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{{short description|Relationship between national identity and religion}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=May 2009}}
{{nationalism sidebar|types}}

'''Religious nationalism''' can be understood in a number of ways, as nationalism as a religion itself , a position articulated by [[Carlton Hayes]] in his text [[Nationalism a Religion]] or as the relationship of [[nationalism]] to a particular [[religion|religious]] belief, [[dogma]], [[ideology]] or affiliation. This relationship can be broken down into two aspects: the [[politicisation]] of religion and the influence of religion on [[politics]].<ref name=Xypolia>{{cite journal|last=Xypolia|first=Ilia|title=Cypriot Muslims among Ottomans, Turks and British|journal=Bogazici Journal|year=2011|volume=25|issue=2|pages=109–120|url=http://www.bujournal.boun.edu.tr/docs/13330942935.pdf|access-date=10 November 2012|doi=10.21773/boun.25.2.6|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the former aspect, a shared religion can be seen to contribute to a sense of national unity, a common bond among the citizens of the [[nation]]. Another political aspect of religion is the support of a [[national identity]], similar to a shared [[ethnicity]], language, or culture. The influence of religion on politics is more [[ideology|ideological]], where current interpretations of religious ideas inspire [[political activism]] and action; for example, laws are passed to foster stricter religious adherence.<ref>Juergensmeyer, Mark. "The Worldwide Rise of Religious Nationalism", ''[[Journal of International Affairs]]'', Summer 1996, 50, 1.</ref>

Ideologically-driven religious nationalism may not necessarily be targeted against other religions ''[[wikt:per se|per se]]'', but can be articulated in response to [[modernity]] and, in particular, [[secular]] nationalism. Indeed, religious nationalism may articulate itself as the binary of secular nationalism. Nation-states whose [[border]]s are relatively recent or that have experienced [[colonialism]] may be more prone to religious nationalism, which may stand as a more authentic or "traditional" rendering of identity. Thus, there was a global rise of religious nationalism in the wake of the end of the [[cold war]], but also as [[Postcolonialism|postcolonial]] politics (facing considerable developmental challenges, but also dealing with the reality of colonially-defined, and therefore somewhat artificial, borders) became challenged. In such a scenario, appealing to a national sense of Islamic identity, as in the cases of Pakistan (see [[two-nation theory]]), may serve to override regional tensions.

The danger is that when the state derives [[political legitimacy]] from adherence to religious doctrines, this may leave an opening to overtly religious elements, institutions, and leaders, making the appeals to religion more 'authentic' by bringing more explicitly theological interpretations to political life. Thus, appeals to religion as a marker of ethnicity creates an opening for more strident and ideological interpretations of religious nationalism. Many ethnic and cultural nationalisms include religious aspects, but as a marker of group identity, rather than the intrinsic motivation for nationalist claims.
==Buddhist nationalism==
{{Category see also|Buddhist nationalism}}

Buddhist Nationalism is mainly prevalent and influential in countries like [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Myanmar]], and is also present in [[Cambodia]] and [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Keyes|first=Charles|date=October 2016|title=Theravada Buddhism and Buddhist Nationalism: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Thailand|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15570274.2016.1248497|journal=The Review of Faith & International Affairs|language=en|volume=14|issue=4|pages=41–52|doi=10.1080/15570274.2016.1248497| s2cid=151536340 |issn=1557-0274}}</ref>

[[Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism]] is a political ideology that combines a focus upon Sinhalese culture and ethnicity with an emphasis upon Theravada Buddhism, which is the majority belief system of the Sinhalese in Sri Lanka.

The [[Patriotic Association of Myanmar]] and [[969 Movement|969 movement]] have the goal to "organise and protect" the Burman people and their Buddhist religion, which are influenced by Buddhist nationalism in Myanmar.

==Christian nationalism==
{{main|Christian nationalism}}
Christian nationalists focus more on internal politics, such as passing laws that reflect their view of Christianity. In the United States, Christian nationalism tends to be conservative. In countries with a [[state Church]], Christian nationalists, in seeking to preserve the status of a [[Christian state]], uphold an [[antidisestablishmentarian]] position.<ref name="Bloomberg1989">{{cite book |last1=Bloomberg |first1=Charles |title=Christian Nationalism and the Rise of the Afrikaner Broederbond in South Africa, 1918-48 |date=1989 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-10694-3 |page=xxiii-11 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jenkins2019">{{cite web |last1=Jenkins |first1=Jack |title=Christian leaders condemn Christian nationalism in new letter |url=https://religionnews.com/2019/08/02/christian-leaders-condemn-christian-nationalism-in-new-letter/ |publisher=[[Religion News Service]] |access-date=14 March 2020 |language=en |date=2 August 2019 |quote=Christian nationalism demands Christianity be privileged by the State...}}</ref><ref name="Kymlicka2018">{{cite web |last1=Kymlicka |first1=Will |title=Is there a Christian Pluralist Approach to Immigration? |url=https://www.cardus.ca/comment/article/is-there-a-christian-pluralist-approach-to-immigration/ |publisher=Comment Magazine |access-date=14 March 2020 |language=en |date=19 April 2018 |quote=As against both Christian nationalists who wanted an established church and French-republican-style secular nationalists who wanted a homogenous public square devoid of religion, Dutch pluralists led by Kuyper defended a model of institutional pluralism or "sphere sovereignty."}}</ref> They actively promote religious (Christian) discourses in various fields of social life, from politics and history, to culture and science; with respect to legislation for example, Christian nationalists advocate [[blue laws|Sunday blue laws]].<ref name="Moleah1993">{{cite book |last1=Moleah |first1=Alfred T. |title=South Africa: Colonialism, Apartheid and African Dispossession |date=1993 |publisher=Disa Press |isbn=978-0-913255-02-5 |page=377 |language=en}}</ref> Distinctive radicalized forms of religious nationalism or ''clerical nationalism'' (clero-nationalism or clerico-nationalism) were emerging on the far-right of the political spectrum in various European countries specially during the interwar period in the first half of 20th century.{{sfn|Feldman|Turda|Georgescu|2008|3, 60, 65-69, 222, 227-231}}

*In the [[Middle Ages]], efforts were made to establish a Pan-Christian state by uniting the countries within [[Christendom]].<ref name="Snyder1990">{{cite book |last1=Snyder |first1=Louis L. |title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism |date=1990 |publisher=St. James Press |isbn=978-1-55862-101-5 |page=282 |language=en |quote=Major religions in the past, especially Christianity, have attempted to include all their adherents in a large union, but they have not been successful. Throughout most of the Middle Ages in Western Europe, attempts were made again and again to unite all the Christian world into a kind of Pan-Christianity, which would combine all Christians in a secular-religious state as a successor to the Roman Empire.}}</ref><ref name="Snyder1984">{{cite book |last1=Snyder |first1=Louis Leo |title=Macro-nationalisms: A History of the Pan-movements |date=1984 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-23191-9 |page=129 |language=en |quote=Throughout the better part of the Middle Ages, elaborate attempts were made to create what was, in effect, a Pan-Christianity, an effort to unite "all" the Western Christian world into a successor state of the Roman Empire.}}</ref> Christian nationalism played a role in this era in which Christians felt the impulse to recover lands in which Christianity flourished.<ref name="USE2005">{{cite book |title=Parole de l'Orient, Volume 30 |date=2005 |publisher=Université Saint-Esprit |page=488 |language=en}}</ref> After the rise of Islam, certain parts of North Africa, East Asia, Southern Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East lost Christian control.<ref name="LewisChurchill2008">{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Bernard Ellis |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |title=Islam: The Religion and the People |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-13-271606-2 |page=76 |language=en}}</ref>
*In [[Poland]], nationalism was always characterized by loyalty to the Roman Catholic Church. Groups like the [[National Revival of Poland]] use slogans like ''Wielka Polska Katolicka'' (Great Catholic Poland) and protest vigorously against legalization of [[gay marriage]] and [[abortion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nop.org.pl/2013/05/28/malopolska-za-zyciem/|title=Małopolska za życiem!|website=Nop.org.pl|access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref> Conservative religious groups connected with [[Radio Maryja]] are often accused of harboring nationalist and antisemitic attitudes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2004/poland.htm |title=Antisemitism Worldwide 2004 - Poland |access-date=2006-02-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105030845/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2004/poland.htm |archive-date=2006-01-05 }}</ref>
*Religious nationalism characterized by communal adherence to [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] and national Orthodox Churches is found in many states of [[Eastern Europe]] and in the [[Russian Federation]].

==Hindu nationalism==
{{main|Hindu nationalism|Hindutva|Indian nationalism}}
Given the extensive linguistic, religious, and ethnic diversity of the Indian population,<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf India, a Country Study], ''United States Library of Congress, Note on Ethnic groups''</ref> nationalism in India in general does not fall within the purview of a solitary variant of nationalism. Indians may identify with their nation on account of [[civic nationalism|civic]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6943598.stm|title=India's model democracy|date=15 August 2007|access-date=22 October 2017|website=News.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> [[cultural nationalism|cultural]], or [[Non-Aligned Movement|third-world nationalism]]. Commentators have noted that in modern [[India]], a contemporary form of [[Hindu nationalism]], or [[Hindutva]], has been endorsed by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].<ref name='veer'>{{cite book | last = van der Veer | first = Peter | title = Religious nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1994 | location = Berkeley, CA }}</ref>

[[Hindutva]] (meaning "Hinduness"), a term popularised by Hindu nationalist [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] in 1923, is the predominant form of Hindu nationalism in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/hindutva-is-not-the-same-as-hinduism-said-savarkar/cid/1699550|title=Hindutva is not the same as Hinduism said Savarkar|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> Hindutva is championed by right-wing Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), widely regarded as the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s parent organisation, along with its affiliate organisations, notably the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]].

==Muslim nationalism==
{{main|Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Islamic state}}
Unlike the [[secular]] [[nationalism]] of most other countries, [[Pakistani nationalism]] is religious in nature, being Islamic nationalism. Religion was the basis of Pakistani nationalist narrative. (see [[Secularism in Pakistan]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Ishtiaq |title=The dissenters |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/the-dissenters/ |publisher=[[The Friday Times]] |language=en |date=27 May 2016}}</ref> Pakistani nationalism is very closely associated with Muslim heritage, the religion of Islam, and [[Pan-Islamism]], as described in [[Two-nation theory]]. It also refers to the consciousness and expression of religious and ethnic influences that help mould the national consciousness. [[Pakistan]] has been called a "global center for [[Islamism|political Islam]]".<ref name=hazzani-131>{{cite book |title=Pakistan: between mosque and military |last=Ḥaqqānī |first=Husain |year=2005 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |location=Washington |isbn=0-87003-214-3 |page=131 |access-date=23 May 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA132 |quote=Zia ul-Haq is often identified as the person most responsible for turning Pakistan into a global center for political Islam. ...}}</ref> [[Hamas]] is a party which mixes [[Palestinian nationalism]] with [[Islamism]]. [[Turkish-Islamic nationalism]] and [[Kurdish-Islamic nationalism]] are more examples of religious nationalism. [[Jaish ul-Adl]] mixes [[Baloch nationalism]] with Islam. The [[Taliban]]'s ideology combines Islamism with [[Pashtunwali]]. Somali [[Islamism|Islamist]] movement [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]] incorporates [[Somalis|Somali]] religious nationalism and [[anti-imperialism]] into its [[Salafi jihadism|Salafi Jihadist]] ideology.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Makhaus |first=Ken |date=August 2009 |title=Somalia: What went Wrong? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03071840903216395 |journal=The RUSI Journal |volume=154 |issue=4 |page=8 |doi=10.1080/03071840903216395 |s2cid=219626653 |via=tandfonline|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=William |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-785 |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African History |last2=Gakuo Mwangi |first2=Oscar |date=25 March 2021 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedias |chapter=Al-Shabaab |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.785 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155041/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-785;jsessionid=8BDD05A94FB4CB9BB15D9428A61BB66C?rskey=cj1t0b&result=1 |archive-date=29 December 2022}}</ref>

==Nationalism in modern paganism==
[[Paganism]] resurfaces as a topic of fascination in 18th to 19th-century Romanticism, in particular in the context of the literary [[Viking revival|Viking revivals]], which portrayed historical [[Celtic neopaganism|Celtic]], [[Slavic Native Faith|Slavic]] and [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Germanic polytheists]] as [[Noble savage|noble savages]].

[[Romanticism|Romanticist]] interest in non-classical antiquity coincided with the rise of [[Romantic nationalism]] and the rise of the nation state in the context of the 1848 revolutions, leading to the creation of national epics and national myths for the various newly formed states. Pagan or folkloric topics were also common in the musical nationalism of the period.<ref name=":4">[[Lois Bourne|Bourne, Lois]] ''Dancing with Witches''. (2006) London: Robert Hale. {{ISBN|0-7090-8074-3}}. p.38. (Hardback edition first published 1998).</ref><ref>Shnirelman 1998 ''[http://static.iea.ras.ru/neotlozhka/114-Shnirelman.pdf Neo-paganism and nationalism. Eastern European area]''</ref>

Germanic occultism and neopaganism emerged in the early 20th Century and became influential, with beliefs such as [[Ariosophy]], combining with the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Völkisch movement]] which eventually culminated in [[Nazism]]. Post-WWII continuations of similar beliefs have given rise to the [[Wotansvolk]], a white nationalist neopagan movement, in the late 20th Century.<ref name="SPLCodinist" /><ref name="OverviewWS" />

Organisations such as the [[Armanen-Orden]] represent significant developments of neo-pagan esotericism and [[Ariosophy]] after [[World War II]], but they do not all constitute forms of Nazi esotericism. Some [[northern Europe]]an [[Neopaganism|neopagan]] groups, such as [[Theods]], [[Ásatrúarfélagið]] and [[Viðartrúar]], have explicitly stated that [[neo-Nazism]] is not common among their members. On the other hand, there are neopagan organisations with close ties to neo-Nazism, such as the ''[[Artgemeinschaft]]'' or the [[Heathen Front]], and the attraction of many neo-Nazis to Germanic paganism remains an issue particularly in Germany (see [[Nornirs Ætt]]).

==Jewish nationalism==
{{main|Religious Zionism|Zionism}}
[[Religious Zionism]] is an ideology that combines [[Zionism]] and [[Orthodox Judaism]]. Before the establishment of [[Israel|the State of Israel]], Religious Zionists were mainly observant Jews who supported Zionist efforts to rebuild a [[Jewish state]] in the [[Land of Israel]]. After the [[Six-Day War]], and the capture of the [[West Bank]], right-wing components of the Religious Zionist movement became integrated with Israeli nationalism and evolved into [[Neo-Zionism]], whose ideology revolves around three pillars: the Land of Israel, the People of Israel, and the Torah of Israel.<ref>[[Adriana Kemp]], ''Israelis in Conflict: Hegemonies, Identities, and Challenges'', Sussex Academic Press, 2004, pp. 314–315.</ref>

==Shinto==
{{main|State Shinto}}
The "[[State Shinto]]" term was thus used to categorize, and abolish, [[Imperial Japan]]ese practices that relied on [[Shinto]] to support nationalistic ideology.<ref name="Hardacre">{{cite book|last1 = Hardacre|first1 = Helen|title = Shintō and the state, 1868–1988|date = 1991|publisher = Princeton University Press|location = Princeton|isbn = 9780691020525|edition = 1st paperback print.}}</ref>{{rp|133}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = State Shinto in the Lives of the People: The Establishment of Emperor Worship, Modern Nationalism, and Shrine Shinto in Late Meiji|journal = Journal of the American Academy of Religion |date = 2005-12-01 |pages = 1077–1098 |volume = 73 |issue=4 |doi= 10.1093/jaarel/lfi115 |first= Susumu |last= Shimazono}}</ref>{{rp|97}} By refusing to ban Shinto practices outright, [[Constitution of Japan|Japan's post-war constitution]] was thus able to preserve full freedom of religion.<ref name="Hardacre" />{{rp|133}}

==Sikh==
{{main|Khalistan movement}}
The [[Khalistan movement]] is a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] [[Separatism|separatist movement]] seeking to create a homeland for Sikhs by establishing a [[sovereign state]], called ''Khālistān'' ('[[-stan|Land of]] the [[Khalsa]]'), in the [[Punjab|Punjab region]].<ref>Kinnvall, Catarina. 2007. "Situating Sikh and Hindu Nationalism in India." In ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XJzUzWDwZ4kC Globalization and Religious Nationalism in India: The Search for Ontological Security]'', (''Routledge Advances in International Relations and Global Politics'' 46). London: [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|9781134135707}}.</ref> The proposed state would consist of land that currently forms [[Punjab, India]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan]].<ref>{{citation |title=The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy 1971–1994 |last=Shah |first=Mehtab Ali |date=1997 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9781860641695 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7czT4fipTyoC&q=khalistan+lahore&pg=PA25}}</ref>

==Other religious movements and nationalism==
In the [[Korea]]n peninsula, the ''[[Donghak]]'' movement and its leader, [[Choe Je-u]], were inspired by [[Christianity in Korea|Korean Catholic]] missionaries. However, they condemned the 'Western learning' preached by missionaries and contrasted it with the indigenous 'Eastern learning'. They started a [[Donghak Peasant Revolution|rebellion]] in 1894 in [[Jeolla]] province in southwestern Korea. The ''Donghak'' movement served as a template for the later ''[[Daejonggyo]]'' and ''[[Jeung San Do|Jeungsan-gyo]]'' movements, as well as for other religious nationalist movements. The [[Buddhist]]-influenced ''Daejonggyo'' movement financed guerillas in [[Manchuria]] during [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial rule]] of both Korea and Manchuria. The [[North Korea]]n state ideology, ''[[Juche]]'', is sometimes classified as a religion in the [[United States Department of State]]'s human rights reports.<ref name="Becker2005">{{cite book|author=Jasper Becker|title=Rogue Regime : Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea|url=https://archive.org/details/rogueregimekimjo00beck|url-access=registration|date=1 May 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803810-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rogueregimekimjo00beck/page/78 78]–80}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Clerical fascism]]
* [[National Catholicism]]
* [[Philippine Independent Church]]
* [[Political aspects of Islam]]
* [[Political religion]]
* [[Sectarianism]]
* [[Theocracy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book|editor-last1=Feldman|editor-first1=Matthew|editor-last2=Turda|editor-first2=Marius|editor-last3=Georgescu|editor-first3=Tudor|title=Clerical Fascism in Interwar Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcfhAQAAQBAJ|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317968993}}

==Further reading==
*[[Madhu Kishwar]], Religion at the service of nationalism and other essays (Oxford University Press, 1998). {{ISBN|0195641612}}.
*{{cite book|last1=Elst|first1=Koenraad|title=Decolonizing the Hindu mind: ideological development of Hindu revivalism|date=2001|publisher=Rupa & Co.|isbn=9788171675197|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_ltAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|last1=Elst|first1=Koenraad|title=The Saffron Swastika: The Notion of "Hindu Fascism"|date=2001|publisher=Voice of India|isbn=9788185990699|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9G3XAAAAMAAJ }}
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2145843 Von der Mehden, Fred R. "Marxism and Early Indonesian Islamic Nationalism". Political Science Quarterly, vol. 73, no. 3, 1958, pp. 335–351. JSTOR]
*[http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/islam-secularism-and-nationalism-in-modern-turkey-who-is-a-turk Soner Cagaptay, "Islam, Secularism, and Nationalism in Modern Turkey", 2006.]
*[http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/jokowi-turns-to-islam-nationalism-to-preserve-indonesias-diversity Endy Bayuni, "Jokowi turns to Islam-nationalism to preserve Indonesia's diversity", The Staits Times, APR 15, 2017]
*[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10250.html Jenny White, "Muslim Nationalism and the New Turks", Princeton University Press, 2014]
*<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Juergensmeyer|first=Mark|date=2010-06-01|title=The global rise of religious nationalism|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10357711003736436|journal=Australian Journal of International Affairs|volume=64|issue=3|pages=262–273|doi=10.1080/10357711003736436| s2cid=154834714 |issn=1035-7718}}</ref>
*<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Juergensmeyer|first=Mark|date=1996|title=The Worldwide Rise of Religious Nationalism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24357402|journal=Journal of International Affairs|volume=50|issue=1|pages=1–20| jstor=24357402 |issn=0022-197X}}</ref>Juergensmeyer, Mark (1996). "The Worldwide Rise of Religious Nationalism". ''Journal of International Affairs''. '''50''' (1): 1–20. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0022-197X.

==External links==
*

{{Relpolnav}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Religious Nationalism}}
[[Category:Religious nationalism| ]]

Religious nationalism - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article