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{{short description|Upper-caste landlord militia group in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox war faction
| name = Ranvir Sena
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| war = [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]
| image =
| caption =
| active = 1994–2000<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Ashwani |title=No gentlemen in this army |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/no-gentlemen-in-this-army/article3494007.ece |access-date=6 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=6 June 2012 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| status =
| position =
| leaders = [[Brahmeshwar Singh]]
| ideology = Anti-Left Sentiment <br/> [[Anti-communism]]
| clans =
| headquarters = [[Bhojpur district, Bihar]]
| area =
| size =
| partof =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| split =
| battles =
| website =
}}
The '''Ranvir Sena''' is a militia functioning as a landlord group,<ref name="ambedkar">{{cite web |url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bihar/bihar-gangwar-killed-3-including-former-ranvir-sena-1761383 |script-title=hi:बिहार में रणवीर सेना के पूर्व कमांडर धनजी सिंह सहित 3 की गोली मारकर हत्या |trans-title=3 shot dead in Bihar, including former Ranvir Sena commander Dhanji Singh |date=11 October 2017 |website=NDTV |language=hi |access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref> mainly based in the state of [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9GjCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT26 |title=Human Rights in Postcolonial India |isbn=9781317310112 |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Om Prakash |last2=Rajan |first2=V. G. Julie |year=2016}}</ref> The group was formed by [[Bhumihar]] landlords<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 4411296|title = Ranveer Sena and 'Massacre Widows'|journal = Economic and Political Weekly|volume = 36|issue = 43|pages = 4095–4099|last1 = Sinha|first1 = Arvind|last2 = Sinha|first2 = Indu|year = 2001}}</ref> in 1994, with the aim to counter the influence of various [[Left-wing terrorism|left-wing militants]], [[Naxalite]] groups and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]] in central Bihar.<ref name="SATP">{{cite web |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/ranvir_sena.htm |title=Ranvir Sena |access-date=28 September 2018 |website=South Asia Terrorism Portal |publisher=Institute for Conflict Management}}</ref> The Ranvir Sena has been connected to a number of massacres including the massacre at [[Laxmanpur Bathe]].<ref name="lessons">{{cite conference |url=http://www.arts.monash.edu/mai/asaa/gaurangsahay.pdf |title=Naxalism, Caste-Based Militias and Human Security: Lessons From Bihar |first=Gaurang |last=Sahay |year=2008 |pages=11–12 |conference=Is this the Asian century? 17th Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association of Australia |conference-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110214164008/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/124461/20110211-1446/arts.monash.edu.au/mai/asaa/index.html |publisher=Monash University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720003311/http://www.arts.monash.edu/mai/asaa/gaurangsahay.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |location=Melbourne }}</ref> It has, on several occasions, been accused of human rights abuses.<ref name="HRW2001">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/asia/india.html |title=India: Human Rights Developments |publisher=Human Rights Watch |website=World Report 2001 |year=2001 |access-date=13 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116174208/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k1/asia/india.html |archive-date=16 November 2008}}</ref> The Bihar state government banned the Ranvir Sena in July 1995, but the group continue to remain active. The group has frequently publicly claimed responsibility for its crimes with impunity.<ref name="lessons"/>

==History==
According to Professor Ashwani Kumar, the "origin of the Ranvir Sena is shrouded in mystery... [but] it is fair to assume that the [[Bhumihar]]s in Belaur village in Bhojpur district" in 1984.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Ashwani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&q=129|title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar|date=2008|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-709-8|pages=129|language=en}}</ref> The name ''Ranvir'' comes from Ranvir Baba, an iconic local hero of the Bhumihar caste and ''Sena'' is a [[Hindi]] word meaning '[[army]]'. As the legend goes, during the late 19th century, Ranvir Choudhary, a retired military man and a resident of Belaur village in Bhojpur district, protected the rights of the Bhumihar, a land-owing upper caste of the State. Due to the activities of Ranvir Baba, the Bhumihars asserted their power in Bhojpur district and established regional supremacy of the Bhumihars.<ref name="Ashwani2008">{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Ashwani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA129|title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants, and Caste Armies in Bihar|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2008|isbn=9781843317098|location=London, New York}}</ref>{{rp|129}}

Rang Bahadur Singh was the first president of Ranvir Sena.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mahay |first=Anand Mohan |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/sep/04bihar.htm|title=People will kill Ranvir Sena chief if he is released: Mazdoor Sabha |date=5 September 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=1 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116193449/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/sep/04bihar.htm |archive-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=December 2019}} He came from Ichari village, [[Jagdispur|Jagdishpur]], Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-history-of-ranveer-sena-3349663.html |script-title=hi:रणवीर सेना के बारे में जाने वो सब, जो आप जानना चाहते हैं! |trans-title=All you want to know about Ranvir Sena! |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |access-date=22 December 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602040650/http://www.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-history-of-ranveer-sena-3349663.html |archive-date=2 June 2012}}</ref> [[Brahmeshwar Singh]] of Khopira became the group's leader a few months after it was formed.<ref name="lat060212">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-jun-02-la-fg-india-killing-20120602-story.html |title=India upper-caste militia leader Brahmeshwar Singh slain |work=The Los Angeles Times |first=Mark |last=Magnier |date=2 June 2012 |access-date=23 December 2019 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103075900/https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-jun-02-la-fg-india-killing-20120602-story.html |archive-date=3 November 2019}}</ref>

Brahmeshwar Singh was killed by unidentified gunmen on 1 June 2012 while on his morning walk in the [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur district]] headquarters of [[Arrah]]. He was facing life imprisonment for coordinating various massacres but was acquitted and released from jail in April 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-high-alert-in-bihar-as-ranvir-sena-chief-shot-dead-1696617 |title=Ranvir Sena chief shot dead in Bhojpur |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=1 June 2012 |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113170544/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-high-alert-in-bihar-as-ranvir-sena-chief-shot-dead-1696617 |archive-date=13 January 2016}}</ref> A day-long curfew was clamped on Ara as tension escalated following his murder. Prohibitory orders under section 144 CrPC were also enforced in the district.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2012/06/curfew-imposed-in-ara-town-after-killing-of-brahmeshwar-singh-mukhiya/ |title=Curfew imposed in Ara Town after killing of Brahmeshwar Singh Mukhiya |publisher=Biharprabha News |date=1 June 2012 |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306072608/http://news.biharprabha.com/2012/06/curfew-imposed-in-ara-town-after-killing-of-brahmeshwar-singh-mukhiya/ |archive-date=6 March 2016}}</ref>

==Police and politician involvement==
Some politicians are members of Ranvir Sena and some policemen have helped them on their raids.<ref name="ZeeNews2014">{{cite news |title=Slain Ranvir Sena chief's son queers BJP poll pitch |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/general-elections-2014/slain-ranvir-sena-chiefs-son-queers-bjp-poll-pitch_921715.html |date=1 April 2014 |website=Zee News |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |access-date=23 December 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905065241/https://zeenews.india.com/news/general-elections-2014/slain-ranvir-sena-chiefs-son-queers-bjp-poll-pitch_921715.html |archive-date=5 September 2018}}</ref> For example, in a Ranvir Sena raid in [[Ekwari]], a village in Bihar, in April 1997, policemen opened the doors of Dalit villagers so the Ranvir Sena could go inside instead of protecting the villagers as they were supposed to. [[Chandradeo Prasad Verma]], former member of [[Janata Dal]] and Member of Parliament for [[Arrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arrah]], put legalising the Ranvir Sena as one of his campaign points in the [[1998 Lok Sabha elections]].<ref name="womensstudies">{{cite journal |last=Björkert |first=Suruchi Thapar |title=Women as arm-bearers: Gendered caste-violence and the Indian state |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=474–488 |doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2006.07.005 |date=September–October 2006 }}</ref>

In 2015, in a media sting operation, evidence came to light that [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leaders, including [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] and [[C. P. Thakur]] and the former PM [[Chandra Shekhar]] were complicit in the Bihar Dalit massacres committed by the Ranvir Sena,<ref name="ambedkar"/> further Lalu Prasad's RJD set up the Amir Das Commission,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amir Das Commission probing politician-Sena nexus disbanded|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/amir-das-commission-probing-politician-sena-nexus-disbanded/376576|website=outlookindia |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> after the Laxmanpur Bathe massacre. The mandate of the commission was to inquire if there were any links between political parties and the Ranvir Sena. The Nitish Kumar government abruptly disbanded the commission in 2006, just before it was to submit its report. It is strongly believed that the commission's findings were going to demonstrate firm links between the Ranvir Sena, the JD(U) and the BJP .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Two Decades Later, Will Ranvir Sena Massacres Change How Victims' Families Vote?|url=https://thewire.in/politics/elections-2019-bihar-ranvir-sena|access-date=20 July 2020|website=thewire.in|language=en}}</ref>

==Mass killings==
On 11 July 1996, [[1996 Bathani Tola massacre|21 Dalits were slaughtered by the Ranvir Sena]] in Bathani Tola, Bhojpur district. Among the dead were 11 women, six children and three infants. The perpetrators targeted women and children in particular, so as to deter any future resistance. Three people were [[Capital punishment in India|sentenced to death]] and 20 sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] in 2010 for participating in the massacre, but the [[Patna High Court]] acquitted all 23 in April 2012.<ref name=TheHindu17April2012>{{cite web |author=Shoumojit Banerjee |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/all-accused-in-1996-bihar-dalit-carnage-acquitted/article3321368.ece |url-status=live |title=All accused in 1996 Bihar Dalit carnage acquitted |work=The Hindu |date=17 April 2012 |access-date=21 December 2019 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222060533/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/all-accused-in-1996-bihar-dalit-carnage-acquitted/article3321368.ece |archive-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=theHindu19April2012>{{cite web |author=Shoumojit Banerjee |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/For-residents-of-Bathani-it-is-a-horror-they-cannot-forget/article12967259.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live |title=For residents of Bathani, it is a horror they cannot forget |work=The Hindu |date=19 April 2012 |access-date=22 December 2019 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222060533/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/all-accused-in-1996-bihar-dalit-carnage-acquitted/article3321368.ece |archive-date=22 December 2019}}</ref>

{{Rquote |align=right |quote=We kill children because they will grow up to become Naxalites. We kill women because they will give birth to Naxalites. |author=Ranvir Sena member, in a 21 February 1998 interview with [[Human Rights Watch]]<ref name="HRW1999"/>}}
Ranvir Sena killed 10 workers in Haibaspur on 23 March 1997. They wrote the name of the organisation in blood on the village well before they left. Most of the people Ranvir Sena killed that night belonged to families allegedly supporting [[Party Unity]], a communist group.<ref name="lessons"/><ref>{{cite news |date=8 August 2014 |title=Main accused of Haibaspur massacre arrested after 17 years |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/main-accused-of-haibaspur-massacre-arrested-after-17-years-114080800797_1.html |url-status=live |work=Business Standard |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223052352/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/main-accused-of-haibaspur-massacre-arrested-after-17-years-114080800797_1.html |archive-date=23 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref>

On 1 December 1997, sena members killed 63 Dalits–16 children, 27 women and 18 men–using guns in [[Laxmanpur Bathe|Laxmanpur-Bathe]].<ref>{{cite news |date=13 December 1997 |title=The Jehanabad carnage |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30160529.ece |url-status=live |work=Frontline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223034445/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30160529.ece |archive-date=23 December 2019 |access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref> The dead included 5 teenage girls who had been raped and mutilated before being shot, and 8 people from the [[Mallaah|Mallah]] community who had ferried Ranvir Sena members across the [[Son River]] before and after the attack.<ref name="lessons"/><ref name="HRW1999">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/1999/03/01/broken-people/caste-violence-against-indias-untouchables |title=Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's "Untouchables" |last=Narula |first=Smita |date=1 March 1999 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |at=sec. I, Summary |access-date=22 December 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514140618/https://www.hrw.org/report/1999/03/01/broken-people/caste-violence-against-indias-untouchables |archive-date=14 May 2019}}</ref>

On 25 January 1999, there was a massacre of 22 Dalit men, women and children by Ranvir Sena in the village of Shankarbigha, [[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]] due to their alleged Naxalite allegiance and to establish the supremacy of landlords. Another massacre followed two weeks later in the neighboring village of Narayanpur, where Ranvir Sena killed twelve villagers belonging to the [[Chamar]] community.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chaudhuri |first=Kalyan |date=27 February 1999 |title=Carnage in Narayanpur |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1605/16050280.htm |url-status=live |work=Frontline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223060233/https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1605/16050280.htm |archive-date=23 December 2019 |access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref>

In June 2000, Ranvir Sena was alleged to be behind the attack, carried out using automatic weapons, on the lower-caste Yadav villagers of Miapur, Aurangabad district in Bihar. 22 people died immediately and the rest succumbed to their injuries. The victims included six minors. 18 were injured included 10 critically. This was speculated to be a revenge attack after the killings of 11 upper-caste villagers.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last1=Harding |first1=Luke |title=Villagers massacred in bloody caste feud |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jun/18/lukeharding.theobserver |access-date=15 October 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=18 June 2000}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Caste-based violence in southwest Bihar, 1996–2000<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Santosh |date=3 June 2012 |title=A lasting signature on Bihar's most violent years |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-lasting-signature-on-bihar-s-most-violent-years/957421/0 |url-status=live |work=The Indian Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519220535/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-lasting-signature-on-bihar-s-most-violent-years/957421/0 |archive-date=19 May 2018 |access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
!Year
!Description
!Trial
|-
|1996
|
*Nadhi (Bhojpur): 8 killed in CPI(ML) attack on upper castes/landlords
*Nadhi (Bhojpur): 9 killed in attack by upper castes on SCs
*Bathanitola (Bhojpur): 22 Dalits killed by landlords, the worst of that year's many attacks
|
|-
|1997
|
* Raghopur (Patna): 6 Bhumihars killed by CPI(ML)
* Haibaspur (Patna): 10 SCs killed by landlords
* Ekwari (Bhojpur): 10 SCs killed by upper castes
* Khadasin (Jehanabad): 8 SCs killed by landlords
* Lakshmanpur-Bathe (Jehahanabad): 61 Dalits killed in attack by upper castes
* Chauram (Jehanabad): 9 members of upper castes killed in CPI(ML-Liberation) attack
|
|-
|1998
|
* Nagri (Bhojpur): 10 SCs killed by landlords
|
|-
|1999
|
* Shankarbigha (Jehanabad): 23 SCs killed by upper castes
* Narayanpur (Jehanabad): 11 SCs killed by upper castes
* Usri Bazar (Jehanabad): 7 upper caste members killed in attack by CPI(ML-Liberation)
* Senari (Jehanabad): 35 killed in attack on landlords, first strong sign of MCC gaining strength
* Sendani (Gaya): 12 SCs killed by landlords
|
|-
|2000
|
* Afsar (Nawada): 12 upper caste members killed in attack by OBCs
* Miapur (Aurangabad): At least 22 OBCs (Yadavs) alleged to be killed by Sena in a revenge attack.<ref name="Guardian"/>
|
|}

==Organisation==
Brahmeshwar Singh 'Mukhiya', the founder chief of the Ranvir Sena, on whose head the authorities had placed a reward of half a million Indian rupees, was the Supreme Commander of the Ranvir Sena until he was arrested in Patna on 29 August 2002 to face a number of criminal cases, which included those related to massacres.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Founder-of-Ranvir-Sena-arrested/articleshow/20570476.cms |url-status=live |work=The Times of India |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |title=Founder of Ranvir Sena arrested |date=29 August 2002 |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191222062746/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bihar-Finance-Corp-gives-1-month-to-defaulter-firms/articleshow/20508199.cms |archive-date=22 December 2019 }}</ref>

Initial reports said that Shamsher Bahadur Singh was, on 7 September 2002, appointed a new chief of the Ranvir Sena. However, according to a report of 25 December 2002, the chief of the Ranvir Sena was Bhuar Thakur until he was arrested with his two associates on 24 December 2002 near Karnol bridge on the [[Patna]]-[[Sasaram]] road in Charpokhri, [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur]].<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ranvir-sena-chief-held/article27887793.ece |url-status=live |title=Ranvir Sena chief held |work=The Hindu |date=25 December 2002 |access-date=22 December 2019 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222064402/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ranvir-sena-chief-held/article27887793.ece |archive-date=22 December 2019}}</ref>

[[Rashtravadi Kisan Sangathan]] is the political wing formed to take part in the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 elections]]. The Ranvir Mahila Sangh, a women's wing, has also been created. Its members too have been trained in arms use.<ref name="womensstudies"/>

On 8 July 2011, Brahmeshwar Singh was released on bail after serving 9 years in jail awaiting trial for 17 cases, including those related to Dalit carnages in Bihar. He had earlier been granted bail in 16 other cases.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/ranvir-sena-chief-released/article2215328.ece |url-status=live |title=Ranvir Sena chief released |work=The Hindu |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=10 July 2011 |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063533/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/ranvir-sena-chief-released/article2215328.ece |archive-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> On 5 May 2012, Singh floated a non-electoral outfit named [[Akhil Bharatiya Rashtravadi Kisan Sangathan]].<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2012 |title=Ranveer Sena chief Bramheshwar Singh's outfit to mobilize farmers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Ranveer-Sena-chief-Bramheshwar-Singhs-outfit-to-mobilize-farmers/articleshow/13038100.cms |url-status=live |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223080547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Ranveer-Sena-chief-Bramheshwar-Singhs-outfit-to-mobilize-farmers/articleshow/13038100.cms |archive-date=23 December 2019 |access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref> However, he was shot dead less than a month later, on 1 June 2012, by unidentified gunmen in the town of [[Arrah|Ara]].<ref name="bSinghDeath">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Ranvir-Sena-founder-Brahmeshwar-Singh-shot-dead-in-Bihar/articleshow/13697572.cms |url-status=live |title=Ranvir Sena founder Brahmeshwar Singh shot dead in Bihar |date=1 June 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222065608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Ranvir-Sena-founder-Brahmeshwar-Singh-shot-dead-in-Bihar/articleshow/13697572.cms |archive-date=22 December 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Bhumi Sena]]
*[[Lorik Sena]]
*[[Kuer Sena]]
*[[Ashok Mahto gang]]
*[[Dalelchak-Bhagaura Massacre 1987]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Crime in Bihar]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in India]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in India]]
[[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Indian anti-communists]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Bihar]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1994]]

Ranvir Sena - Revision history

imported>Heba Aisha: Restored revision 1032604812 by Serols (talk): Rev vandalism, please see WP:NOTCENSORED