogu also ratifies significant foreign treaties that impose military and proprietary obligations and bring about changes in law, as well as approves the budget presented by the government as law, and monitors the executive power.

==History==
{{Politics of Estonia}}

===History===
23 April 1919, the opening session of the [[Estonian Constituent Assembly]] is considered the founding date of the Parliament of Estonia.<ref name="RK">{{cite web |url=https://www.riigikogu.ee/ |title=Riigikogu |website=Riigikogu |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-date=5 December 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981205210344/https://www.riigikogu.ee/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Established under the [[Constitution of Estonia#First Constitution (1920–1933/38)|1920 constitution]], the Riigikogu had 100 members elected for a three-year term on the basis of [[proportional representation]]. Elections were fixed for the first Sunday in May of the third year of parliament.{{sfn|Miljan|2004|p=413}} The first elections to the Riigikogu took place in 1920. From 1923 to 1932, there were four more elections to the Riigikogu. The elections were on a regional basis, without any threshold in the first two elections, but from 1926 a moderate threshold (2%) was used. The sessions of the Riigikogu take place in the [[Toompea Castle]], where a new building in an unusual Expressionist style was erected in the former courtyard of the medieval castle in 1920–1922.

In 1933 amendments to the first Constitution was approved by referendum, where more power was given to an executive President. The following year, the President used these new powers to adjourn parliament and declared [[martial law]] to avert an alleged coup.{{sfn|Miljan|2004|p=414}} In 1937, a [[Constitution of Estonia#Second Constitution (1938–1940/92)|second constitution]] was approved by referendum which saw the introduction of a two chambered legislature, the [[Chamber of Deputies]] (''Riigivolikogu'') and the [[Estonian National Council|National Council]] (''Riiginõukogu''). Elections were subsequently held in 1938 where only individual candidates were allowed to run.

During the subsequent periods of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] occupation (1940–41), [[Nazi Germany|German]] occupation (1941–44), and the second [[Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet occupation]] (1944–1991) the Parliament was disbanded. The premises of the ''Riigikogu'' were used by the [[Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR]] during the second Soviet occupation.

===Restitution of independence===
In September 1992, a year after Estonia had regained its independence from the Soviet Union, elections to the Parliament took place on the basis of the third [[Constitution of Estonia]] adopted in a referendum in the summer of the same year. The 1992 constitution, which incorporates elements of the 1920 and 1938 Constitutions and explicitly asserts its continuity with the Estonian state as it existed between 1918 and 1940, sees the return of a unicameral parliament with 101 members. The most recent parliamentary elections were held on 5 March 2023. The main differences between the current system and a pure [[political representation]], or proportional representation, system are the established 5% national [[Election threshold|threshold]], and the use of a modified [[D'Hondt method|D'Hondt]] formula (the divisor is raised to the power 0.9). This modification makes for more disproportionality than does the usual form of the formula.

==Latest election==
{{main|2023 Estonian parliamentary election}}
{{#lst:2023 Estonian parliamentary election|2023electiontable}}

== Current seat allocation ==
[[Image:Riigikogu sisehoov1.jpg|thumb|Parliament building in [[Toompea Castle]]: the seat of the Parliament.]]

*[[Estonian Reform Party|Reform Party]] 37
**''party leader:'' [[Kaja Kallas]]
*[[Conservative People's Party of Estonia]] 17
**''party leader:'' [[Martin Helme]]
*[[Estonian Centre Party|Centre Party]] 16
**''party leader:'' [[Jüri Ratas]]
*[[Estonia 200]] 14
** ''party leader: [[Lauri Hussar]]''
*[[Social Democratic Party (Estonia)|Social Democratic Party of Estonia]] 9
**''party leader:'' [[Lauri Läänemets]]
*[[Isamaa]] 8
**''party leader:'' [[Helir-Valdor Seeder]]

==Structure of former legislatures==

=== [[1992 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 1992–1995]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#014F9A; width:22%; color:white" | 29
| style="background:#F0953A; width:14%; color:white" | 17
| style="background:#007557; width:12%; color:white" | 15
| style="background:#E10600; width:10%; color:white" | 12
| style="background:#0000FF; width:9%; color:white" | 10
| style="background:#800080; width:7%; color:white" | 8
| style="background:#1034A6; width:7%; color:white" | 8
| style="background:#2FAE2F; width:3%; color:white" | 1
| style="background:#FCC200; width:2%; color:white" | 1

|-
| [[Fatherland Bloc|{{color|#014F9A|Isamaa}}]]
| [[Safe Home (Estonia)|{{color|#F0953A|Safe Home}}]]
| [[Popular Front (Estonia)|{{color|#007557|Popular Front}}]]
| [[Moderates (Estonia)|{{color|#E10600|Moderates}}]]
| [[Estonian National Independence Party|{{color|#0000FF|Independence}}]]
| [[Estonian Royalist Party|{{color|#800080|ERP}}]]
| [[Estonian Citizen|{{color|#1034A6|Citizen}}]]
| [[Estonian Greens|{{color|#2FAE2F|Greens}}]]
| [[Estonian Entrepreneurs' Party|{{color|#FCC200|EEE}}]]
|}

=== [[1995 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 1995–1999]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#F0953A; width:32%; color:white" | 41
| style="background:#FFE200; width:16%; color:#0000FF" | 19
| style="background:#007557; width:14%; color:white" | 16
| style="background:#014F9A; width:8%; color:white" | 8
| style="background:#E10600; width:6%; color:white" | 6
| style="background:#E56509; width:6%; color:white" | 6
| style="background:#3273ED; width:5%; color:white" | 5

|-
| [[Coalition Party and Country Union|{{color|#F0953A|Coalition/Country}}]]
| [[Estonian Reform Party|{{color|#0000FF|Reform}}]]
| [[Estonian Centre Party|{{color|#007557|Centre}}]]
| [[RKEI and ERSP (Pro Patria National Coalition and Estonian National Independence Party)|{{color|#014F9A|RKEI and ERSP}}]]
| [[Moderate (Social Democratic Party/Country Centre Party)|{{color|#E10600|Moderates}}]]
| [[Our Home is Estonia|{{color|#E56509|Home}}]]
| [[The Right Wingers (People's Party of Republicans Conservatives)|{{color|#3273ED|Right}}]]
|}

=== [[1999 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 1999–2003]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#007557; width:23%; color:white" | 28
| style="background:#014F9A; width:16%; color:white" | 18
| style="background:#FFE200; width:16%; color:#0000FF" | 18
| style="background:#E10600; width:15%; color:white" | 17
| style="background:#F0953A; width:8%; color:white" | 7
| style="background:#F5B453; width:7%; color:white" | 7
| style="background:#E56509; width:6%; color:white" | 6

|-
| [[Estonian Centre Party|{{color|#007557|Centre}}]]
| [[Pro Patria Union|{{color|#014F9A|Pro Patria}}]]
| [[Estonian Reform Party|{{color|#0000FF|Reform}}]]
| [[Moderates (Estonia)|{{color|#E10600|Moderates}}]]
| [[Estonian Coalition Party|{{color|#F0953A|Coalition}}]]
| [[Estonian Country People's Union|{{color|#F5B453|Country}}]]
| [[Estonian United People's Party|{{color|#E56509|United}}]]
|}

=== [[2003 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 2003–2007]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#007557; width:25%; color:white" | 28
| style="background:#04427C; width:25%; color:white" | 28
| style="background:#FFE200; width:18%; color:#0000FF" | 19
| style="background:#F5B453; width:13%; color:white" | 13
| style="background:#014F9A; width:7%; color:white" | 7
| style="background:#E10600; width:7%; color:white" | 6

|-
| [[Estonian Centre Party|{{color|#007557|Kesk}}]]
| [[Res Publica Party|{{color|#04427C|Res Publica}}]]
| [[Estonian Reform Party|{{color|#0000FF|Reform}}]]
| [[People's Union of Estonia|{{color|#F5B453|People's Union}}]]
| [[Pro Patria Union|{{color|#014F9A|Pro Patria}}]]
| [[Moderate People's Party|{{color|#E10600|Moderates}}]]
|}

=== [[2007 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 2007–2011]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#FFE200; width:28%; color:#0000FF" | 31
| style="background:#007557; width:26%; color:white" | 29
| style="background:#00A2E6; width:18%; color:white" | 19
| style="background:#E10600; width:11%; color:white" | 10
| style="background:#80BB3D; width:7%; color:white" | 6
| style="background:#F5B453; width:7%; color:white" | 6

|-
| [[Estonian Reform Party|{{color|#0000FF|Reform}}]]
| [[Estonian Centre Party|{{color|#007557|Centre}}]]
| [[Pro Patria and Res Publica Union|{{color|#00A2E6|IRL}}]]
| [[Social Democratic Party (Estonia)|{{color|#E10600|SDE}}]]
| [[Estonian Greens|{{color|#80BB3D|Greens}}]]
| [[People's Union of Estonia|{{color|#F5B453|People's Union}}]]
|}

=== [[2011 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 2011–2015]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#FFE200; width:27%; color:#0000FF" | 33
| style="background:#007557; width:23%; color:white" | 26
| style="background:#00A2E6; width:20%; color:white" | 23
| style="background:#E10600; width:17%; color:white" | 19

|-
| [[Estonian Reform Party|{{color|#0000FF|Reform}}]]
| [[Estonian Centre Party|{{color|#007557|Centre}}]]
| [[Pro Patria and Res Publica Union|{{color|#00A2E6|IRL}}]]
| [[Social Democratic Party (Estonia)|{{color|#E10600|SDE}}]]
|}

=== [[2015 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 2015–2019]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#FFE200; width:28%; color:#0000FF" | 30
| style="background:#007557; width:25%; color:white" | 27
| style="background:#E10600; width:15%; color:white" | 15
| style="background:#00A2E6; width:14%; color:white" | 14
| style="background:#0086CF; width:9%; color:white" | 8
| style="background:#0063AF; width:8%; color:white" | 7

|-
| [[Estonian Reform Party|{{color|#0000FF|Reform}}]]
| [[Estonian Centre Party|{{color|#007557|Centre}}]]
| [[Social Democratic Party (Estonia)|{{color|#E10600|SDE}}]]
| [[Pro Patria and Res Publica Union|{{color|#00A2E6|IRL}}]]
| [[Estonian Free Party|{{color|#0086CF|EVA}}]]
| [[Conservative People's Party of Estonia|{{color|#0063AF|EKRE}}]]
|}

=== [[2019 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 2019–2023]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#FFE200; width:29%; color:#0000FF" | 34
| style="background:#007557; width:23%; color:white" | 26
| style="background:#0063AF; width:18%; color:white" | 19
| style="background:#00A2E6; width:11%; color:white" | 12
| style="background:#E10600; width:10%; color:white" | 10

|-
| [[Estonian Reform Party|{{color|#0000FF|Reform}}]]
| [[Estonian Centre Party|{{color|#007557|Centre}}]]
| [[Conservative People's Party of Estonia|{{color|#0063AF|EKRE}}]]
| [[Isamaa|{{color|#00A2E6|Isamaa}}]]
| [[Social Democratic Party (Estonia)|{{color|#E10600|SDE}}]]
|}

=== [[2023 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament 2023–present]] ===
{| style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"
| style="background:#FFE200; width:36%; color:#0000FF" | 37
| style="background:#0063AF; width:17%; color:white" | 17
| style="background:#007557; width:16%; color:white" | 16
| style="background:#2F2A95; width:14%; color:white" | 14
| style="background:#E10600; width:9%; color:white" | 9
| style="background:#00A2E6; width:8%; color:white" | 8

|-
| [[Estonian Reform Party|{{color|#0000FF|Reform}}]]
| [[Conservative People's Party of Estonia|{{color|#0063AF|EKRE}}]]
| [[Estonian Centre Party|{{color|#007557|Centre}}]]
| [[Estonia 200|{{color|#2F2A95|E200}}]]
| [[Social Democratic Party (Estonia)|{{color|#E10600|SDE}}]]
| [[Isamaa|{{color|#00A2E6|Isamaa}}]]
|}

==Speakers of the Riigikogu==
The salary of the speaker is €5,288 per month.<ref name="postimees.ee">{{cite web |url=https://www.postimees.ee/4046855/riigikogu-liikmete-ja-teiste-korgemate-riigiteenijate-palk-ei-muutu |title=Riigikogu liikmete ja teiste kõrgemate riigiteenijate palk ei muutu |website=Postimees |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201114120/https://www.postimees.ee/4046855/riigikogu-liikmete-ja-teiste-korgemate-riigiteenijate-palk-ei-muutu |url-status=live }}</ref>

===1921–1937===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Period
! Legislature
|-
|[[Otto Strandman]]
|4 January 1921 – 18 November 1921
|I Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership">{{cite web |url=https://www.riigikogu.ee/riigikogu/koosseis/riigikogu-juhatus/ |title=Riigikogu juhatus |website=Riigikogu |access-date=18 June 2019 |archive-date=6 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606122850/https://www.riigikogu.ee/riigikogu/koosseis/riigikogu-juhatus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Juhan Kukk]]
|18 November 1921 – 20 November 1922
|I Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Konstantin Päts]]
|20 November 1922 – 7 June 1923
|I Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Jaan Tõnisson]]
|7 June 1923 – 27 May 1925
|II Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[August Rei]]
|9 June 1925 – 22 June 1926
|II Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
||[[Kaarel Eenpalu|Karl Einbund]]
|22 June 1926 – 19 July 1932
|III Riigikogu, IV Riigikogu, V Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Jaan Tõnisson]]
|19 July 1932 – 18 May 1933
|V Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Kaarel Eenpalu|Karl Einbund]]
|18 May 1933 – 29 August 1934
|V Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Rudolf Penno]]
|28 September 1934 – 31 December 1937
|V Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|}

===Speakers of the Riigivolikogu (lower chamber)===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Period
! Legislature
|-
|[[Jüri Uluots]]
|21 April 1938 – 12 October 1939
|VI Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Otto Pukk]]
|17 October 1939 – 5 July 1940
|VI Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Arnold Veimer]]
|21 July 1940 – 25 August 1940
|
|}

===Speaker of the Riiginõukogu (upper chamber)===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Period
! Legislature
|-
|[[Mihkel Pung]]
|21 April 1938 – 5 July 1940
|VI Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|}

===Chairman of the Supreme Council (1990–1992)===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Period
|-
|[[Arnold Rüütel]]
|29 March 1990 – 5 October 1992
|}

===Speaker of the Supreme Council (1990–1992)===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Period
|-
|[[Ülo Nugis]]
|29 March 1990 – 5 October 1992
|}

===Since 1992===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Period
! Legislature
|-
|[[Ülo Nugis]]
|21 October 1992 – 21 March 1995
|VII Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Toomas Savi]]
|21 March 1995 – 31 March 2003
|VIII Riigikogu, IX Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Ene Ergma]]
|31 March 2003 – 23 March 2006
|X Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Toomas Varek]]
|23 March 2006 – 2 April 2007
|X Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Ene Ergma]]
|2 April 2007 – 20 March 2014
|XI Riigikogu, XII Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Eiki Nestor]]
|20 March 2014 – 4 April 2019
|XII Riigikogu, XIII Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Henn Põlluaas]]
|4 April 2019 – 18 March 2021
|XIV Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Jüri Ratas]]
|18 March 2021 – 10 April 2023
|XIV Riigikogu<ref name="riigikogu-leadership" />
|-
|[[Lauri Hussar]]
|10 April 2023 – present
|XV Riigikogu<ref>{{cite news |title=Eesti 200 leader Lauri Hussar elected Riigikogu speaker |url=https://news.err.ee/1608943580/eesti-200-leader-lauri-hussar-elected-riigikogu-speaker |work=ERR |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Chancellery==
{{expand section}}

Established on October 5 of 1992, the ''Chancellery of the Riigikogu'' ({{lang-et|Riigikogu Kantselei}}) is the administration supporting the Riigikogu in the performance of its constitutional functions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chancellery of the Riigikogu |url=https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/parliament-of-estonia/chancellery-riigikogu/ |website=Riigikogu |access-date=21 March 2020 |language=et |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406140317/https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/parliament-of-estonia/chancellery-riigikogu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/parliament-of-estonia/chancellery-riigikogu/board-and-departments/ departments] of the Chancellery perform the daily functions.

==See also==
*[[List of members of the Parliament of Estonia]]
*[[Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic]]

==Citations and references==
{{Reflist}}

===Cited sources===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Miljan |first=Toivo |year=2004 |title=Historical Dictionary of Estonia |language=en |location=Maryland, US |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=0-8108-4904-6}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}
*[http://www.legaltext.ee/text/en/X60044K2.htm Riigkogu's election law] {{in lang|en}}

{{Coords|59|26|09|N|24|44|14|E|display=title}}

{{Estonia topics}}
{{Parliaments in Europe}}
{{National unicameral legislatures}}

[[Category:Riigikogu| ]]
[[Category:1919 establishments in Estonia]]
[[Category:Government of Estonia]]
[[Category:National legislatures|Estonia]]
[[Category:Parliaments by country|Estonia]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures|Estonia]]

Riigikogu - Revision history

Rodger3020: Contributed a new entry to the platform.