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'''''Rasāyana''''' (रसायन) is a [[Sanskrit]] word literally meaning ''path'' (''ayana'') ''of essence'' (''rasa''). It is an early [[ayurvedic]] medical term referring to techniques for lengthening lifespans and invigorating the body.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wujastyk|first=Dagmar|last2=Newcombe|first2=Suzanne|last3=Barois|first3=Christèle|date=2017-12-31|title=Transmutations: Rejuvenation, Longevity, and Immortality Practices in South and Inner Asia|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18732/hssa.v5i2.33|journal=History of Science in South Asia|volume=5|issue=2|pages=i–xvii|doi=10.18732/hssa.v5i2.33|issn=2369-775X|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is one of the eight areas of medicine in Sanskrit literature.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Wujastyk|first=Dagmar|date=2017-12-31|title=Acts of Improvement: On the Use of Tonics and Elixirs in Sanskrit Medical and Alchemical Literature|url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/hssa/index.php/hssa/article/view/26|journal=History of Science in South Asia|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|page=2|doi=10.18732/hssa.v5i2.26|issn=2369-775X|doi-access=free}}</ref> In Vedic alchemical context, "rasa" also translates to "metal or a mineral"<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Vedic Chemistry {{!}} Ancient Vedic Rasayan Shastra {{!}} Vedas Rasasastra |url=https://www.puranavedas.com/vedic-chemistry/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Purana Vedas |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent}}

The more general name for the Indian science of [[alchemy]] or proto-chemistry is ''Rasaśāstra (रसशास्त्र in Sanskrit)'', or "The Science of Mercury," in [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]] and several other languages.

Early Indian alchemical texts discuss the use of prepared forms of mercury or [[cinnabar]] (see [[Samskara (ayurvedic)|samskaras]]).
However, there is also ample mention of the preparation of medical [[tincture]]s in the early science of Indian alchemy.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Rasayana Chikitsa - Part 1|url=http://ayurveda-foryou.com/treat/rasayan-chikitsa.html|journal=ayurveda-foryou.com}}</ref>

Significant progress in alchemy was made in [[History of India|ancient India]]. An 11th-century [[Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam|Persian chemist]] and [[Medicine in medieval Islam|physician]] named [[Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī]] reported "[the Indians] have a science similar to alchemy which is quite peculiar to them. They call it ''Rasâyana'', a word composed with ''rasa'', i.e., gold. It means an art which is restricted to certain operations, drugs, and compound medicines, most of which are taken from plants. Its principles restore the health of those who were ill beyond hope, and give back youth to fading old age..."<ref>p. 188, ''Alberuni's India'', transl. Edward C. Sachau, vol. 1, London: Trübner & Co., Ludgate Hill, 1888.</ref>

Two famous examples were [[Nagarjuna (metallurgist)|Nagarjunacharya]] and Nityanadhiya. Nagarjunacharya , was one of the most prominent chemists in the history of Indian alchemy. He ran many experiments in his laboratory known as the "Rasashala".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rasashala: Ancient Indian Alchemical Lab |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/rasashala-ancient-indian-alchemical-lab/VAVBaP1RF0y-KQ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> His book, ''Rasaratanakaram'' is a famous example of ancient Indian medicine, in which he describes the procedure of transmuting base metals like mercury, into gold. Due to his great contributions and insight in chemistry, he was appointed as chancellor in the university of Nalanda.<ref name=":1" />

==Aim and types==

Rasayana therapy enriches rasa with nutrients to help one attain longevity, memory, intelligence, health, youthfulness, excellence of luster, complexion and voice, optimum development of physique and sense organs, mastery over phonetics, respectability and brilliance.

=== Goals ===
The historical aims of ''rasāyana'' were diverse, but the effects attributed to a treatment were typically either longevity, health, intellect, sexuality or magical abilities.<ref name=":0" />

* Lifespan and ageing
** Lengthen the lifespan
** Stay young; stop and reverse ageing and its signs, like wrinkles and greying
* Health
** Renew or retain functions and senses of the body
** Overcome diseases, particularly serious and challenging diseases associated with old age
* Cognitive power
** Remember more
** Get smarter
** Understand more
* Virility
** Boost sexual stamina
** Get stronger
** Become more fertile
* Special powers
** Gain magical powers to manipulate the world
** Gain supernatural abilities in strength, agility, constitution and longevity

In essence, ''rasāyana'' promotes aspects of vitality.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wujastyk|first=Dagmar|title=Body & Cosmos|publisher=Brill|year=2021|isbn=9789004438224|pages=140–165|chapter=On Attaining Special Powers through Rasāyana Therapies in Sanskrit Medical Literature|doi=10.1163/9789004438224_009|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Types of rasayana<ref>[http://www.boloji.com/ayurveda/av047.htm Inducting Rasayan Therapy in our Daily Routine by Dr. Krishna R.S]</ref> ===
#Kamya Rasayanas are promoters of normal health. These boost body energy levels, immunity and general health.
#*Pranakamya – Promoter of vitality and longevity
#*Medhakamya – Promoter of intelligence.
#*Srikamya – Promoter of complexion.
#*Naimittika Rasayanas help to fight a specific disease.

In pursuit of these matters, herbal prescriptions with many herbal substances, preserved in ghee and honey are given. Chyawanprasha is one of the traditional rasayanas. Specific [[adaptogen]]ic herbs are also included in rasayanas including [[Terminalia chebula|haritaki]], [[Phyllanthus emblica|amla]], [[shilajit]], [[ashwaganda]], [[holy basil]], [[guduchi]] and [[shatavari]].

Several rasayana herbs have been tested for adaptogenic properties:
<blockquote>The whole, aqueous, standardized extracts of selected plants (Tinospora cordifolia, Asparagus racemosus, Emblica officinalis, Withania somnifera, Piper longum and Terminalia chebula) were administered orally to experimental animals, in a dose extrapolated from the human dose, following which they were exposed to a variety of biological, physical and chemical stressors. These plants were found to offer protection against these stressors, as judged by using markers of stress responses and objective parameters for stress manifestations. Using a model of cisplatin induced alterations in gastrointestinal motility, the ability of these plants to exert a normalizing effect, irrespective of direction of pathological change was tested.... All the plant drugs were found to be safe in both acute and subacute toxicity studies. Studies on the mechanisms of action of the plants revealed that they all produced immunostimulation. The protection offered by Tinospora cordifolia against stress induced gastric mucosal damage was lost if macrophage activity was blocked. Emblica officinalis strengthened the defence mechanisms against free radical damage induced during stress. The effect of Emblica officinalis appeared to depend on the ability of target tissues to synthesize prostaglandins. Recent data obtained with Tinospora cordifolia have led researchers to suggest that it may induce genotypic adaptation, further opening the arena for more research and experimentation.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199906)13:4<275::AID-PTR510>3.0.CO;2-S |pmid=10404532 |title=Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=275–91 |year=1999 |last1=Rege |first1=Nirmala N. |last2=Thatte |first2=Urmila M. |last3=Dahanukar |first3=Sharadini A. }}</ref></blockquote>

==Rasayana formulae==

Puri<ref>RASAYAN: Ayurvedic Herbs of Rejuvenation and Longevity. Puri, H.S. (2003) Taylor & Francis, London{{page needed|date=April 2015}}</ref> has given detailed account of Classical formulations such as Amrit Rasayana, Brahm Rasayana, Jawahar Mohra, Kamdugdha Ras, Laxami Vilas Ras, Laxman Vilas Ras, Madanoday Modak, Makrdhawaj vati, Manmath Ras, Mukta Panchamrit Rasayana, Nari Kalyan Pak, Navjeevan Ras, Navratna Ras, Navratnakalp Amrit, Panchamrit Ras, Paradi Ras, Ramchuramni Ras, Rattivalbh Pak, Shukar Amrit Vati, Smritisagar Ras, Suvarn Malini Vasant, Suvarn Vasant Malti, Swapanmehtank, Vasant Kusmakar Ras, Visha Rasaayana, Vrihda Vangeshwar Rasa.

These classical Rasayan formulas, contain a large number of ingredients, including minerals, pearl, coral and gems, and include a specially processed ([[Samskara (ayurvedic)|samskara]]) mercury (the word ''ras'' indicates mercury as an ingredient). Because of negative publicity and cost factor, the use of the classical rasayana formulas has declined considerably, and most of the preparations available now have herbal ingredients with a couple of mineral and animal products. The non-availability and wild life protection act has made the use of musk, amber, and parts of wild-life animals nearly impossible.

The current Rasayan formulas are based on such ingredients as amla ([[Emblica officinalis]]) which, if fresh, has high content of [[vitamin C]], [[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia belerica]], [[Terminalia chebula]], Shilajit, [[Long pepper]], [[Black pepper]], [[Ginger]], processed [[Commiphora wightii|Guggul]], [[Guduchi]], [[Ashwaganda]], [[Shatavari]] and similar ingredients.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

Rasayan Shastr in [[Indian subcontinent|Ancient India]] was much less developed than today. Nevertheless, the use and practice of Rasayan was widespread in Ancient India, and some examples of applied rasayan include paints used in the caves of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] and [[Ellora]], [[Maharashtra]] [[States and territories of India|state]], the steel of ''Vishnustambha'' (literal meaning: the tower of [[Vishnu]]), and a processed wood sample in the Kondivade caves near the Rajmachi fort in Maharashtra.

== Rasayana ==
In many Indian homes, rasayana ([[fruit squash]]) juices are prepared and served as drink, desert or as accompaniment to meals. In [[Tulunadu]] region of India, Banana and Mango Rasayana are made by mixing fruit pulp with cow's milk or coconut milk to a thick consistency. This rasayana may be drunk as juice by diluting with water or milk. With thick consistency it is used as accompaniment to [[Dosa (food)|dosa]], chapati or meals. Rasayana may also be known as ''[[lassi]]''. Many believe this rasayana helps to beat the heat of Indian summers.

Rasayana is often given to devotees as ''Prasadam''. In this case, it consists of thin slices of banana, milk or curd, sugar and honey.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1142/S0192415X02000168 |pmid=12067090 |title=Rasayanas: Evidence for the Concept of Prevention of Diseases |journal=The American Journal of Chinese Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=155–71 |year=2002 |last1=Vayalil |first1=Praveen K. |last2=Kuttan |first2=Girija |last3=Kuttan |first3=Ramadasan }}
* Winston, David & Maimes, Steven. ''Adaptogens: Herbs for Strength, Stamina, and Stress Relief,'' Healing Arts Press, 2007. Contains monographs and information on health benefits for the following rasayana herbs that are identified as [[adaptogen]]s: Amla, Ashwagandha, Guduchi, Holy Basil (tulsi), Shatavari and Shilajit.
* Alan Keith Tillotson PhD, A.H.G., D.Ay, (Author), O.M.D., L.Ac., Nai-shing Hu Tillotson (Contributor), M.D., Robert Abel Jr. (Contributor) ''The One Earth Herbal Sourcebook: Everything You Need to Know About Chinese, Western, and Ayurvedic Herbal Treatments'' Kensington press, {{ISBN|978-1-57566-617-4}}
* Puri, H.S. "RASAYAN: Ayurvedic Herbs for Longevity and Rejuvenation". Taylor & Francis, London, 2003. Gives monographic account and illustrations of 57 plants used as Rasayana in India, along with old as well as new Rasayan formulations.
* Puri, H.S. Ayurvedic Minerals, Gems and Animal Products for Longevity and Rejuvenation. India Book Store, Delhi 2006. Scientific details of all the ingredients other than herb, used as Rasayana in Ayurveda is given. The study on gold, mercury, sulfur, musk and Shilajit are given in good details.
* Anonymus: National Seminar on Rasayana, 8–10 March 1999, Proceedings, [[Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha]], New Delhi. A very good account of various aspects of RASAYANA by many learned authors.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11655-011-0659-5 |pmid=21390573 |title=Plant-based Rasayana drugs from Ayurveda |journal=[[Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine]] |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=88–94 |year=2011 |last1=Balasubramani |first1=Subramani Paranthaman |last2=Venkatasubramanian |first2=Padma |last3=Kukkupuni |first3=Subrahmanya Kumar |last4=Patwardhan |first4=Bhushan }}

{{Ayurveda}}

[[Category:Alchemical traditions]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian medicine]]
[[Category:Ayurveda]]
[[Category:Juice]]

Rasayana - Revision history

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