Rann of Kutch - Revision history

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	[[File:Kachch.png\|thumb\|right\|280px\|Rann of Kutch in the state of [[Gujarat]]]]		[[File:Kachch.png\|thumb\|right\|280px\|Rann of Kutch in the state of [[Gujarat]]]]
	The '''Rann of Kutch''' (~~[[Gujarati language\|Gujarati]]: કચ્છનું રણ~~) is a large area of [[salt marsh]]es that span the border between India and Pakistan. It is located ~~mostly~~ in [[Gujarat]] (primarily the [[Kutch district]]), [[India]], and in ~~some parts of~~ [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]. It is divided into the [[Great Rann of Kutch\|Great Rann]] and [[Little Rann of Kutch\|Little Rann]].		The '''Rann of Kutch''' (alternately spelled as Kuchchh) is a large area of [[salt marsh]]es that span the border between India and Pakistan. It is located in [[Gujarat]] (primarily the [[Kutch district]]), [[India]], and in [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]. It is divided into the [[Great Rann of Kutch\|Great Rann]] and [[Little Rann of Kutch\|Little Rann]].

	==Geography==		==Geography==
	The Rann of Kutch is located mostly in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]], specifically [[Kutch district]], for which it is named. Some parts extend into the Pakistani province of [[Sindh]]. The word ''Rann'' means "~~salt marsh~~".		The Rann of Kutch is located mostly in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]], specifically [[Kutch district]], for which it is named. Some parts extend into the Pakistani province of [[Sindh]]. The word ''Rann'' means "desert".

	The Rann of Kutch covers around 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 square miles). The [[Great Rann of Kutch]] is the larger portion of the Rann. It extends east and west, with the [[Thar Desert]] to the north and the low hills of [[Kutch]] to the south. The [[Indus River Delta]] lies to the west in southern Pakistan. The [[Little Rann of Kutch]] lies southeast of the Great Rann, and extends southwards to the Gulf of Kutch.		The Rann of Kutch covers around 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 square miles). The [[Great Rann of Kutch]] is the larger portion of the Rann. It extends east and west, with the [[Thar Desert]] to the north and the low hills of [[Kutch]] to the south. The [[Indus River Delta]] lies to the west in southern Pakistan. The [[Little Rann of Kutch]] lies southeast of the Great Rann, and extends southwards to the Gulf of Kutch.
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	==Ecology==		==Ecology==
	[[File:Nilgai group at Little Rann of kutch.JPG\|thumb\|left\|260px\|[[Nilgai]] group at the Little Rann of Kutch]]		[[File:Nilgai group at Little Rann of kutch.JPG\|thumb\|left\|260px\|[[Nilgai]] group at the Little Rann of Kutch]]
	The Rann of Kutch is the only large [[flooded grasslands]] zone in the [[Indomalayan realm]].<ref name = wwf/> The area has desert on one side and the sea on the other enables various ecosystems, including [[mangroves]] and [[desert vegetation]].<ref>{{cite book\|last=Negi\|first=Sharad Singh\|title=Biosphere reserves in India: landuse, biodiversity and conservation\|year=1996\|publisher=Indus Publishing\|isbn=9788173870439\|pages=221}}</ref> Its grassland and deserts are home to forms of wildlife that have adapted to its often harsh conditions. These include [[endemic]] and [[endangered]] animal and plant species.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Sharma\|first=R.P.\|title=The Indian forester, Volume 127, Issues 7-12\|date=10 Nov 2011\|publisher=University of Minnesota\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-csAQAAMAAJ&q~~=Great+Rann+of+Kutch&dq~~=Great+Rann+of+Kutch}}</ref>		The Rann of Kutch is the only large [[flooded grasslands]] zone in the [[Indomalayan realm]].<ref name = wwf/> The area has desert on one side and the sea on the other enables various ecosystems, including [[mangroves]] and [[desert vegetation]].<ref>{{cite book\|last=Negi\|first=Sharad Singh\|title=Biosphere reserves in India: landuse, biodiversity and conservation\|year=1996\|publisher=Indus Publishing\|isbn=9788173870439\|pages=221}}</ref> Its grassland and deserts are home to forms of wildlife that have adapted to its often harsh conditions. These include [[endemic]] and [[endangered]] animal and plant species.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Sharma\|first=R.P.\|title=The Indian forester, Volume 127, Issues 7-12\|date=10 Nov 2011\|publisher=University of Minnesota\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-csAQAAMAAJ&q=Great+Rann+of+Kutch}}</ref>

	==Flora==		==Flora==
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	There are over 200 bird species in the Rann of Kutch, including the threatened species [[lesser florican]] (''Sypheotides indicus'') and [[houbara bustard]] (''Chlamydotis undulata''). The seasonal wetlands provide habitat for many water birds, including the [[demoiselle crane]] (''Grus virgo'') and [[lesser flamingo]] (''Phoeniconaias minor'').<ref name = wwf/>		There are over 200 bird species in the Rann of Kutch, including the threatened species [[lesser florican]] (''Sypheotides indicus'') and [[houbara bustard]] (''Chlamydotis undulata''). The seasonal wetlands provide habitat for many water birds, including the [[demoiselle crane]] (''Grus virgo'') and [[lesser flamingo]] (''Phoeniconaias minor'').<ref name = wwf/>

	==History==		==History and culture==
	The ~~History~~ of the Rann of Kutch began with early [[neolithic]] settlements. It was later inhabited by the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] as well as the [[Maurya]] and [[Gupta empire]]s of [[India]].		The history of the Rann of Kutch began with early [[neolithic]] settlements. It was later inhabited by the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] as well as the [[Maurya]] and [[Gupta empire]]s of [[India]].

	===Indus Valley Period===		===Indus Valley Period===
	The people of the Indus civilization appear to have settled in the Rann of Kutch around 3500 BCE.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Sengupta \|first1=Torsa \|title=Did the Harappan settlement of Dholavira (India) collapse during the onset of Meghalayan stage drought? \|journal=Journal of Quaternary Science \|year=2020 \|volume=35 \|issue=3 \|pages=382–395 \|doi=10.1002/jqs.3178 }}</ref> The Indus city of [[Dholavira]], the largest Indus site in India, is located in the Rann of Kutch. This city was built on the [[Tropic of Cancer]], possibly indicating that Dholavira's inhabitants were skilled in astronomy.<ref>{{cite ~~web~~ \|last1=Gopinath \|first1=P \|title=Ruins on the Tropic of Cancer \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/ruins-on-the-tropic-of-cancer/article19284214.ece \|website=The Hindu \|access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>		The people of the Indus civilization appear to have settled in the Rann of Kutch around 3500 BCE.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Sengupta \|first1=Torsa \|title=Did the Harappan settlement of Dholavira (India) collapse during the onset of Meghalayan stage drought? \|journal=Journal of Quaternary Science \|year=2020 \|volume=35 \|issue=3 \|pages=382–395 \|doi=10.1002/jqs.3178 \|bibcode=2020JQS....35..382S \|s2cid=214252156 }}</ref> The Indus city of [[Dholavira]], the largest Indus site in India, is located in the Rann of Kutch. This city was built on the [[Tropic of Cancer]], possibly indicating that Dholavira's inhabitants were skilled in astronomy.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Gopinath \|first1=P \|title=Ruins on the Tropic of Cancer \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/ruins-on-the-tropic-of-cancer/article19284214.ece \|website=The Hindu \|date=15 July 2017 \|access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>
	[[File:Dholavira East Gate.jpg\|thumb\|Ruins at Dholavira]] The Rann of Kutch also contained the industrial site of [[Khirasara]], where a warehouse was found.<ref>{{cite ~~web~~ \|last1=Subramanian \|first1=T \|title=Excavations reveal Khirsara a major industrial hub of Harappan era \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/excavations-reveal-khirsara-a-major-industrial-hub-of-harappan-era/article4994878.ece \|website=The Hindu \|access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>		[[File:Dholavira East Gate.jpg\|thumb\|Ruins at Dholavira]] The Rann of Kutch also contained the industrial site of [[Khirasara]], where a warehouse was found.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Subramanian \|first1=T \|title=Excavations reveal Khirsara a major industrial hub of Harappan era \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/excavations-reveal-khirsara-a-major-industrial-hub-of-harappan-era/article4994878.ece \|website=The Hindu \|date=6 August 2013 \|access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>

	Many Indologists such as A. S. Gaur and Mani Murali hold the view that the Rann of Kutch was, rather than the salt marsh that it is today, a navigable archipelago at the time of the Indus Civilization. The Indus Civilization was known to have an extensive maritime trade system, so it has been proposed by Gaur et al. that there were perhaps ports in the Rann of Kutch.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Gaur \|first1=A \|title=Was the Rann of Kachchh (Kutch) navigable during the Harappan times (Mid-Holocene)? An archaeological perspective \|date=September 2013 \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263580655 \|access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>		Many Indologists such as A. S. Gaur and Mani Murali hold the view that the Rann of Kutch was, rather than the salt marsh that it is today, a navigable archipelago at the time of the Indus Civilization. The Indus Civilization was known to have an extensive maritime trade system, so it has been proposed by Gaur et al. that there were perhaps ports in the Rann of Kutch.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Gaur \|first1=A \|title=Was the Rann of Kachchh (Kutch) navigable during the Harappan times (Mid-Holocene)? An archaeological perspective \|date=September 2013 \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263580655 \|access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>

	===Imperial Indian Period===		===Imperial Indian Period===
	The Rann of Kutch was a part of both the Maurya<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Mauryan Empire of Ancient India \|url=https://www.timemaps.com/civilizations/the-mauryan-~~empire~~/ \|website=Time Maps}}</ref> and Gupta<ref>{{cite web \|title=Gupta Empire \|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/image/3874/gupta-empire/ \|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]] \|access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref> empires of India.		The Rann of Kutch was a part of both the [[Maurya Empire\|Maurya]]<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Mauryan Empire of Ancient India \|url=https://www.timemaps.com/civilizations/the-mauryan-rrtttttttyyyyyempire/ \|website=Time Maps}}</ref> and [[Gupta Empire\|Gupta]]<ref>{{cite web \|title=Gupta Empire \|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/image/3874/gupta-empire/ \|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]] \|access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref> empires of India.

	===Colonial and Modern ~~Periods~~===		===Colonial and Modern periods===
	[[File:Rann Utsav Begins (11475093753).jpg\|thumb\|Folk Music at Rann Utsav]]		[[File:Rann Utsav Begins (11475093753).jpg\|thumb\|Folk Music at Rann Utsav]]
	The Rann of Kutch came under the control of the British Raj, who imposed a ban on salt harvesting. This ban was protested and overturned by Indian activist [[Gandhi\|Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Dalton \|last2=Gandhi \|first2=Mahatma \|title=Selected Political Writings \|url=https://archive.org/details/mahatmagandhisel00maha}}</ref> More recently, the residents of the Rann of Kutch began holding the Rann Utsav festival, a three-month long carnival, which marks the peak tourist season.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Eden \|first1=Noronha \|title=Immerse yourself in Gujarat's Rann Utsav \|url=https://www.femina.in/life/travel/all-the-excitement-of-gujarats-rann-utsav-141333.html \|website=Femina In \|access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>		The Rann of Kutch came under the control of the British Raj, who imposed a ban on salt harvesting. This ban was protested and overturned by Indian activist [[Gandhi\|Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Dalton \|last2=Gandhi \|first2=Mahatma \|title=Selected Political Writings \|year=1996 \|url=https://archive.org/details/mahatmagandhisel00maha}}</ref> More recently, the residents of the Rann of Kutch began holding the Rann Utsav festival, a three-month long carnival, which marks the peak tourist season.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Eden \|first1=Noronha \|title=Immerse yourself in Gujarat's Rann Utsav \|url=https://www.femina.in/life/travel/all-the-excitement-of-gujarats-rann-utsav-141333.html \|website=Femina In \|access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>

	==Conservation and protected areas==		==Conservation and protected areas==

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	== External links ==		== External links ==
	~~{{Source\|Wiki\|S}}~~
	* [http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0901 Southern Asia: Western India into Pakistan - Ecoregions]		* [http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0901 Southern Asia: Western India into Pakistan - Ecoregions]
	* [http://www.globalspecies.org/ecoregions/display/IM0901 Global Species : Ecoregion : Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh]		* [http://www.globalspecies.org/ecoregions/display/IM0901 Global Species : Ecoregion : Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh]
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	[[Category:Geography of India]]		[[Category:Geography of India]]
	[[Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan]]		[[Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan]]


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			== External links ==
	{{Source\|Wiki\|S}}		{{Source\|Wiki\|S}}
	~~==Other websites==~~
	* [http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0901 Southern Asia: Western India into Pakistan - Ecoregions]		* [http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0901 Southern Asia: Western India into Pakistan - Ecoregions]
	* [http://www.globalspecies.org/ecoregions/display/IM0901 Global Species : Ecoregion : Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh]		* [http://www.globalspecies.org/ecoregions/display/IM0901 Global Species : Ecoregion : Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh]

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	[[File:Nilgai group at Little Rann of kutch.JPG\|thumb\|360px\|[[Nilgai]] group at the Little Rann of Kachchh.]]		[[File:Nilgai group at Little Rann of kutch.JPG\|thumb\|360px\|[[Nilgai]] group at the Little Rann of Kachchh.]]
	The Rann of Kachchh is the only large [[Flooded grasslands]] zone in the whole Indo-Malayan region of the planet.<ref>[http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/rannofkutch_flooded_grasslands.cfm WWF - Rann of Kutch Flooded Grasslands]</ref>		The Rann of Kachchh is the only large [[Flooded grasslands]] zone in the whole Indo-Malayan region of the planet.<ref>[http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/rannofkutch_flooded_grasslands.cfm WWF - Rann of Kutch Flooded Grasslands]</ref>
	The fact that the area has desert on one side and the sea on the other provides the Rann of Kachchh with a variety of ecosystems, including [[Mangroves]] and [[Desert vegetation]].<ref>{{cite book\| last = Negi\| first = Sharad Singh\| title = Biosphere reserves in India: landuse, biodiversity and conservation\| year = 1996\| publisher = Indus Publishing\| isbn = 978-81-7387-043-9\| page = 221 }}</ref> The grassland and deserts of the Rann of Kachchh are home to forms of wildlife that have adapted to the often harsh conditions of this vast area. These include [[Endemic]] and [[Endangered]] animal and plant species.<ref name="sharma">{{cite book\| last = Sharma\| first = R.P.\| title = The Indian forester, Volume 127, Issues 7-12\| url = https://books.google.com/?id=o-csAQAAMAAJ\| year = 10 Nov 2011\| publisher = University of Minnesota }}</ref> The marsh covers an area of around {{convert\|25000\|km2}}. It is between the [[Gulf of Kutch]] and the mouth of the [[Indus River]] in southern Pakistan.		The fact that the area has desert on one side and the sea on the other provides the Rann of Kachchh with a variety of ecosystems, including [[Mangroves]] and [[Desert vegetation]].<ref name="Negi 1996 221">{{cite book\| last = Negi\| first = Sharad Singh\| title = Biosphere reserves in India: landuse, biodiversity and conservation\| year = 1996\| publisher = Indus Publishing\| isbn = 978-81-7387-043-9\| page = 221 }}</ref> The grassland and deserts of the Rann of Kachchh are home to forms of wildlife that have adapted to the often harsh conditions of this vast area. These include [[Endemic]] and [[Endangered]] animal and plant species.<ref name="sharma">{{cite book\| last = Sharma\| first = R.P.\| title = The Indian forester, Volume 127, Issues 7-12\| url = https://books.google.com/?id=o-csAQAAMAAJ\| year = 10 Nov 2011\| publisher = University of Minnesota }}</ref> The marsh covers an area of around {{convert\|25000\|km2}}. It is between the [[Gulf of Kutch]] and the mouth of the [[Indus River]] in southern Pakistan.

	The region is important for [[Biodiversity]].<ref~~>{{cite book\| last~~ = Negi~~\| first = Sharad Singh\| title = Biosphere reserves in India: landuse, biodiversity and conservation\| year =~~ 1996~~\| publisher = Indus Publishing\| isbn = 978-81-7387-043-9\| page =~~ 221 ~~}}<~~/~~ref~~><ref name=sharma />		The region is important for [[Biodiversity]].<ref name="Negi 1996 221"/><ref name=sharma />

	==Handicrafts==		==Handicrafts==
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			{{Source\|Wiki\|S}}
	==Other websites==		==Other websites==
	* [http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0901 Southern Asia: Western India into Pakistan - Ecoregions]		* [http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0901 Southern Asia: Western India into Pakistan - Ecoregions]

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'''Rann of Kutch''' (Urdu:رن کچھ) is a large area of [[Salt marsh]]es located mostly in [[Gujarat]] (primarily the [[Kutch District]]), [[Republic of India]] and the southern tip of Sindh province, [[Pakistan]]. It is divided into two main parts; [[Great Rann of Kutch]] and [[Little Rann of Kutch]]. It is entirely claimed by Pakistan as part of [[Sindh]]. It is about {{convert|7505.22|sqkm|sqmi|2|lk=on}} big and is reputed to be the largest salt desert in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gujarat Tourism Document|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/downloads/nov_2008.pdf|publisher=Gujarattourism.com|accessdate=22 November 2013|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225131441/https://www.gujarattourism.com/downloads/nov_2008.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Rann of Kachchh is [[Homeland]] of the [[Kutchi people]].

==Geography==
[[File:Gujarat Gulfs.jpg|thumb|300px|Rann of Kutch is in the top left in [[Turquoise (color)|turquoise colour]].]]
The Rann of Kachchh is located in the [[Thar Desert]] bio-geographic area in Gujarat with some parts in Pakistani province of Sindh. It is a seasonally marshy region, the word ''Rann'' meaning "salt marsh", alternating with ''medaks'', elevated pieces of land where vegetation grows.

[[Kutch District|Kachchh]] is the name of the District currently in Gujarat ([[Western India]]), but as part of Sindh where this region is situated. The [[Marsh]] covers a huge area of around 10,000 square miles and is positioned between the [[Gulf of Kutch]] and the mouth of the [[Indus River]] in southern Pakistan. To the northeast corner of the Rann of Kachchh lies the [[Luni River]], originating in Sakastan.

==Republic of India-Pakistan disputed border==
This inhospitable salty lowland, rich in [[Natural gas]], is one scene of the perennial border disputes between Bharat and Pakistan that, in April 1965, contributed to the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. Later the same year, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Wilson persuaded the combatants to end hostilities and establish a [[Tribunal]] to resolve the [[Territorial dispute]]. A verdict was reached in 1968 which saw Pakistan getting 10% of its claim of {{convert|9100|km2|sqmi|-2}}. 90% was awarded to India, although India still claims 100% of the region. Tensions may spurt again if the issue one many between them is not resolved.

==Ecological importance==
[[File:Nilgai group at Little Rann of kutch.JPG|thumb|360px|[[Nilgai]] group at the Little Rann of Kachchh.]]
The Rann of Kachchh is the only large [[Flooded grasslands]] zone in the whole Indo-Malayan region of the planet.<ref>[http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/rannofkutch_flooded_grasslands.cfm WWF - Rann of Kutch Flooded Grasslands]</ref>
The fact that the area has desert on one side and the sea on the other provides the Rann of Kachchh with a variety of ecosystems, including [[Mangroves]] and [[Desert vegetation]].<ref>{{cite book| last = Negi| first = Sharad Singh| title = Biosphere reserves in India: landuse, biodiversity and conservation| year = 1996| publisher = Indus Publishing| isbn = 978-81-7387-043-9| page = 221 }}</ref> The grassland and deserts of the Rann of Kachchh are home to forms of wildlife that have adapted to the often harsh conditions of this vast area. These include [[Endemic]] and [[Endangered]] animal and plant species.<ref name="sharma">{{cite book| last = Sharma| first = R.P.| title = The Indian forester, Volume 127, Issues 7-12| url = https://books.google.com/?id=o-csAQAAMAAJ| year = 10 Nov 2011| publisher = University of Minnesota }}</ref> The marsh covers an area of around {{convert|25000|km2}}. It is between the [[Gulf of Kutch]] and the mouth of the [[Indus River]] in southern Pakistan.

The region is important for [[Biodiversity]].<ref>{{cite book| last = Negi| first = Sharad Singh| title = Biosphere reserves in India: landuse, biodiversity and conservation| year = 1996| publisher = Indus Publishing| isbn = 978-81-7387-043-9| page = 221 }}</ref><ref name=sharma />

==Handicrafts==
[[File:Tribe woman, India.jpg|thumb|A Traditionally dressed Kutchi Woman showing handicrafts designed by her.]]
The unique handicrafts of Kutch are world famous.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=1668&lang=English |title=Rann Utsav 2009 | Fairs & Festivals | Home |publisher=Gujarat Tourism |accessdate=22 November 2013 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225131444/https://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=1668&lang=English%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lot of women and young girls make their living by selling different types of embroidered cloths. The embroidery is of various styles such as Rabari, Ahir, Sindhi, Banni, Mutwa, Ari and Soof - and some styles include mirror or bead inlay.

==Related pages==
* [[Kori Creek]]
* [[Sindh]]
* [[Kutch District]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
* [http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0901 Southern Asia: Western India into Pakistan - Ecoregions]
* [http://www.globalspecies.org/ecoregions/display/IM0901 Global Species : Ecoregion : Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh]

{{coord|24|05|11|N|70|38|16|E|display=title|region:IN_type:waterbody_source:nlwiki}}
{{multistub|Geo|Asia}}

[[Category:Deserts of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Geography of India]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan]]