Rani Gaidinliu - Revision history

UpdateBot at 14:12, 8 June 2022

2022-06-08T14:12:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:42, 8 June 2022
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	\| image = Rani Gaidinliu 1996 stamp of India.jpg		\| image = Rani Gaidinliu 1996 stamp of India.jpg
	\| caption = Rani Gaidinliu on a 1996 stamp of India		\| caption = Rani Gaidinliu on a 1996 stamp of India
	\| birth_name =		\| birth_name = Gaidinliu Pamei
	\| birth_date = {{Birth date\|1915\|01\|26\|df=y}}		\| birth_date = {{Birth date\|1915\|01\|26\|df=y}}
	\| birth_place = Nungkao village, [[Manipur (princely state)\|Manipur]], British India		\| birth_place = Nungkao village, [[Manipur (princely state)\|Manipur]], British India
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	\| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1982), Tamrapatra Freedom Fighter Award (1972), Vivekananda Seva Award (1983)		\| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1982), Tamrapatra Freedom Fighter Award (1972), Vivekananda Seva Award (1983)
	}}		}}
	'''Gaidinliu''' (26 January 1915 – 17 February 1993) was a [[Naga people\|Naga]] spiritual and political leader who led a revolt against [[British rule in India\|British rule]] in [[India]].<ref name="Kusumlata2002">{{cite book \| author=Kusumlata Nayyar \| title=Rani Gaidinliu \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Mm6puVRqGAC \| access-date=12 June 2013 \| year=2002 \| publisher=Ocean Books \| isbn=978-81-88322-09-1}}</ref> At the age of 13, she joined the [[Heraka]] religious movement of her cousin [[Haipou Jadonang]]. The movement later turned into a political movement seeking to drive out the British from [[Manipur]] and the surrounding [[Naga people\|Naga]] areas. Within the Heraka faith, she came to be considered an incarnation of the Goddess Cherachamdinliu.<ref name="Arkotong2010">{{cite book \| author=Arkotong Longkumer \| title=Reform, Identity and Narratives of Belonging: The Heraka Movement in Northeast India \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6HR3bjokSUC&pg=PA176 \| access-date=12 June 2013 \| date=4 May 2010 \| publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group \| isbn=978-0-8264-3970-3 \| pages=162–176}}</ref> Gaidinliu was arrested in 1932 at the age of 16, and was sentenced to life imprisonment by the British rulers. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] met her at Shillong Jail in 1937, and promised to pursue her release. Nehru gave her the title of "Rani" ("Queen"), and she gained local popularity as '''Rani Gaidinliu'''.		'''Gaidinliu Pamei''' (26 January 1915 – 17 February 1993) popularly known as '''Rani Gaidinliu''' was a [[Naga people\|Naga]] spiritual and political leader who led a revolt against [[British rule in India\|British rule]] in [[India]].<ref name="Kusumlata2002">{{cite book \| author=Kusumlata Nayyar \| title=Rani Gaidinliu \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Mm6puVRqGAC \| access-date=12 June 2013 \| year=2002 \| publisher=Ocean Books \| isbn=978-81-88322-09-1}}</ref> At the age of 13, she joined the [[Heraka]] religious movement of her cousin [[Haipou Jadonang]]. The movement later turned into a political movement seeking to drive out the British from [[Manipur]] and the surrounding [[Naga people\|Naga]] areas. Within the Heraka faith, she came to be considered an incarnation of the Goddess Cherachamdinliu.<ref name="Arkotong2010">{{cite book \| author=Arkotong Longkumer \| title=Reform, Identity and Narratives of Belonging: The Heraka Movement in Northeast India \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6HR3bjokSUC&pg=PA176 \| access-date=12 June 2013 \| date=4 May 2010 \| publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group \| isbn=978-0-8264-3970-3 \| pages=162–176}}</ref> Gaidinliu was arrested in 1932 at the age of 16, and was sentenced to life imprisonment by the British rulers. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] met her at Shillong Jail in 1937, and promised to pursue her release. Nehru gave her the title of "Rani" ("Queen"), and she gained local popularity as '''Rani Gaidinliu'''.

	She was released in 1947 after [[Partition of India\|India's independence]], and continued to work for the upliftment of her people. An advocate of the ancestral Naga religious practices, she staunchly resisted the conversion of Nagas to Christianity. She was honoured as a freedom fighter and was awarded a [[Padma Bhushan]] by the Government of India.		She was released in 1947 after [[Partition of India\|India's independence]], and continued to work for the upliftment of her people. An advocate of the ancestral Naga religious practices, she staunchly resisted the conversion of Nagas to Christianity. She was honoured as a freedom fighter and was awarded a [[Padma Bhushan]] by the Government of India.

42.109.146.61: /* As Haipou Jadonang's disciple */

2021-10-29T13:28:19Z

As Haipou Jadonang's disciple

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:58, 29 October 2021
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	{{unreferenced section\|date=July 2021}}		{{unreferenced section\|date=July 2021}}

	In 1927, when she was just 13, Gaidinliu joined the ''[[Heraka]]'' movement of her cousin [[Haipou Jadonang]], who had emerged as a prominent local leader. Jadonang's movement was a revival of ~~the Naga~~ tribal religion~~. It also aimed to end the British rule and establish the self-rule of the Nagas (''Naga Raj'')~~. It attracted a number of followers from the Zeliangrong tribes (the [[Zeme Naga\|Zeme]], [[Liangmei Naga\|Liangmai]] and [[Rongmei Naga\|Rongmei]]). ~~With the arrival of guns from [[Cachar]], it turned into an armed rebellion against~~ the British ~~policies of forced labour and ruthless oppression~~.		In 1927, when she was just 13, Gaidinliu joined the ''[[Heraka]]'' movement of her cousin [[Haipou Jadonang]], who had emerged as a prominent local leader. Jadonang's movement was a revival of a tribal religion. It attracted a number of followers from the Zeliangrong tribes (the [[Zeme Naga\|Zeme]], [[Liangmei Naga\|Liangmai]] and [[Rongmei Naga\|Rongmei]]). Jadonang was convicted and hanged by the British for killing few Manipur merchants.
			Persuaded by Jadonang's ideology and principles, Gaidinliu became his disciple and a part of the movement against the British. In three years, by the age of 16, she was also accused of creating communal unrest against Kukis and the British wanted to arrest her. So she was mobilizing people against the British and their rule, finally arrested by the British for her calamity against the Kukis.
	Persuaded by Jadonang's ideology and principles, Gaidinliu became his disciple and a part of ~~his~~ movement against the British. In three years, by the age of 16, she ~~became a leader~~ of ~~[[guerrilla warfare\|guerrilla]] forces fighting~~ against the British ~~rulers~~.

	== Rebellion and incarceration ==		== Rebellion and incarceration ==
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	She openly rebelled against the British rule, exhorting the Zeliangrong people not to pay taxes. She received donations from the local Nagas, many of whom also joined her as volunteers. The British authorities launched a manhunt for her. She evaded arrest by the police, moving across villages in what are now [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Manipur]]. The Governor of [[Colonial Assam\|Assam]] dispatched the 3rd and 4th battalions of the [[Assam Rifles]] against her, under the supervision of the [[Naga Hills District, British India\|Naga Hills]] Deputy Commissioner JP Mills. Monetary rewards were declared for information leading to her arrest: this included a declaration that any village providing information on her whereabouts will get a 10-year tax break. Her forces engaged the Assam Rifles in armed conflicts in the North Cachar Hills (16 February 1932) and the Hangrum village (18 March 1932).{{Citation needed\|date=July 2021}}		She openly rebelled against the British rule, exhorting the Zeliangrong people not to pay taxes. She received donations from the local Nagas, many of whom also joined her as volunteers. The British authorities launched a manhunt for her. She evaded arrest by the police, moving across villages in what are now [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Manipur]]. The Governor of [[Colonial Assam\|Assam]] dispatched the 3rd and 4th battalions of the [[Assam Rifles]] against her, under the supervision of the [[Naga Hills District, British India\|Naga Hills]] Deputy Commissioner JP Mills. Monetary rewards were declared for information leading to her arrest: this included a declaration that any village providing information on her whereabouts will get a 10-year tax break. Her forces engaged the Assam Rifles in armed conflicts in the North Cachar Hills (16 February 1932) and the Hangrum village (18 March 1932).{{Citation needed\|date=July 2021}}

	In October 1932, Gaidinliu moved to the Pulomi village, where her followers started building a wooden fortress. While the fortress was under construction, an Assam Rifles contingent headed by Captain MacDonald launched a surprise attack on the village on 17 October 1932. Gaidinliu, along with her followers, was arrested without any resistance near the Kenoma village. Gaidinliu denied that she had any role in the attack on the Hangrum post of the Assam Rifles or the construction of the fort.<ref name="Arkotong2010"/> In December 1932, her followers from the Leng and the Bopungwemi villages murdered the [[Kuki people\|Kuki]] [[chowkidar]] (watchman) of the Lakema Inspection Bungalow in the Naga Hills, suspecting him to be the informer who led to her arrest. Gaidinliu was taken to [[Imphal]], where she was convicted on the charges of murder and abetment of murder after a 10-month trial. She was sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] by the Political Agent's Court for abetment of murder.<ref>[~~https~~:~~//archive.org/details/~~historyofthefron035444mbp History Of the Frontier Areas Bordering On Assam 1883–1941] by Sir Robert Reid, page 86.</ref> Most of her associates were either executed or jailed.<ref name="Outlook_2005"/>		In October 1932, Gaidinliu moved to the Pulomi village, where her followers started building a wooden fortress. While the fortress was under construction, an Assam Rifles contingent headed by Captain MacDonald launched a surprise attack on the village on 17 October 1932. Gaidinliu, along with her followers, was arrested without any resistance near the Kenoma village. Gaidinliu denied that she had any role in the attack on the Hangrum post of the Assam Rifles or the construction of the fort.<ref name="Arkotong2010"/> In December 1932, her followers from the Leng and the Bopungwemi villages murdered the [[Kuki people\|Kuki]] [[chowkidar]] (watchman) of the Lakema Inspection Bungalow in the Naga Hills, suspecting him to be the informer who led to her arrest. Gaidinliu was taken to [[Imphal]], where she was convicted on the charges of murder and abetment of murder after a 10-month trial. She was sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] by the Political Agent's Court for abetment of murder.<ref>[[iarchive:historyofthefron035444mbp\|History Of the Frontier Areas Bordering On Assam 1883–1941]] by [[Robert Niel Reid\|Sir Robert Reid]], page 86.</ref> Most of her associates were either executed or jailed.<ref name="Outlook_2005"/>

	She established tribal organization like Kabni Samiti in 1934.<ref>https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tribal_Freedom_Fighters_of_India/OEs1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover</ref>		She established tribal organization like Kabni Samiti in 1934.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tribal_Freedom_Fighters_of_India/OEs1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover\|isbn=9788123025216\|title=Tribal Freedom Fighters of India\|date=30 August 2017\|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting}}</ref>

	From 1933 to 1947 she served time at the [[Guwahati]], [[Shillong]], [[Aizawl]] and [[Tura, Meghalaya\|Tura]] jails. Many rebels proclaimed her and Jadonang to be their inspiration in refusing to pay taxes to the British. However, her movement declined after the last of her followers, Dikeo and Ramjo, were arrested in 1933. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] met her at the Shillong Jail in 1937 and he promised to pursue her release. His statement, published in the [[Hindustan Times]], described Gaidinliu as a daughter of the hills and he gave her the title 'Rani' or Queen of her people. Nehru wrote to the British [[Member of Parliament\|MP]] [[Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor\|Lady Astor]] to do something for the release of Rani Gaidinliu but the [[Secretary of State for India]] rejected her request stating that trouble may rise again if Rani was released.{{Citation needed\|date=July 2021}}		From 1933 to 1947 she served time at the [[Guwahati]], [[Shillong]], [[Aizawl]] and [[Tura, Meghalaya\|Tura]] jails. Many rebels proclaimed her and Jadonang to be their inspiration in refusing to pay taxes to the British. However, her movement declined after the last of her followers, Dikeo and Ramjo, were arrested in 1933. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] met her at the Shillong Jail in 1937 and he promised to pursue her release. His statement, published in the [[Hindustan Times]], described Gaidinliu as a daughter of the hills and he gave her the title 'Rani' or Queen of her people. Nehru wrote to the British [[Member of Parliament\|MP]] [[Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor\|Lady Astor]] to do something for the release of Rani Gaidinliu but the [[Secretary of State for India]] rejected her request stating that trouble may rise again if Rani was released.{{Citation needed\|date=July 2021}}
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	During her stay at [[Kohima]], she was conferred "Tamrapatra Freedom Fighter Award" in 1972, the [[Padma Bhushan]] (1982)<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web \| url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf \| title=Padma Awards \| publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India \| date=2015 \| access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> and the [[Swami Vivekananda\|Vivekananda Seva Award]] (1983).{{Citation needed\|date=July 2021}}		During her stay at [[Kohima]], she was conferred "Tamrapatra Freedom Fighter Award" in 1972, the [[Padma Bhushan]] (1982)<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web \| url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf \| title=Padma Awards \| publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India \| date=2015 \| access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> and the [[Swami Vivekananda\|Vivekananda Seva Award]] (1983).{{Citation needed\|date=July 2021}}

			== Awards ==

			* Tamrapatra Freedom Fighter Award-1972
			* [[Padma Bhushan]]-1982
			* [[Swami Vivekananda\|Vivekananda Seva Award]]-1983
			* ''[[Birsa Munda]] Award-''posthumously

	== Death ==		== Death ==
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	[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the inauguration of the birth centenary of Rani Gaidinliu, in New Delhi on August 24, 2015 (2).jpg\|thumb\|Inauguration of the celebrations of the centenary of Rani Gaidinliu, New Delhi, 2015]]		[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the inauguration of the birth centenary of Rani Gaidinliu, in New Delhi on August 24, 2015 (2).jpg\|thumb\|Inauguration of the celebrations of the centenary of Rani Gaidinliu, New Delhi, 2015]]

	Because of the Heraka movement's hostility towards [[Christianity]], Gaidinliu's heroics were not acknowledged highly among the Nagas, most of whom had converted to Christianity by the 1960s. The [[Naga nationalism\|Naga nationalist]] groups don't recognize her either, because she was considered close to the Government of India. When the Hindu nationalist [[Sangh Parivar]] aligned with the Heraka movement in the 1970s, the perception that she was a promoter of [[Hinduism]] grew stronger among the Christian Nagas.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rani-gaidinliu-a-naga-queen-and-the-spin-machine/article1-1358573.aspx \|title=Rani Gaidinliu: A Naga queen and BJP's spin machine \|author=Rahul Karmakar \|date=14 June 2015 \|newspaper=Hindustan Times }}</ref>		Because of the Heraka movement's hostility towards [[Christianity]], Gaidinliu's heroics were not acknowledged highly among the Nagas, most of whom had converted to Christianity by the 1960s. The [[Naga nationalism\|Naga nationalist]] groups don't recognize her either, because she was considered close to the Government of India. When the Hindu nationalist [[Sangh Parivar]] aligned with the Heraka movement in the 1970s, the perception that she was a promoter of [[Hinduism]] grew stronger among the Christian Nagas.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rani-gaidinliu-a-naga-queen-and-the-spin-machine/article1-1358573.aspx \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614115025/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rani-gaidinliu-a-naga-queen-and-the-spin-machine/article1-1358573.aspx \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=14 June 2015 \|title=Rani Gaidinliu: A Naga queen and BJP's spin machine \|author=Rahul Karmakar \|date=14 June 2015 \|newspaper=Hindustan Times }}</ref>

	In 2015, when the Central government and [[T. R. Zeliang]]'s state government decided to construct a Gaidinliu memorial hall, several civil society organizations in the [[Nagaland]] state opposed the move.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Nagaland-Outfit-Joins-Chorus-Against-Rani-Memorial/2015/08/23/article2988745.ece1 \|title=Nagaland Outfit Joins Chorus Against Rani Memorial \|date=23 August 2015 \|author=Prasanta Mazumdar \|newspaper=Indian Express }}</ref>		In 2015, when the Central government and [[T. R. Zeliang]]'s state government decided to construct a Gaidinliu memorial hall, several civil society organizations in the [[Nagaland]] state opposed the move.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Nagaland-Outfit-Joins-Chorus-Against-Rani-Memorial/2015/08/23/article2988745.ece1 \|title=Nagaland Outfit Joins Chorus Against Rani Memorial \|date=23 August 2015 \|author=Prasanta Mazumdar \|newspaper=Indian Express }}</ref>
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	[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]		[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
	[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]		[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
	~~[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]~~
	[[Category:Women in Manipur politics]]		[[Category:Women in Manipur politics]]
	[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]		[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
	[[Category:~~Indian women social~~ workers]]		[[Category:Social workers]]
	[[Category:Indigenous people]]		[[Category:Indigenous people]]
	[[Category:Women educators from Manipur]]		[[Category:Women educators from Manipur]]

>Peter Ormond at 19:41, 7 July 2021

2021-07-07T19:41:05Z

New page

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2021}}
{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Rani
| name = Gaidinliu
| alt =
| image = Rani Gaidinliu 1996 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Rani Gaidinliu on a 1996 stamp of India
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1915|01|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = Nungkao village, [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1993|02|17|1915|01|26|df=y}}
| death_place = Longkao, [[Manipur]], India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Spiritual and political leader of the [[Zeliangrong]] [[Naga people|Nagas]]
| known_for = Armed resistance against the [[British Raj]]
| mother = Karotlienliu
| father = Lothanang
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1982), Tamrapatra Freedom Fighter Award (1972), Vivekananda Seva Award (1983)
}}
'''Gaidinliu''' (26 January 1915 – 17 February 1993) was a [[Naga people|Naga]] spiritual and political leader who led a revolt against [[British rule in India|British rule]] in [[India]].<ref name="Kusumlata2002">{{cite book | author=Kusumlata Nayyar | title=Rani Gaidinliu | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Mm6puVRqGAC | access-date=12 June 2013 | year=2002 | publisher=Ocean Books | isbn=978-81-88322-09-1}}</ref> At the age of 13, she joined the [[Heraka]] religious movement of her cousin [[Haipou Jadonang]]. The movement later turned into a political movement seeking to drive out the British from [[Manipur]] and the surrounding [[Naga people|Naga]] areas. Within the Heraka faith, she came to be considered an incarnation of the Goddess Cherachamdinliu.<ref name="Arkotong2010">{{cite book | author=Arkotong Longkumer | title=Reform, Identity and Narratives of Belonging: The Heraka Movement in Northeast India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6HR3bjokSUC&pg=PA176 | access-date=12 June 2013 | date=4 May 2010 | publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group | isbn=978-0-8264-3970-3 | pages=162–176}}</ref> Gaidinliu was arrested in 1932 at the age of 16, and was sentenced to life imprisonment by the British rulers. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] met her at Shillong Jail in 1937, and promised to pursue her release. Nehru gave her the title of "Rani" ("Queen"), and she gained local popularity as '''Rani Gaidinliu'''.

She was released in 1947 after [[Partition of India|India's independence]], and continued to work for the upliftment of her people. An advocate of the ancestral Naga religious practices, she staunchly resisted the conversion of Nagas to Christianity. She was honoured as a freedom fighter and was awarded a [[Padma Bhushan]] by the Government of India.

== Early life ==

Gaidinliu was born on 26 January 1915 at Nungkao (or Longkao) village in the present-day Tousem sub-division of [[Tamenglong District]], Manipur. She was from the [[Rongmei Naga]] tribe (also known as Kabui). She was the fifth of eight children, including six sisters and a younger brother, born to Lothonang Pamei and Kachaklenliu.<ref>[http://www.india-north-east.com/2011/07/rani-gaidinliu-true-freedom-fighter.html Rani Gaidinliu – the true freedom fighter], ''India-north-east.com''</ref> The family belonged to the ruling clan of the village.<ref>[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jan3012/state07 97th birth anniversary of Rani Gaidinliu observed]. Assam Tribune, 30 January 2012.</ref> She did not have a formal education due to the lack of schools in the area.<ref name="Outlook_2005">[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?228368 The Rani Of The Nagas] by Pritam Sengupta. Outlook, 22 August 2005.</ref>

== As Haipou Jadonang's disciple ==

{{unreferenced section|date=July 2021}}

In 1927, when she was just 13, Gaidinliu joined the ''[[Heraka]]'' movement of her cousin [[Haipou Jadonang]], who had emerged as a prominent local leader. Jadonang's movement was a revival of the Naga tribal religion. It also aimed to end the British rule and establish the self-rule of the Nagas (''Naga Raj''). It attracted a number of followers from the Zeliangrong tribes (the [[Zeme Naga|Zeme]], [[Liangmei Naga|Liangmai]] and [[Rongmei Naga|Rongmei]]). With the arrival of guns from [[Cachar]], it turned into an armed rebellion against the British policies of forced labour and ruthless oppression.

Persuaded by Jadonang's ideology and principles, Gaidinliu became his disciple and a part of his movement against the British. In three years, by the age of 16, she became a leader of [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] forces fighting against the British rulers.

== Rebellion and incarceration ==

After Jadonang was arrested and hanged by the British in 1931, Gaidinliu emerged as his spiritual and political heir.<ref name="SSShashi1996">{{cite book | author=S. S. Shashi | title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Q4wAQAAIAAJ | access-date=12 June 2013 | year=1996 | publisher=Anmol Publications | isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 | page = 1270 }}</ref>

She openly rebelled against the British rule, exhorting the Zeliangrong people not to pay taxes. She received donations from the local Nagas, many of whom also joined her as volunteers. The British authorities launched a manhunt for her. She evaded arrest by the police, moving across villages in what are now [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Manipur]]. The Governor of [[Colonial Assam|Assam]] dispatched the 3rd and 4th battalions of the [[Assam Rifles]] against her, under the supervision of the [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills]] Deputy Commissioner JP Mills. Monetary rewards were declared for information leading to her arrest: this included a declaration that any village providing information on her whereabouts will get a 10-year tax break. Her forces engaged the Assam Rifles in armed conflicts in the North Cachar Hills (16 February 1932) and the Hangrum village (18 March 1932).{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

In October 1932, Gaidinliu moved to the Pulomi village, where her followers started building a wooden fortress. While the fortress was under construction, an Assam Rifles contingent headed by Captain MacDonald launched a surprise attack on the village on 17 October 1932. Gaidinliu, along with her followers, was arrested without any resistance near the Kenoma village. Gaidinliu denied that she had any role in the attack on the Hangrum post of the Assam Rifles or the construction of the fort.<ref name="Arkotong2010"/> In December 1932, her followers from the Leng and the Bopungwemi villages murdered the [[Kuki people|Kuki]] [[chowkidar]] (watchman) of the Lakema Inspection Bungalow in the Naga Hills, suspecting him to be the informer who led to her arrest. Gaidinliu was taken to [[Imphal]], where she was convicted on the charges of murder and abetment of murder after a 10-month trial. She was sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] by the Political Agent's Court for abetment of murder.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/historyofthefron035444mbp History Of the Frontier Areas Bordering On Assam 1883–1941] by Sir Robert Reid, page 86.</ref> Most of her associates were either executed or jailed.<ref name="Outlook_2005"/>

She established tribal organization like Kabni Samiti in 1934.<ref>https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tribal_Freedom_Fighters_of_India/OEs1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover</ref>

From 1933 to 1947 she served time at the [[Guwahati]], [[Shillong]], [[Aizawl]] and [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]] jails. Many rebels proclaimed her and Jadonang to be their inspiration in refusing to pay taxes to the British. However, her movement declined after the last of her followers, Dikeo and Ramjo, were arrested in 1933. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] met her at the Shillong Jail in 1937 and he promised to pursue her release. His statement, published in the [[Hindustan Times]], described Gaidinliu as a daughter of the hills and he gave her the title 'Rani' or Queen of her people. Nehru wrote to the British [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor|Lady Astor]] to do something for the release of Rani Gaidinliu but the [[Secretary of State for India]] rejected her request stating that trouble may rise again if Rani was released.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

== Life in independent India ==

After the [[Interim Government of India]] was set up in 1946, Rani Gaidinliu was released on [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] Nehru's orders from Tura jail, having spent 14 years in various prisons. She continued to work for the upliftment of her people after her release. She stayed at Vimrap village of [[Tuensang]] with her younger brother Marang till 1952. In 1952, she was finally allowed to move back to her native village of Longkao. In 1953, Prime Minister Nehru visited Imphal where Rani Gaidinliu met and conveyed to him the gratitude and goodwill of her people. Later she met Nehru in [[Delhi]] to discuss the development and welfare of Zeliangrong people.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Gaidinliu was opposed to the [[Naga National Council]] (NNC) insurgents, who advocated secessionism from India. Instead, she campaigned for a separate Zeliangrong territory within the Union of India.<ref name="Arkotong2010"/>{{rp|147}} The rebel Naga leaders criticized Gaidinliu’s movement for the integration of Zeliangrong tribes under one administrative unit. They were also opposed to her working for the revival of the traditional Naga religion of animism or ''[[Heraka]]''. The NNC leaders considered her actions an obstacle to their own movement. The [[Nagaland Baptist Church Council|Baptist]] leaders deemed the ''Heraka'' revival movement anti-Christian and she was warned of serious consequences if she were not to change her stand. In order to defend the ''Heraka'' culture and to strengthen her position, she went underground in 1960.<ref name="Amit1976">{{cite book | author=Amit Kumar Nag | title=Rani Gaidinliu: A Study of the Jadonang Movement of the Nagas | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNgzAAAAMAAJ | access-date=12 June 2013 | year=1976 | publisher=Tribal Mirror Publications | page = 18 }}</ref>

In 1966, after six years of hard underground life in old age, under an agreement with the [[Government of India]], Rani Gaidinliu came out from her jungle hideout to work for the betterment of her people through peaceful, democratic and non-violent means. She went to Kohima on 20 January 1966, and met the Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in Delhi on 21 February 1966, demanding the creation of a separate Zeliangrong administrative unit. On 24 September 320 of her followers surrendered at Henima. Some of them were absorbed into the [[Nagaland Police|Nagaland Armed Police]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

During her stay at [[Kohima]], she was conferred "Tamrapatra Freedom Fighter Award" in 1972, the [[Padma Bhushan]] (1982)<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> and the [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda Seva Award]] (1983).{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

== Death ==
In 1991, Gaidinliu returned to her birthplace Longkao, where she died on 17 February 1993 at the age of 78.<ref>[http://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=345%3Arani-gaidinliu&catid=26%3Aaugust-&Itemid=8 Rani Gaidinliu]. Eastern Panorama.</ref><ref>[http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.News_Links.News_Links_2012.Remembering_Rani_Gaidinliu_and_her_legacy_20120225 Remembering Rani Gaidinliu and her legacy]. E-pao.net. Retrieved on 29 November 2018.</ref>

The [[Governor of Manipur]], [[Chintamani Panigrahi]], the Home Secretary of Nagaland, officials from Manipur and many people from all parts of the [[North-East India|North Eastern region]] attended her funeral at her native village. In Imphal, the [[Chief Minister of Manipur]] [[Raj Kumar Dorendra Singh|R.K. Dorendra Singh]], Deputy Chief Minister, [[Rishang Keishing]] and others paid floral tributes and a general holiday was declared by the [[Government of Manipur|State Government]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Rani Gaidinliu was also conferred the ''[[Birsa Munda]] Award'' posthumously. The [[Government of India]] issued a postal stamp in her honour in 1996. The Government of India issued a commemorative coin in her honour in 2015.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pm-narendra-modi-honours-legendary-freedom-fighter-from-north-east Commemorative Coin]. Indianexpress.com. Retrieved on 29 November 2018.</ref>

== Legacy ==

[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the inauguration of the birth centenary of Rani Gaidinliu, in New Delhi on August 24, 2015 (2).jpg|thumb|Inauguration of the celebrations of the centenary of Rani Gaidinliu, New Delhi, 2015]]

Because of the Heraka movement's hostility towards [[Christianity]], Gaidinliu's heroics were not acknowledged highly among the Nagas, most of whom had converted to Christianity by the 1960s. The [[Naga nationalism|Naga nationalist]] groups don't recognize her either, because she was considered close to the Government of India. When the Hindu nationalist [[Sangh Parivar]] aligned with the Heraka movement in the 1970s, the perception that she was a promoter of [[Hinduism]] grew stronger among the Christian Nagas.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rani-gaidinliu-a-naga-queen-and-the-spin-machine/article1-1358573.aspx |title=Rani Gaidinliu: A Naga queen and BJP's spin machine |author=Rahul Karmakar |date=14 June 2015 |newspaper=Hindustan Times }}</ref>

In 2015, when the Central government and [[T. R. Zeliang]]'s state government decided to construct a Gaidinliu memorial hall, several civil society organizations in the [[Nagaland]] state opposed the move.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Nagaland-Outfit-Joins-Chorus-Against-Rani-Memorial/2015/08/23/article2988745.ece1 |title=Nagaland Outfit Joins Chorus Against Rani Memorial |date=23 August 2015 |author=Prasanta Mazumdar |newspaper=Indian Express }}</ref>

== References ==
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{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
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[[Category:1915 births]]
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