Rana Sanga - Revision history

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	{{Short description\|Maharana of Mewar from 1508–1528}}		{{Short description\|Maharana of Mewar from 1508–1528}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2015}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2015}}
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	{{Infobox royalty		{{Infobox royalty
	\| name = Rana Sanga		\| name = Rana Sanga
			\| title = {{plainlist\|*'''[[Maharana]]'''
			*'''Hindupati''' <ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://archive.org/details/rajasthanthroughtheagesvol1bakshis.r._751_U/page/200/mode/1up?view=theater\|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages Vol 1 Bakshi S. R.}}</ref>}}
	\| alt = Rana Sanga		\| alt = Rana Sanga
	\| caption = Rana Sanga		\| caption = 20th century depiction of Rana Sanga
	\| succession = [[Rana (title)\|Rana]] of [[Mewar]]		\| succession = [[Rana (title)\|Rana]] of [[Mewar]]
	\| image = Depiction of king Rana Sanga.jpg		\| image = Depiction of king Rana Sanga.jpg
	\| reign = 1508–1528		\| reign = 1508–1528
			\| coronation = 1508 CE {{sfn\|Sharma\|1954\|p=12-13}}
	\| predecessor = [[Rana Raimal]]		\| predecessor = [[Rana Raimal]]
	\| successor = [[Ratan Singh II]]		\| successor = [[Ratan Singh II]]
	\| birth_date = 1482 CE		\| birth_date = 1482 CE
	\| birth_place = [[Chittor]], [[Mewar]]		\| birth_place = [[Chittor]], [[Mewar]]
	\| death_date = January 1528		\| death_date = January/May 1528
	\| death_place = [[Kalpi]]		\| death_place = [[Kalpi]]
	\| spouse = [[Rani Karnavati]]		\| spouse = [[Rani Karnavati]]
	\| issue = [[Ratan Singh II\|Ratan Singh]]		\| issue = {{Unbulleted list\| [[Ratan Singh II\|Ratan Singh]]
	[[Vikramaditya Singh (Maharana)\| Vikramaditya]]		\| [[Vikramaditya Singh (Maharana)\| Vikramaditya]]
			\| [[Bhoj Raj]]
	[[Bhoj Raj]]		\| [[Udai Singh II\| Udai Singh]]
	[[Udai Singh II\| Udai Singh]]		}}
	\| full name = Sangram Singh Sisodia		\| full name = Rana Sangram Singh Sisodia
			\| era dates = [[15th Century\|15th]] & [[16th Century\|16th Centuries]]
			\| regnal name = Sangram Singh I
	\| house = [[Sisodias of Mewar\|Sisodia]]		\| house = [[Sisodias of Mewar\|Sisodia]]
	\| father = [[Rana Raimal]]		\| father = [[Rana Raimal]]
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	\| religion = [[Hinduism]]		\| religion = [[Hinduism]]
	}}		}}
	'''Sangram Singh I''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration\|IAST]]: ~~Rānā Sangrām Simha~~; c. 1482 – 1528 CE), popularly known as '''Rana Sanga''', was ~~a king~~ from the [[Sisodias of Mewar\|Sisodia dynasty]]. He ruled [[Mewar]], the traditional territory of Guhilas (Sisodias) in present-day north-western India. However, through his capable rule his kingdom turned into one of the greatest power of [[Northern India]] in early sixteenth century.<ref>{{Cite book\|author=V.S Bhatnagar\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Rana+Sanga\|title=Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743\|date=1974\|publisher=Impex India\|language=en\|page=6\|quote=Mewars grand recovery commended under Lakha and later under kumbha and most notably under Sanga it became one of the greatest power in the northern india in first quater of 16th century}}</ref> He controlled present-day [[Rajasthan]], [[~~North~~ Gujarat]] and [[~~Malwa\|Madhya~~ Pradesh]]. His ~~capital~~ was ~~located at~~ [[~~Chittor~~]].		'''Sangram Singh I''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration\|IAST]]: Rāṇā Saṅgrāma Siṃha; c. 1482 – 1528 CE), popularly known as '''Rana Sanga''' or '''Maharana Sanga''', was an [[List of Indian monarchs\|Indian ruler]] from the [[Sisodias of Mewar\|Sisodia dynasty]]. He ruled [[Mewar]], the traditional territory of Guhilas (Sisodias) in present-day north-western India. However, through his capable rule his kingdom turned into one of the greatest power of [[Northern India]] in early sixteenth century.<ref>{{Cite book\|author=V.S Bhatnagar\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Rana+Sanga\|title=Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743\|date=1974\|publisher=Impex India\|language=en\|page=6\|quote=Mewars grand recovery commended under Lakha and later under kumbha and most notably under Sanga it became one of the greatest power in the northern india in first quater of 16th century}}</ref> He controlled parts of present-day [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] with capital at [[Chittor]].{{sfn\|Satish Chandra\|2004\|pp=224}}
			His reign was admired by several of contemporaries including [[Babur]], who described him the "greatest Indian king" of that time along with [[Krishnadevaraya]] of South India. The Mughal historian [[Abd al-Qadir Badayuni\|Al-Badayuni]] called Sanga as the bravest of all Rajputs along with [[Prithviraj Chauhan]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Day\|first=Upendra Nath\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBMdAAAAMAAJ\|title=Mewar Under Maharana Kumbha, 1433 A.D.-1468 A.D.\|date=1978\|publisher=Rajesh Publications\|language=en\|page=35\|quote=Regarding Al Badayuni praise of Kumbha we dont find that instead we find him {{sic\|?\|priasing}} Rana Sanga and further calling him bravest of all Rajputs along with Rai Pithaura}}</ref>
			Rana Sanga was the last independent Hindu king of Northern India to control a significant territory before the Mughal Era. In some contemporary texts is described as the ''Hindu Emperor'' in Northern India.

	In his long military career, Sanga achieved a series of unbroken successes against several neighbouring Muslim kingdoms, most notably the [[Lodhi dynasty]] of [[Delhi Sultanate\|Delhi]]. He united several [[Rajput]] clans for the first time since the [[Second battle of Tarain]] and marched against the [[Timurid Dynasty\|Timurid]] ruler [[Babur]]. Despite initial success, Sanga suffered a major defeat at [[Battle of khanwa\|Khanwa]] through the Timurid's use of gunpowder, which was unknown in North India at the time. He was later poisoned by his own nobles. His defeat at Khanwa is seen as a landmark event in Mughal conquest of Northern India.		In his long military career, Sanga achieved a series of unbroken successes against several neighbouring Muslim kingdoms, most notably the [[Lodhi dynasty]] of [[Delhi Sultanate\|Delhi]]. He united several [[Rajput]] clans for the first time since the [[Second battle of Tarain]] and marched against the [[Timurid Dynasty\|Timurid]] ruler [[Babur]]. Despite initial success, Sanga suffered a major defeat at [[Battle of khanwa\|Khanwa]] through the Timurid's use of gunpowder, which was unknown in North India at the time. He was later poisoned by his own nobles. His defeat at Khanwa is seen as a landmark event in Mughal conquest of Northern India.

	His reign was admired by several of contemporaries including [[Babur]], who described him the "greatest Indian king" of that time along with [[Krishnadevaraya]] of South India. The Mughal historian [[Abd al-Qadir Badayuni\|Al-Badayuni]] called Sanga as the bravest of all Rajputs alongside with [[Prithviraj Chauhan]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Day\|first=Upendra Nath\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBMdAAAAMAAJ\|title=Mewar Under Maharana Kumbha, 1433 A.D.-1468 A.D.\|date=1978\|publisher=Rajesh Publications\|language=en\|page=35\|quote=Regarding Al Badayuni praise of Kumbha we dont find that instead we find him {{sic\|?\|priasing}} Rana Sanga and further calling him bravest of all Rajputs along with Rai Pithaura}}</ref>

	Rana Sanga was the last independent Hindu king of Northern India to control a significant territory before the Mughal Era. In some contemporary texts is described as the ''Hindu Emperor'' in Northern India.

	==Early life and accession==		==Early life and accession==
	[[File:Chittorgarh fort.JPG\|thumb\|Chittor fort birthplace of Rana Sangram]]		[[File:Chittorgarh fort.JPG\|thumb\|Chittor fort birthplace of Rana Sangram]]
	Sanga was born to the [[Sisodia]] king Rana Raimal and queen Ratan kunwar a ([[Chauhan\|Chahamana (Chauhan) princess]]). Although contemporary texts of Sisodias does not mention the year of his birth, but provides some of the astrological planetary positions at the time of his birth, calling them auspicious. Based on these positions, assuming certain other planetary positions and on basis of Kumbhalgarh inscription Historian [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha\|G.H Ojha]] calculated Sanga's birth year as 1482 CE.{{sfn\|Somani\|1976\|p=171}} Sanga was youngest of the four sons of Raimal, However, due to the circumstances and after a fierce struggle with his brothers in which he lost one of his eye, he finally succeeded throne of Mewar in 1508.{{sfn\|Sharma\|1954\|p=12-13}}		Sanga was born to the [[Sisodia]] king Rana Raimal and queen Ratan kunwar a ([[Chauhan\|Chahamana (Chauhan) princess]]). Although contemporary texts of Sisodias does not mention the year of his birth, but provides some of the astrological planetary positions at the time of his birth, calling them auspicious. Based on these positions, assuming certain other planetary positions and on basis of Kumbhalgarh inscription Historian [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha\|G.H Ojha]] calculated Sanga's birth year as 1482 CE.{{sfn\|Somani\|1976\|p=171}} Sanga was youngest of the four sons of Raimal, However, due to the circumstances and after a fierce struggle with his brothers [[Prithviraj_Sisodia\|Prithviraj]] and Jagmal, in which he lost one of his eye, he finally succeeded throne of Mewar in 1508.{{sfn\|Sharma\|1954\|p=12-13}}

	==Military career==		==Military career==
	After his ascension to the throne, Sanga reunited the warring clans of Rajputana through diplomacy and marital alliances. [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]], mentions in [[Baburnama\|his memoirs]] the challenges he faced in India, Babur described Sanga as the greatest infidel(Hindu) king of India along with [[Krishnadevaraya]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in South. Babur further said that ''Sanga had recently grown so great by his audacity and sword that his kingdom ~~include~~ a significant portion of [[Northern India]]''.{{sfn\|Wink\|2012\|pp=157-158\|ps=. "Reflecting on challenges he faced in India in his memoris Babur described Rana Sanga as one of the two greatest infidel king of India along with Deva Raya of South. who had grown so great by his audacity and sword and whose territory was so large that it covered significant portion of North-Western India"}}		After his ascension to the throne, Sanga reunited the warring clans of Rajputana through diplomacy and marital alliances. [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]], mentions in [[Baburnama\|his memoirs]] the challenges he faced in India, Babur described Sanga as the greatest infidel(Hindu) king of India along with [[Krishnadevaraya]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in South. Babur further said that ''Sanga had recently grown so great by his audacity and sword that his kingdom included a significant portion of [[Northern India]]''.{{sfn\|Wink\|2012\|pp=157-158\|ps=. "Reflecting on challenges he faced in India in his memoris Babur described Rana Sanga as one of the two greatest infidel king of India along with Deva Raya of South. who had grown so great by his audacity and sword and whose territory was so large that it covered significant portion of North-Western India"}}

	According to legends, Sanga had fought a 100 battles and lost only once. In various struggle he lost his wrist and was crippled in leg. {{sfn\|Puri\|2003\|p=107}} In his illustrious military career, Sanga defeated Sultans of [[Delhi Sultanate\|Delhi]], [[Malwa Sultanate\|Malwa]] and [[Gujarat Sultanate\|Gujarat]] in 18 pitched battles and expanded his domain by conquering much of Present-day Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, northern part of Gujarat and parts of Amarkot, Sindh.{{sfn\|Sharma\|1954\|p=18}} He re-established Rajput rule in Malwa first time after fall of [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara kingdom]] in 1305 CE.<ref name="Sharma p27 16th century">{{harvnb\|Sharma\|1970\|p=27}} "The early 16th century marks the rise of Patriotic one eyed chief of Mewar named as Rana Sanga who defeat several of his neighbour kingdom and establish Rajput hold on Malwa first time after fall of Parmara dynasty through series of victories over Malwa, Gujarat and Delhi Sultanate"</ref>		According to legends, Sanga had fought a 100 battles and lost only once. In various struggle he lost his wrist and was crippled in leg. {{sfn\|Puri\|2003\|p=107}} In his illustrious military career, Sanga defeated Sultans of [[Delhi Sultanate\|Delhi]], [[Malwa Sultanate\|Malwa]] and [[Gujarat Sultanate\|Gujarat]] in 18 pitched battles and expanded his domain by conquering much of Present-day Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, northern part of Gujarat and parts of Amarkot, Sindh.{{sfn\|Sharma\|1954\|p=18}} He re-established Rajput rule in Malwa first time after fall of [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara kingdom]] in 1305 CE.<ref name="Sharma p27 16th century">{{harvnb\|Sharma\|1970\|p=27}} "The early 16th century marks the rise of Patriotic one eyed chief of Mewar named as Rana Sanga who defeat several of his neighbour kingdom and establish Rajput hold on Malwa first time after fall of Parmara dynasty through series of victories over Malwa, Gujarat and Delhi Sultanate"</ref>

	He also removed [[Jizya]] tax from the Hindus which was earlier imposed by Muslim rulers. He was the last independent Hindu king of Northern India to control a significant territory and in some contemporary texts described as ''Hindu Emperor''. {{sfn\|Somani\|1976\|pp=176-179\|ps=. "Sanga was the last Independent Hindu king who was controlling extensive boundaries"}}		He also removed [[Jizya]] tax from the Hindus which was earlier imposed by Muslim rulers. He was the last independent Hindu king of Northern India to control a significant territory and in some contemporary texts described as ''Hindu Emperor''.{{sfn\|Somani\|1976\|pp=176-179\|ps=. "Sanga was the last Independent Hindu king who was controlling extensive boundaries"}}

	==Conquest of Malwa==		==Conquest of Malwa==
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	==Death and succession==		==Death and succession==
	~~[[File:Rana Sanga statue, City palace Udaipur.jpg\|thumb\|Statue depicting Rana Sanga at [[City Palace Udaipur\|City Palace]], Udaipur]]~~		Sanga was taken away from the battlefield in an unconscious state by [[Prithviraj Singh I]] [[Kachwaha]] and [[Maldeo Rathore]] of [[Marwar]]. After regaining consciousness he took an oath to not return to Chittor until he had defeated Babur and conquered Delhi. He also stopped wearing a Turban and used to wrap a cloth over his head.<ref name="imm">{{harvnb\|Sharma\|1954\|pp=43}}</ref> While he was preparing to wage another war against [[Babur]] , he was poisoned by his own nobles who did not want another conflict with [[Babur]]. He died in [[Kalpi]] in January 1528{{sfn\|Sharma\|1954\|pp=44}} or on May 20, 1528{{Sfn\|Somani\|1976\|p=176}} and was succeeded by his son [[Ratan Singh II]].
	Sanga was taken away from the battlefield in an unconscious state by [[Prithviraj Singh I]] [[Kachwaha]] and [[Maldeo Rathore]] of [[Marwar]]. After regaining consciousness he took an oath to not return to Chittor until he had defeated Babur and conquered Delhi. He also stopped wearing a Turban and used to wrap a cloth over his head.<ref name="imm">{{harvnb\|Sharma\|1954\|pp=43}}</ref> While he was preparing to wage another war against [[Babur]] , he was poisoned by his own nobles who did not want another conflict with [[Babur]]. He died in [[Kalpi]] on January 1528{{sfn\|Sharma\|1954\|pp=44}} and was succeeded by his son [[Ratan Singh II]].

	After Sanga's defeat his vassal [[Medini Rai]] was defeated by Babur at [[Battle of Chanderi\|Siege of Chanderi]] and Babur captured the capital of Rai kingdom [[Chanderi]]. Medini was offered Shamsabad instead of Chanderi as it was historically important in conquering Malwa but Rao refused the offer and chose to die fighting. The [[Rajput]] women and children committed [[Self-immolation]] to save their honour from ~~the Muslim~~ army.<ref name="imm"/> Babur subsequently captured Malwa along with Chanderi following his victory which was earlier ruled by Rai.{{sfn\|Chaurasia\|2002\|p=157}}		After Sanga's defeat his vassal [[Medini Rai]] was defeated by Babur at [[Battle of Chanderi\|Siege of Chanderi]] and Babur captured the capital of Rai kingdom [[Chanderi]]. Medini was offered Shamsabad instead of Chanderi as it was historically important in conquering Malwa but Rao refused the offer and chose to die fighting. The [[Rajput]] women and children committed [[Self-immolation]] to save their honour from Babur's army.<ref name="imm"/> Babur subsequently captured Malwa along with Chanderi following his victory which was earlier ruled by Rai.{{sfn\|Chaurasia\|2002\|p=157}}

	== In popular culture ==		== In popular culture ==

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	{{Short description\|Maharana of Mewar from 1508–1528}}		{{Short description\|Maharana of Mewar from 1508–1528}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2015}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2015}}

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{{Short description|Sisodia king}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rana Sanga
| alt = Rana Sanga
| caption = Rana Sanga
| succession = [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of [[Mewar]]
| image = Depiction of king Rana Sanga.jpg
| reign = 1508–1528
| predecessor = [[Rana Raimal]]
| successor = [[Ratan Singh II]]
| birth_date = 1482 CE
| birth_place = [[Chittor]], [[Mewar]]
| death_date = January 1528
| death_place = [[Kalpi]]
| spouse = [[Rani Karnavati]]
| full name = Sangram Singh Sisodia
| house = [[Sisodia]]
| father = [[Rana Raimal]]
| mother = Ratan kunwar
| religion = [[Hinduism]]}}
'''Sangram Singh I''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Rānā Sangrām Simha; c. 1482 – 1528 CE), popularly known as '''Rana Sanga''', was a king from the [[Sisodia]] dynasty. He ruled [[Mewar]], the traditional territory of Guhilas (Sisodias) in present-day north-western India. However, through his capable rule his kingdom turned into one of the greatest power of [[Northern India]] in early sixteenth century.<ref>{{Cite book|author=V.S Bhatnagar|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=plFuAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Rana+Sanga|title=Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743|date=1974|publisher=Impex India|language=en|p=6|quote=Mewars grand recovery commended under Lakha and later under kumbha and most notably under Sanga it became one of the greatest power in the northern india in first quater of 16th century}}</ref> He controlled present-day [[Rajasthan]], [[North Gujarat]] and [[Malwa| Madhya Pradesh]] , [[ Haryana]] and amarkot [[ sindh ]]. His capital was located at [[Chittor]].

In his long military career, Sanga achieved a series of unbroken successes against several neighbouring Muslim kingdoms, most notably the [[Lodhi dynasty]] of [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]]. He united several [[Rajput]] clans for the first time since the [[Second battle of Tarain]] and marched against the [[Timurid Dynasty|Timurid]] ruler [[Babur]]. Despite initial success, Sanga suffered a major defeat at [[Battle of khanwa|Khanwa]] through the Timurid's use of gunpowder, which was unknown in North India at the time. He was later poisoned by his own nobles. His defeat at Khanwa is seen as a landmark event in Mughal conquest of Northern India.

His reign was admired by several of contemporaries including [[Babur]], who described him the "greatest Indian king" of that time along with [[Krishnadevaraya]] of South India. The Mughal historian [[Abd al-Qadir Badayuni|Al-Badayuni]] called Sanga as the bravest of all Rajputs alongside with [[Prithviraj Chauhan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Day|first=Upendra Nath|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IBMdAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_similarbooks|title=Mewar Under Maharana Kumbha, 1433 A.D.-1468 A.D.|date=1978|publisher=Rajesh Publications|language=en|p=35|quote=Regarding Al Badayuni praise of Kumbha we dont find that instead we find him priasing Rana Sanga and further calling him bravest of all Rajputs along with Rai Pithaura}}</ref>

Rana Sanga was the last independent Hindu king of Northern India to control a significant territory before the Mughal Era. In some contemporary texts is described as the ''Hindu Emperor'' in Northern India.

==Early life and accession==
[[File:Chittorgarh fort.JPG|thumb|Chittor fort birthplace of Rana Sangram]]
Sanga was born to the [[Sisodia]] king Rana Raimal and queen Ratan kunwar a ([[Chauhan|Chahamana (Chauhan) princess]]). Although contemporary texts of Sisodias does not mention the year of his birth, but provides some of the astrological planetary positions at the time of his birth, calling them auspicious. Based on these positions, assuming certain other planetary positions and on basis of Kumbhalgarh inscription Historian [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|G.H Ojha]] calculated Sanga's birth year as 1482 CE.{{sfn|Somani|1976|p=171}} Sanga was youngest of the four sons of Raimal, However, due to the circumstances and after a fierce struggle with his brothers in which he lost one of his eye, he finally succeeded throne of Mewar in 1508.{{sfn|Sharma|1954|p=12-13}}

==Military career==
After his ascension to the throne, Sanga reunited the warring clans of Rajputana through diplomacy and martial alliances. [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]], mentions in [[Baburnama|his memoirs]] mentions the challenges he faced in India, Babur described Sanga as the greatest infidel king (Hindu) of India along with [[Krishnadevaraya]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in South. Babur further said that ''Sanga had recently grown so great by his audacity and sword that his kingdom include a significant portion of [[Northern India]]''.{{sfn|Wink|2012|pp=157-158|ps=. "Reflecting on challenges he faced in India in his memoris Babur described Rana Sanga as one of the two greatest infidel king of India along with Deva Raya of South. who had grown so great by his audacity and sword and whose territory was so large that it covered significant portion of North-Western India"}}

According to legends, Sanga had fought a 100 battles and lost only once. In various struggle he lost his wrist and was crippled in leg. {{sfn|Puri|2003|p=107}} In his illustrious military career, Sanga defeated Sultans of [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]], [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] and [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]] in 18 pitched battles and expanded his domain by conquering much of Present-day Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and North part of Gujarat , Haryana , some parts of amarkot sindh.{{sfn|Sharma|1954|p=18}} He re-established Rajput rule in Malwa first time after fall of [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara kingdom]] in 1305 CE.<ref name="Sharma p27 16th century">{{harvnb|Sharma|1970|p=27}} "The early 16th century marks the rise of Patriotic one eyed chief of Mewar named as Rana Sanga who defeat several of his neighbour kingdom and establish Rajput hold on Malwa first time after fall of Parmara dynasty through series of victories over Malwa, Gujarat and Delhi Sultanate"</ref>

He also removed [[Jizya]] tax from the Hindus which was earlier imposed by Muslim rulers. He was the last independent Hindu king of Northern India to control a significant territory and in some contemporary texts described as ''Hindu Emperor''. {{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=176-179|ps=. "Sanga was the last Independent Hindu king who was controlling extensive boundaries"}}

==Conquest of Malwa==
{{Main|Battle of Gagron}}
[[Medini Rai]] a rebellious minister of Malwa sultan was having a life and death struggle for throne of Malwa against Mahmud, he was promised aid by Rana Sanga.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|pp=155-156}}
As a result, the combined Muslim forces of Gujarat and Malwa met the Sisodias led by Sanga at [[Battle of Gagron|Gagron]]. The battle resulted in complete route of Muslim forces and decisive victory of Rajputs.{{sfn|Sharma|1954|p=17}}

After the victory in the battle and other skirmishes aftermath Sanga conquered Malwa along<ref name="Sharma p27 16th century"/> with Chanderi. Rai made Chanderi his capital and became king of Malwa.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=156}} while [[Silhadi|Silhaditya Tomar]] establish himself as master of Raisen and Sarangpur region. According to historian [[Satish Chandra]] this events took place between 1518 and 1519.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Satish Chandra|author-link=Satish Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BRuAAAAMAAJ|title=Essays on Medieval Indian History|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566336-5|language=en|pp=362|quote=Rana Sanga of Mewar came in conflict with Sultanates of Malwa, Gujarat and Delhi and repelled all of their invasions. An ensuring battle was fought in Gagron along with other skirmishes in which Rana came Victorious and Subsequently Eastern and Northern Malwa passed under Control of Rana. These events are placed in 1518-19"}}</ref>

After the victory and restoring Hindu rule in Malwa, Sanga order Rai to remove [[Jizya tax]] from Hindus of the region.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|pp=156,155,158-160}}

==Wars against Lodhis ==
{{Main|Battle of Khatoli|Battle of Dholpur}}

After conquering Malwa, Sanga turned his attention towards northeastern Rajasthan which was then under the control Khilji's ally, Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi. [[Ibrahim Lodi]], after hearing the news of encroachments by Sanga on his territory, prepared an army and marched against Mewar in 1517. The Rana with his army met Lodi at Khatoli on borders of [[Hadoti]] and in the ensuing [[Battle of Khatoli|Battle at Khatoli]], Lodi army suffered serious reverses and fled. One Lodi prince was captured and imprisoned. In this battle, Sanga lost an arm by a sword cut, and an arrow made him lame for life.{{sfn|Sharma|1954|p=16}}

Lodi, reportedly stunned by this Rajput aggression (the extent of which was unprecedented in the preceding three centuries), once again moved against Mewar in 1518-19 but was humbled again at [[Battle of Dholpur]]. Lodi fought Sanga repeatedly, only to be defeated each time, losing his entire land in present-day Rajasthan, while Sanga's influence extended up to the striking distance of Pilia Khar in Agra.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2004|pp=224}}

According to a 16th-century text "Parshvanath-Shravan-Sattavisi", Rana Sanga further defeated Ibrahim Lodi at [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]] after the [[Siege of Mandsaur]].{{sfn|Hooja|2006|p=451}}

==Campaign in Gujarat==
{{Main|Rana Sanga's invasion of Gujarat}}
In 1520, Sanga invaded Gujarat on the question of the succession of the state of [[Idar State|Idar]], with his powerful army of 40,000 [[Rajputs]] supported by his three vassals. Rao Ganga Rathore of Marwar too joined him with a garrison of 8,000 [[Rajputs]], other allies of Rana were Rawal Udai singh of Vagad and Rao Viram deva of Merta. He defeated the Muslim army of Nizam khan and pursued them to [[Ahmedabad]]. Sanga call of his invasion 20 miles before capital Ahemdabad. He plunder down the royal treasuries of Gujarat and destroy several mosques and built temples over them.{{sfn|Hooja|2006|pp=450-452}} After a series of victories, Sanga successfully annexed [[North Gujarat|Northern Gujarat]] and appointed one of his vassals to rule there.{{sfn|Sharma|1954|p=18}}{{sfn|Chaube|1975|pp=133-139}}

==War against Mughals==
{{Main|Battle of Khanwa}}
[[File:Early matchlocks.jpg|thumb|Early matchlocks, musketeers, swivel guns, mortars and other firearms of [[Timurid Dynasty|Timurids]]]]

On 21 April 1526, the Timurid king [[Babur]] invaded India for the fifth time and defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the [[First Battle of Panipat]] and executed him. After the battle, Sanga unified several Rajput clans for the first time since [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], built an army of 100,000 Rajput soldiers and advanced to Agra.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=25}}

The Mughals captured Bayana fort which was part of Sanga's empire therefore a major clash took place in Bayana in February 1527 in which Mughal forces of Babur led by Chin Timur khan were defeated by Rajput forces led by Prithviraj kachwaha and later by Rana Sanga (in last parts of siege). The defeat was last of Rana Sanga success as a result the Mughals who were angered by Rajput disrespect threatened Babur to leave for Kabul, However Babur confronting a large Hindu army for first time used religious bravery against the Rajputs by declaring the battle as a ''Jihad against the Kaffirs'' he further sought divine favour by abjuring liquor, breaking the wine vessels and pouring the wine down a well.{{sfn|Sharma|1954|p=22-27}}

In ensuring battle fought at khanwa, 37 miles (60 km) west of Agra, on March 16. The Mughals were victorious due to their cannons, matchlocks and other firearms. Sanga was struck by an arrow in mid of the battle and was removed from the battle by his brother-in law [[Prithviraj Singh I|Prithviraj Kachwaha]] of [[Amber Fort|Amber]] along with prince [[Maldeo Rathore|Maldev Rathore]] in Unconscious state. Following his victory, [[Babur]] ordered a tower of enemy skulls to be erected, a practice formulated by [[Timur]] against his adversaries, irrespective of their religious beliefs. According to Chandra, the objective of constructing a tower of skulls was not just to record a great victory, but also to terrorize opponents. Earlier, the same tactic had been used by Babur against the [[Bajaur Campaign|Afghans of Bajaur]].{{sfn|Chandra|2006|p=44}}

Sanga was also betrayed by [[Silhadi]] during the battle who changed sides and went over to Babur.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=57|ps=. "A treacherous desertion at outset upset Rana Sanga pre-arranged plan of combat. Silhadi, who had made himself a master of raisen and sarangpur and often changed side during troubled time had ultimately turned Muslim to save himself but ultimately joined Rana with his army, He went over to Babur's side from his post in the vanguard of the Hindu army."}}

The victory of Mughals is seen as a landmark event in Mughal conquest of North India as the battle turned out to be more historic and eventful than [[Battle of Panipat (1526)|Panipat]] because it made [[Babur]] undisputed master of [[North India]] while crushing the threatening and reviving [[Rajput|Rajput powers]]. According to historian [[Andre Wink]] after the victory at khanua, The Centre of Mughal power became Agra instead of Kabul and continue to remain till downfall of the Empire after Aalamgir's death.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=161}}{{sfn|Wink|2012|p=27}} According to modern historians had there not been the cannons of Babur, Sanga might have achieved a historic victory against Babur. Babur's cannons had put an end to the outdated trends in Indian warfare.<ref name="barua">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA33 |pages=33–34 |title=The State at War in South Asia |first=Pradeep |last=Barua |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-80321-344-9}}</ref>

==Death and succession==
[[File:Rana Sanga statue, City palace Udaipur.jpg|thumb|Statue depicting Rana Sanga at [[City Palace Udaipur|City Palace]], Udaipur]]
Sanga was taken away from battlefield in unconscious state by [[Prithviraj Singh I]] [[Kachwaha]] and [[Maldeo Rathore]] of [[Marwar]]. After regaining consciousness he took an oath to never return to Chittor until he will defeat Babur and conquer Delhi. He also stopped wearing Turban and used to wrap up cloth over his head.<ref name="imm">{{harvnb|Sharma|1954|pp=43}}</ref> While he was preparing to wage another war against [[Babur]] he was poisoned by his own nobles who did not want another conflict with [[Babur]]. He died in [[Kalpi]] in January 1528.{{sfn|Sharma|1954|pp=44}} He was succeeded by his son [[Ratan Singh II]].

After his defeat his Vassal [[Medini Rai]] was defeated by Babur at [[Battle of Chanderi|Siege of Chanderi]] and Babur captured the capital of Rai kingdom [[Chanderi]]. Medini was offered Shamsabad instead of Chanderi as it was historically important in conquering Malwa but Rao refused the offer and chose to die fighting. The [[Rajput]] women and children committed [[Self-immolation]] to save their honour from Muslim army.<ref name="imm"/> After the victory Babur captured Chanderi along with Malwa which was ruled by Rai.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=157}}

== In popular culture ==
* 1988–1989 : ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'', broadcast on [[Doordarshan]], where he was played by [[Ravi Jhankal]].
* 2013–2015: ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'', broadcast by [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)]], where he was portrayed by [[Aarav Chowdhary]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II |date=2006 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC |language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Chaube|first=J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m94BAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Gujarat Kingdom, 1458-1537|date=1975|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|language=en}}
*{{cite book|last=Chaurasia|first=Radhey Shyam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC|title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.|date=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0123-4|language=en}}

*{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ|title=A History of Rajasthan|date=2006|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0890-6|language=en}}

*{{Cite book |last=Puri |first=Baij Nath |author-link=Baij Nath Puri|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Y7fUHMEDAyEC&pg=PA107&dq=rana+sanga+battles&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjh-4nt-PbqAhVF6XMBHdVGCTcQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India|date=2003|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-2508-9|language=en}}

* {{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=Military History of India |date=1960 |publisher=Orient Longmans |isbn=978-0-86125-155-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Gopinath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ|title=Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.)|date=1954|publisher=S.L. Agarwala|language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dasharatha |author-link=Dasharatha Sharma|url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Lectures_on_Rajput_History_and_Culture.html?id=Wi1uAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y#:~:text=History%20and%20Culture-,Dasharatha%20Sharma,Rajasthan%20(India)%20-%20165%20pages|title=Lectures on Rajput History and Culture|date=1970|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-0-8426-0262-4|language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Somani |first=Rāmavallabha |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=independent+hindu+chief|title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D.|date=1976|publisher=Mateshwari Publications|language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Spear |first=Percival |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2H_v0t5jTkC|title=A History of India|author-link=Percival Spear|date=1990|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-0138368-|language=en}}

*{{Cite book|first=Andre |last=Wink|url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Akbar.html?id=Zhu9DwAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|title=Akbar|date=2012|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-78074-209-0|language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanga, Rana}}
[[Category:1482 births]]
[[Category:1528 deaths]]
[[Category:Mewar dynasty]]
[[Category:Rajput rulers]]
[[Category:History of Udaipur]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:1528 in India]]
[[Category:History of South Asia]]