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{{Short description|Various types of red-colored pottery}}
[[File:Teapot, Delft, c. 1680, red stoneware - Germanisches Nationalmuseum - Nuremberg, Germany - DSC02616.jpg|thumb|Redware teapot, [[Delft]], c. 1680, red stoneware imitating Chinese [[Yixing ware]].]]
'''Redware''' as a single word is a term for at least two types of pottery of the last few centuries, in Europe and North America. '''Red ware''' as two words is a term used for pottery, mostly by archaeologists, found in a very wide range of places. However, these distinct usages are not always adhered to, especially when referring to the many different types of pre-colonial red wares in the Americas, which may be called "redware".

In the great majority of cases the "red" concerned is the natural reddish-brown of the fired [[clay]], and the same sort of colour as in [[terracotta]] (which most types of red ware could also be called) or red brick. The colour to which clay turns when fired varies considerably with its geological makeup and the conditions of firing, and as well as terracotta red, covers a wide range of blacks, browns, greys, whites and yellows.

Of the two "redware" types, both made between the 17th to 19th centuries (with modern revivals or imitations), the European was unglazed [[stoneware]], mostly for teapots, jugs and mugs, and moderately, sometimes very, expensive. The American redware was cheap earthenware, very often with a [[ceramic glaze]], used for a wide variety of kitchen and dining functions, as well as objects such as [[chamberpot]]s.<ref>Turnbaugh, 223</ref>

==Redware==
[[File:Covered Sugar Bowl, Wedgwood Factory, 1805-1815, Rosso Antico ware - Chazen Museum of Art - DSC02230.JPG|thumb|Covered Sugar Bowl, [[Wedgwood]], 1805–1815, in Rosso Antico ware with fashionable "Neo-Egyptian" decoration]]

===European===
In European contexts "redware" usually means an unglazed ("dry-bodied") [[stoneware]], typically used for serving or drinking drinks. The term is especially used for pottery from the 17th and 18th centuries, before [[porcelain]], whether imported from East Asia or made in Europe, became cheap enough to be used very widely. In this period red stoneware was used for vessels, especially teapots, jugs and mugs, which were relatively expensive and carefully made and decorated. Imported examples of Chinese [[Yixing clay teapot]]s, an unglazed stoneware type made from a special type of clay, provided the exemplars and were often copied with various degrees of closeness. Soon a European design vocabulary was used as well.

A [[Delftware]] manufacturer announced in 1678 that he was making "red teapots", of which no examples are known to survive. The Dutch [[John Philip Elers|Elers brothers]] brought the style to [[Staffordshire pottery]] in the 1690s, after finding a suitable source of clay, and were widely imitated there. Some red stoneware by rival Dutch potters including [[Arij de Milde]] from the years around 1700 does survive, closely copying Yixing pots in style. [[Johann Friedrich Böttger]] was in contact with some of these and developed a rival "Böttger ware", a dark red stoneware first sold in 1710, and manufactured and imitated by others, all up to about 1740.<ref>Osborne, 134</ref> It was Böttger's first commercial ware and a significant stage in his development of porcelain in Europe, which he was soon making at the [[Meissen porcelain]] factory.<ref>''The Discovery Of European Porcelain By Bottger - A Systematic Creative Development''. W. Schule, W. Goder. Keram. Z. 34, (10), 598, 1982</ref><ref>''300th Anniversary. Johann Friedrich Bottger - The Inventor Of European Porcelain''. Interceram 31, (1), 15, 1982</ref><ref>''Invention Of European Porcelain''. M. Mields. Sprechsaal 115, (1), 64, 1982</ref> [[Josiah Wedgwood]] later refined the type, and gave the decoration a fashionable turn towards [[Neoclassicism]], with his "Rosso Antico" body. This was usually decorated with [[Sprigging|sprigged]] reliefs in black, creating pleasing contrasts like those in his earlier [[Jasperware]].

===American===
[[File:Redware Slip-decorated dish MET DP335286.jpg|thumb|American redware slip-decorated dish, around 1800]]
In American contexts "redware" usually means [[earthenware]] with a reddish body, whether glazed or not. In fact it was very often given a white or other glaze, either [[tin-glazed]] or [[lead-glazed]], though it is more usual to describe them as lead-glazed. Depending on the locality, this was the basic utilitarian pottery of the Colonial period of North America. It was often complemented by imported or [[American stoneware]] for large vessels where the added strength was useful. The name distinguishes the type from various other earthenwares with white, grey or yellow colours to the fired body, depending on the particular clay used. Some redware was imported from England. Later, American stoneware in particular, and various types of modern wares, including porcelain, took over for many types of objects.<ref>Groover, 231-233; Turnbaugh</ref>

Major museum collections concentrate on the larger dishes, platters and jugs that are glazed, often in yellowish tones, and painted with bold [[folk art]] designs, even well into the 19th century. But these special decorated pieces are rather untypical of the mass of [[sherd]]s found by archaeologists excavating sites of the period. Many of these fancy pieces are dated, signed or marked with a stamp.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Tea Canister MET DP207182 (cropped).jpg|Tea caddy, with "Sally Smith 1769" in the painting. Bucks County, [[Wrightstown, Pennsylvania]]
File:Plate MET DP207701 (cropped).jpg|Dish with [[sgraffito]] decoration, inscribed "1793 HR", perhaps for Heinrich Roth, a potter then active in [[Northampton County, Pennsylvania]].
File:Redware Water Jar (cropped).jpg|Utilitarian glazed water jar
File:Dish MET DP207768 (cropped).jpg|Platter, 1790s, slip decoration, [[Norwalk, Connecticut]]

</gallery>

==Red ware==
"Red ware" is widely used in archaeology to distinguish local types of red pottery from types with other colours found in the same region. Generally these are unglazed earthenware where the red colour is easily visible in complete pieces. Examples of types include: [[Red Polished Ware (disambiguation)|Red Polished Ware]], of which there are four main unrelated types, all ancient, from Egypt, India, Cyprus and Roman Europe; the [[Black and red ware culture]] of Bronze Age India (individual objects are either black or red); Roman "red gloss ware" or [[Terra sigillata]]; Late Roman [[African red slip ware]]; Salado or [[Roosevelt Red Ware]], Arizona, c. 1280 to 1450 AD, and one form of Romano-British [[Crambeck Ware]].

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Red polished ware jar MET 36.1.16.jpg|Egyptian "red polished ware" jar, circa 3650 –3300 BC, Predynastic, [[Naqada II]]
File:Red Ware Situla-shaped Jar from Malqata MET 11.215.481-82.jpg|Egyptian "red ware" [[situla]]-shaped jar, c 1390–1353 BC, New Kingdom, Dynasty 18, reign of [[Amenhotep III]]
File:Stand MET SF9618124b.jpg|Etruscan red ware stand, 700–650 BC
File:Roman pottery African Red Slip.jpg|[[African red slip ware]], made in Tunisia, AD 350-400

</gallery>

==Notes==
{{commons category|Redware (European stoneware)}}
{{commons category|American redware}}

{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Groover, Mark D., ''An Archaeological Study of Rural Capitalism and Material Life: The Gibbs Farmstead in Southern Appalachia, 1790-1920'', 2006, Springer Science & Business Media, {{ISBN|0306479176}}, 9780306479175, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rLndBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 google books]
*Osborne, Harold (ed), ''The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts'', 1975, OUP, {{ISBN|0198661134}}
*Turnbaugh, Sarah Peabody, "17th and 18th Century Lead-Glazed Redwares in the Massachusetts Bay Colony", in ''Images of the Recent Past: Readings in Historical Archaeology'', ed. Charles E. Orser, 1996, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0761991425}}, 9780761991427, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6S7hRdinkPEC&pg=PA215 google books]

[[Category:Stoneware]]
[[Category:American pottery]]

Redware - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article