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{{No footnotes|date=January 2022}}{{about|the taluk|the village|Ranni, Pathanamthitta}}
{{other uses|Ranni (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ranni
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]
| image_skyline = File:Collapsed old bridge and the new bridge ranni view from new bridge.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = The dilapidated old bridge and new bridge at Ranni
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|22|0|N|76|46|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Taluk
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1,004
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 331
| population_total = 198,194
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>https://censusindia.gov.in › 3...PDF
Pathanamthitta - DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 689672

| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04735
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-62
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Pathanamthitta]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 47:50 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 95%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ranni''' is a town in the [[Pathanamthitta district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]], and the 16th largest ''[[taluk]]'' (administrative division) in Kerala, located on both sides of the [[Pamba River]].

== Etymology ==

The name ''Ranni'' is derived from a word in [[Malayalam]] which means "Queen", or ''Rani''. The town is known as "The Queen of the Eastern Hill Lands" (മലനാടിന്റെ റാണി).{{cn|date=February 2022}}

== History ==
{{See also|Pathanamthitta_district#History|l1=History of Pathanamthitta}}
The history of Ranni can be traced back 5000 years to the early settlement of [[Adi Dravida]]ns around [[Sabarimala]] and [[Nilakkal]]. The temple at Sabarimala dates back 2000 years. The deity's sitting posture and resemblance of the prayer 'Sharanam vili' to "Buddham Sharanam / Sangam Sharanam" points to the area's Buddhist past.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}} The word 'Ayya' is a Buddhist Pali word that means Lord/God.{{relevance inline|date=January 2022}} An ancient trade route used to pass through Nilackal between Kerala and the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandian kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Sabarimala|url=http://www.sabarimala.org.in/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026202001/http://www.sabarimala.org.in/|archive-date=2011-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantemplesportal.com/kerala/st.thomas-ecumenical-church-nilackal.html |title=St.Thomas Ecumenical Church Nilackal- Pilgrimage India |publisher=Indiantemplesportal.com |access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref>

The former rulers of Ranni were known as the Ranni Karthas or the Karthkal of Ranni, the "Samanthas" and blood-related family of Thekkamamkoor Raja. In the 18th century, Anizham Thirunal Marthandavarma of Vennad annexed the Thekkamkoor kingdom and confiscated all the lands that belonged to the former rulers.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

Ranni Karthas Kioyikal (the Ranni Karth palace) was located in Areekkal. The Ranni Karthas also built Ranni Manjor Ramapuram temple. The temple is the same architecturally as the [[Aranmula Sreeparthasaradhy]] temple but the darshan of the former faces south.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

In the 18th century, [[Knanaya|Knanaya Christians]] migrated to Ranni from [[Kallissery]] and established the St. Thomas Church of Ranni. A significant number of Malankara Orthodox Christians and [[Mar Thoma Church|Mar Thomites]] also migrated from surrounding areas. In the early 19th century, [[Claudius Buchanan|Dr. Claudius Buchanan]] visited Ranni and was presented with an [[Claudius Buchanan#About the Bible|old handwritten Syriac Bible]] from Ranni St. Thomas Church.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.drsusanjacob.jesusanswers.com/photo2.html |title=The History of the Christian Jews in Asia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119094405/http://www.drsusanjacob.jesusanswers.com/photo2.html |archive-date=2012-01-19}}</ref>

Ranni was a part of the [[Central Travancore]] region before the unification of India. Until the formation of [[Pathanamthitta district]] in 1982, Ranni was a part of the [[Kollam district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pathanamthitta.nic.in/History2.htm |title=History |publisher=[[Pathanamthitta District]] |access-date=2012-04-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729035512/http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/History2.htm |archive-date=2009-07-29 }}</ref>

== Geography ==

Ranni is located in southwestern India at {{Coord|9.38|N|76.81|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 131 m (433 ft) above sea level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Rani.html |title=Maps, Weather, Videos, and Airports for Rani, India |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref> However, towards the east, the elevation is much higher. The river [[Pamba River|Pamba]] flows through Ranni township. According to the [[2001 Census of India]], Ranni spans a total of {{convert|1004.61|km2|sqmi|2|}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/pta_27.PDF |title=Basic Details of Panchayats/Municipalities/Corporations as on 01.07.2000 |work=Panchayat Level Statistics, Pathanamthitta 2001 |publisher=[[Government of Kerala]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107143621/http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/pta_27.PDF |archive-date=2009-01-07}}</ref> Out of the total area, {{convert|708|km2|sqmi|2|}} or 70% are forest.<ref name="indiacensus">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref>

== Climate ==
{{See also|Kerala#Climate|l1=Climate of Kerala}}
{{Weather box/concise_C
| location=Ranni, Kerala
| source=Climate-Data.org<ref name="Climate-Data.org">
"CLIMATE: RANNI",
Climate-Data.org. Web: [http://en.climate-data.org/location/47628/].</ref>
| 31.2|32.0|33.1|33.2|32.7|30.6|29.8|30.0|30.4|30.4|30.1|30.6
| 22.4|23.2|24.6|25.5|25.5|24.3|23.7|23.9|23.9|23.9|23.4|22.5
| 21|38|66|158|266|482|468|325|247|321|213|58
}}
Like the rest of Kerala, Ranni has a wet and maritime tropical climate. The region receives most of the rain from the [[southwest monsoon]] from June to August and the [[northeast monsoon]] during October and November. Although the summer is from March to May, the area receives locally developed thundershowers in May. Due to the higher elevation, the climate is cooler in the east.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011|post=,}} Ranni taluk had a [[2011 Census of India|census]] population of 198,194, of which 94,773 were males and 103,421 were females. The female-to-male ratio is 1091:1000, higher than the state average and significantly higher than the national average. There were 53,172 households within the taluk's limits. A very low housing density is owed to a large [[Reserved Forest|reserved forest]] area. Ranni's literacy rate is 95%.<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in › 3...PDF
Pathanamthitta - DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK</ref>

Although most of the residents are [[Malayali]]s there are some [[Tamil people|Tamil]], [[Sikh]], [[Bengalis|Bihari]], and [[Bengalis|Bengali]] settlers. Much of the population are temporary workers who are employed in the construction sector. The population of migrant workers from the northern parts of India has increased over the last few years because of the shortage of local unskilled manpower. A few settlements of aborigines known as 'adivasis' are deep in the forest area.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

Ranni's major religions are [[Hinduism]] and [[Christianity]].

== Administration ==

Ranni taluk is administered under Pathanamthitta district. The taluk headquarters is at Block pady. Ranni taluk is divided into 11 villages:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pathanamthitta.nic.in/Administration1.htm |title=Administration |publisher=[[Pathanamthitta District]] |access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref>

{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
* [[Angadi|Ranni-Angadi]]
* [[Chittar, Kerala|Chittar]]
* [[Pazhavangadi|Ranni-Pazhavangadi]]
* [[Perunad|Ranni-Perunad]]
|
* [[Ayroor]]
* [[Kollamula]]
* [[Vadasserikkara]]
* [[Athikkayam|Athikayam]]
|
* [[Thottamon|Ranni]]
* [[Chethakkal]]
* [[Cherukole]]
|}

== Economy ==
[[File:Rannimarket.jpg|thumb|Ranni market on a rainy evening]]
Commerce in Ranni is centered around a market in the main township, Ittiyappara, which is situated on the northern side of the river. The economy of Ranni is primarily based on agriculture. The hilly terrain, high humidity and good rain makes it suitable for rubber cultivation, and Ranni is one of the largest [[rubber]]-producing taluks in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/11/stories/2007071152770500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006053132/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/11/stories/2007071152770500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2008-10-06 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Kinfra to develop second rubber park in Ranni | date=2007-07-11}}</ref> Other major crops are [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[coconut]], [[tapioca]] and [[black pepper]]. Ranni taluk has the largest [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-resident Indian]] (NRI) population in the state of Kerala, which is another major source of income.{{explain|date=January 2022}}

==Transport==
[[File:Vatasserikara new bridge another vieww2.jpg|thumb|Bridge near Vadasserikara]]
Ranni is largely dependent on private buses and most long-route [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) buses use State Highway 08. There is a KSRTC bus depot in Ranni adjacent to the private bus stand. [[Auto Rickshaw|Auto rickshaws]] are also available and are generally hired for short distances (1–3 km) where bus services are lacking. [[Jeep|Jeeps]] are another preferred mode of transport where the terrain is hilly or rugged.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

A train service connecting Ranni to industrial centers is a long-standing demand of citizens. Although the Union Government cleared a railway proposal in 1995, the project awaits implementation.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/24/stories/2009022452840300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302141110/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/24/stories/2009022452840300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2009-03-02 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=State urged to implement Sabari rail project | date=2009-02-24}}</ref> The nearest railway stations are at [[Thiruvalla]] and [[Chengannur]] which are nearly {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} away.

The proposed Sabari International Airport, Cheruvally would be the closest airport upon completion, at {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} from Ranni township.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} The nearest extant airports are [[Cochin International Airport]] (110 km) and [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]], at {{convert|110|and|125|km|abbr=on}}, respectively.

== Education ==
{{see also|Education_in_Kerala|l1=Education in Kerala}}

Primary, middle, and secondary schools are available in all the villages of Ranni taluk. However, there are only seven senior secondary schools covering six of the eleven villages. This is primarily because prior to 1997–98, secondary education was offered as pre-degree courses in colleges.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/education/school.htm |title=School Education |publisher=[[Government of Kerala]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226235726/http://www.kerala.gov.in/education/school.htm |archive-date=2010-12-26}}</ref> As of 2001, there are 138 primary, 59 middle and 35 secondary schools.<ref name="indiacensus"/>

There are three colleges in Ranni taluk. [[St. Thomas college, Ranni]], an arts and science college established in 1964, is affiliated with [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rannycollegealumni.com/history.htm |title=History of St. Thomas College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728214252/http://rannycollegealumni.com/history.htm |archive-date=2013-07-28}}</ref> For almost four decades this was the only college in the taluk. In 2005, Caarmel Engineering College, a self-financing engineering college, was established in the Ranni-Perunad division, but closed due to financial crisis. The Vishwa Bhramana Arts College and Government Polytechnic College are situated in Vechuchira. The Mar Thoma Teachers’ Training College Ranni is a self-financing institution affiliated with MG University and approved by NCTE.{{expand acronym|date=January 2022}}

Ranni also has three adult literacy centers. Ranni is a hub of central board schools with [[St.Marys school, Ranni|St. Mary's School, Ranni]], an institution active for over 40 years. Cornerstone International School (including Cornerstone Kidscenter) and Citadel are other secondary options among CBSE schools. These literacy centers or "Saksharatha Kendram" came as a state effort to attain 100% adult literacy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/education/liter.htm |title=Kerala State Literacy Mission |publisher=[[Government of Kerala]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031074259/http://www.kerala.gov.in/education/liter.htm |archive-date=2010-10-31}}</ref>

== Politics ==
{{see also | Kerala_Legislative_Assembly|l1=Kerala Legislative Assembly}}

The Ranni assembly constituency is part of [[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies — Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-20
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-03-04
}}</ref> The main political parties are the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM), [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI), and Kerala Congress. The BJP (Bharatiya Janatha Party), now AAP ([[Aam Aadmi Party]]), has significant influence in the election. [[Pramod Narayan]] is the elected representative of Ranni assembly constituency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/government/mla.htm |title=Members of Legislative Assembly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123055910/http://www.kerala.gov.in/government/mla.htm |archive-date=2011-01-23}}</ref> He successfully contested assembly election in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/rajuabraham.pdf |title=Raju Abraham |publisher=[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124093428/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/rajuabraham.pdf |archive-date=2011-11-24}}</ref>


== Media ==

There are three local television channels in Ranni. Citi TV The channel, established in 2002, telecasts news, documentaries, advertisements, albums and other programs. Malanad TV operates from Pazhavangadi. Vismaya TV, established 2014, is the largest local channel in Pathanamthitta district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citinews.in |title=Citi News, Ranni, Kerala |publisher=Citinews.in |date=2002-12-15 |access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref>

==Culture==
The Hindu temple of [[Sabarimala]] is located in this taluk, situated approximately {{convert|66|km|abbr=on}} from the town of Ittiyappara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webindia123.com/city/kerala/pathanamthitta/destnations/touristattractions/ranni.htm |title=Tourist attractions, Ranni |publisher=Webindia123.com |date=2007-02-20 |access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagestay.com/ranny.htm |title=Homestay in Ranny - Ranny :: Heritage Homestay India |publisher=Heritagestay.com |access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref>

The Devi Temple Thottamon Kavu is another landmark of Ranni. It is a resting place for pilgrims to [[Sabarimala]] and belongs to a few [[nair]] families in Ranni. The family that administrate the temple is known as naaluveedanmaar (നാലുവീടന്മാർ), or "the four nobles". The four Panikar families who hold the title are the Meempallil (മീമ്പള്ളിൽ), Kerukattu (Padiyarakkalayil, കേറുകാട്ട്), Pangattu (പങ്ങാട്ട്) and Cheruthalayathu (ചെറുതാലയത്ത്).

==Facilities offered==
A taluk hospital is located near Perumpuzha bus stand. There are two theatres, Upasana and Sreelakshmi. The town houses an RTO{{expand acronym|date=January 2022}} office, a police station, and a law court. Several health care centres and Akshaya{{what|date=January 2022}} centres are also available. Private hospitals  are centered around the township.

== See also ==
* [[Angadi]]
* [[Angamoozhy]]
* [[Kalampala]]
* [[Keekozhur]]
* [[Pathanamthitta district]]
* [[Perunad]]
* [[Sabarimala]]
* [[Thottamon]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Ranni}}
* [http://www.citinewsranni.com The Complete Ranni News]
* [http://rannikerala.blogspot.com/2019/08/a-detailed-history-of-ranni.html A Detailed history of Ranni]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717051931/http://www.thottamon.com/ Thottamon-Ranni]

{{Central Travancore}}
{{Pathanamthitta district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pathanamthitta district]]

Ranni - Revision history

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