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{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Raorchestes ochlandrae - Davidraju IMG 3473 - Copy.jpg
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{Cite iucn | author = K.V. Gururaja | title = ''Raorchestes ochlandrae'' | volume = 2008 | page = e.T136074A4247839 | date = 2008 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136074A4247839.en | access-date = 6 January 2018}}</ref>
| taxon = Raorchestes ochlandrae
| authority = (Gururaja, Dinesh, Palot, Radhakrishnan, and Ramachandra, 2007)
| synonyms = ''Philautus ochlandrae'' <small>Gururaja, Dinesh, Palot, Radhakrishnan, and Ramachandra, 2007</small><ref name=GururajaEtAl/>
}}

'''''Raorchestes ochlandrae''''' (common name: '''Ochlandrae reed frog''') is a species of shrub frog in the family [[Rhacophoridae]].<ref name=GururajaEtAl/><ref name=Frost/><ref name=AmphibiaWeb/> It is endemic to the [[Western Ghats]], [[India]]. This species of the oriental shrub frog was first described from Kakkayam Reserve Forest of [[Kozhikode district|Calicut district]], [[Kerala]] state, in the southern Western Ghats in 2007 but has since been recorded at many other sites along the Western Ghats.<ref name=GururajaEtAl/> The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''ochlandrae'' refers to microhabitat of the species, bamboo ''[[Ochlandra|Ochlandra setigera]]''.<ref name=GururajaEtAl/>

==Description==
Males measure {{convert|22|-|26|mm|abbr=on}} and females, based on only one measured specimen, {{convert|23|mm|abbr=on}} in snout–vent length. The female was observed in [[amplexus]] and was larger than the male it was paired with.<ref name=GururajaEtAl/>

This species is distinguished from congeners by the combination of characters such as body small, elongate, squat and flat; head arched, wider than long; snout short rounded, equal or sub equal to diameter of eye; [[canthus rostralis]] rounded; [[Tympanum (anatomy)|tympanum]] indistinct but visible; eyes protruding, pupil with striking golden yellow dentition like marks; belly granular; [[vocal sac]] unpigmented; fleshy brown to cream yellow [[Dorsum (anatomy)|dorsum]] with two distinct golden yellow lateral bands bordered by dark brown from upper eyelid to the posterior part of flanks.<ref name=GururajaEtAl/>

== Distribution ==
The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Western Ghats]] mountains, reported from parts of the [[Nilgiri Mountains|Nilgiris]] and [[Anaimalai Hills]]. It is reported from evergreen forests with bamboos around 600 to 1000 metres above mean sea level.<ref name=":0" />

== Taxonomy ==
Genetic studies indicate that the Ochlandra reed frog is part of an evolutionary clade comprising five lineages including ''R. ochlandrae'', ''[[Raorchestes chalazodes|R. chalazodes]]'', ''[[Raorchestes manohari|R. manohari]]'', ''[[Raorchestes uthamani|R. uthamani]]'', and a lineage described as ''[[Raorchestes flaviocularis]].''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vijayakumar|first1=S. P.|last2=Dinesh|first2=K. P.|last3=Prabhu|first3=Mrugank V.|last4=Shanker|first4=Kartik|date=2014-12-10|title=Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment|url=http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3893.4.1|journal=Zootaxa|volume=3893|issue=4|pages=451–88|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.1|pmid=25544534|issn=1175-5334}}</ref>[[File:Raorchestus ochlandra.jpg|left|thumb|''Raorchestes ochlandrae'']]

==Habitat and conservation==
[[File:Ochlandrae reed frog DSCN5747.jpg|thumb|''Raorchestes ochlandrae'' eating a slug]]
This species inhabits dense stands of the bamboo ''[[Ochlandra|Ochlandra setigera]]'', growing on forest edges and in more in open habitats. The frogs reside in the hollow tube of internodal region of bamboo about two to three metres above the ground.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=GururajaEtAl/>

The species occurs in the Western Ghats mostly along forest streams and other sites where ''Ochlandra'' stands remain.<ref name=IUCN/>

== Breeding ==
The Ochlandrae reed frog has a unique breeding habit of nesting within the hollow [[internodes]] of ''[[Ochlandra]]'' [[bamboo]] [[Culm (botany)|culms]]. Although they have been recorded in internodes of different Ochlandra species, breeding has been recorded so far in ''[[Ochlandra setigera]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Seshadri|first1=Kadaba Shamanna|last2=Gururaja|first2=Kotambylu Vasudeva|last3=Bickford|first3=David Patrick|date=2015-01-01|title=Breeding in bamboo: a novel anuran reproductive strategy discovered in Rhacophorid frogs of the Western Ghats, India|url=https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/114/1/1/2416046|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=114|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.1111/bij.12388|issn=0024-4066|doi-access=free}}</ref> The frogs enter the hollow culms through small holes. Calling males may sit outside the entrance holes. While the entrance holes are towards the bottom of the internodes, eggs are deposited on the inside wall of the bamboo towards the upper side. A clutch size of six eggs has been reported. The presence of frogs in the bamboo indicates [[parental care]] by males in this species as in the similar ''[[Raorchestes chalazodes]]'', with both species also showing direct development of eggs into juveniles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Seshadri|first=K.S.|date=2015|title=Rhacophorid Frogs Breeding in Bamboo: Discovery of a Novel Reproductive Mode from Western Ghats|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287209620|journal=FrogLog|volume=23(4)|issue=116|pages=46–49}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=AmphibiaWeb>{{cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Raorchestes&where-species=ochlandrae |title=''Raorchestes ochlandrae'' |year=2016 |work=AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application] |publisher=Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Raorchestes/Raorchestes-ochlandrae |title=''Raorchestes ochlandrae'' (Gururaja, Dinesh, Palot, Radhakrishnan, and Ramachandra, 2007) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2016 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=GururajaEtAl>{{Cite journal| last1 = Gururaja| first1 = K. V.| last2 = Dinesh| first2 = K. P.| last3 = Palot| first3 = M. J.| last4 = Radhakrishnan| first4 = C.| last5 = Ramachandra| first5 = T. V.| year = 2007| title = A new species of ''Philautus'' Gistel (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from southern Western Ghats, India| journal = Zootaxa| volume = 1621| pages = 1–16| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.1621.1.1| url = http://www.mendeley.com/research/a-new-species-of-philautus-gistel-amphibia-anura-rhacophoridae-from-southern-western-ghats-india/}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Raorchestes ochlandrae}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3024195}}

[[Category:Raorchestes|ochlandrae]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2007]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]

Raorchestes ochlandrae - Revision history

imported>Tom.Reding: General & WP:TOL cleanup; WP:GenFixes on