Ramnadi - Revision history

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	{{Infobox river		{{Infobox river
	\| name = Ramnadi		\| name = Ramnadi
	\| ~~name_native_lang~~ = राम नदी		\| native_name_lang = राम नदी
	<!---------------------- IMAGE-->		<!---------------------- IMAGE-->
	\| image = Ramnadi-at-Baner.jpg		\| image = Ramnadi-at-Baner.jpg
Line 35:		Line 35:
	== Flooding ==		== Flooding ==
	=== History ===		=== History ===
	* In 2011 heavy [[~~Monsoon\|~~monsoon]] rains led to flooding on its banks in the low lying Bavdhan, Pashan, Aundh and Baner areas of Pune. Protest by residents followed which demanded that the PMC look into taking [[Flood control\|flood control measures]] along the river.<ref name="Flooding2011">{{cite news \|title=Bavdhan, Ramnagar residents near Ramnadi to go on hunger strike to save \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Bavdhan-Ramnagar-residents-near-Ramnadi-to-go-on-hunger-strike-to-save/articleshow/8067936.cms \|access-date=26 March 2020 \|work=The Times of India \|agency=TNN \|date=24 April 2011 \|language=en}}</ref> In response a joint survey by the PMC and District Administration was taken to list out encroachments along the river bank and channel.<ref name="Gabale2016" />		* In 2011 heavy [[monsoon]] rains led to flooding on its banks in the low lying Bavdhan, Pashan, Aundh and Baner areas of Pune. Protest by residents followed which demanded that the PMC look into taking [[Flood control\|flood control measures]] along the river.<ref name="Flooding2011">{{cite news \|title=Bavdhan, Ramnagar residents near Ramnadi to go on hunger strike to save \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Bavdhan-Ramnagar-residents-near-Ramnadi-to-go-on-hunger-strike-to-save/articleshow/8067936.cms \|access-date=26 March 2020 \|work=The Times of India \|agency=TNN \|date=24 April 2011 \|language=en}}</ref> In response a joint survey by the PMC and District Administration was taken to list out encroachments along the river bank and channel.<ref name="Gabale2016" />
	* In 2019 heavy monsoon rains led to flooding on the river's banks mainly in the Aundh-Baner region of Pune, over 2,000 people were evacuated during the aftermath.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Nair \|first1=Manjula \|title=Ramnadi overflows, 2,000 residents moved to safety from Vidhate Vasti \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/ramnadi-overflows-2000-residents-moved-to-safety-from-vidhate-vasti/articleshow/70544274.cms \|access-date=26 March 2020 \|work=The Times of India \|agency=TNN \|date=6 August 2019 \|language=en}}</ref>		* In 2019 heavy monsoon rains led to flooding on the river's banks mainly in the Aundh-Baner region of Pune, over 2,000 people were evacuated during the aftermath.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Nair \|first1=Manjula \|title=Ramnadi overflows, 2,000 residents moved to safety from Vidhate Vasti \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/ramnadi-overflows-2000-residents-moved-to-safety-from-vidhate-vasti/articleshow/70544274.cms \|access-date=26 March 2020 \|work=The Times of India \|agency=TNN \|date=6 August 2019 \|language=en}}</ref>

	=== Causes ===		=== Causes ===
	Activists and experts believe the [[flood~~\|floods~~]] to be a result of decreased [[Streamflow\|water carrying capacity]] of the river.<ref name="Flooding2011" /> Encroachment and illegal constructions have decreased the width of the [[Channel (geography)\|river channel]]		Activists and experts believe the [[flood]]s to be a result of decreased [[Streamflow\|water carrying capacity]] of the river.<ref name="Flooding2011" /> Encroachment and illegal constructions have decreased the width of the [[Channel (geography)\|river channel]]
	and reduced its water carrying capacity.<ref name="Gabale2016" /> These illegal constructions are yet to be removed.<ref name="TIE-1" /> The construction of a [[~~Retaining wall\|~~retaining wall]] along the river channel by the PMC has allowed for [[Land reclamation\|reclamation of land]] in the [[Floodplain\|flood plain]] for construction activities. The lack of a proper flood line demarcation has further allowed for constructions in the flood plain. This has reduced the channel area by almost 15%. Construction debris and sewage deposition have obstructed the natural flow of the river.<ref name="Gabale2016" />		and reduced its water carrying capacity.<ref name="Gabale2016" /> These illegal constructions are yet to be removed.<ref name="TIE-1" /> The construction of a [[retaining wall]] along the river channel by the PMC has allowed for [[Land reclamation\|reclamation of land]] in the [[Floodplain\|flood plain]] for construction activities. The lack of a proper flood line demarcation has further allowed for constructions in the flood plain. This has reduced the channel area by almost 15%. Construction debris and sewage deposition have obstructed the natural flow of the river.<ref name="Gabale2016" />

	Ramnadi is fed by around 416 stream out of which 106 no longer exist. Most of them have been destroyed as a result of construction and encroachment activities. This has destroyed the [[Drainage basin\|natural catchment area]].<ref name="Gabale2016">{{harvnb\|Gabale\|2016\|p=~~101-108~~}}</ref>		Ramnadi is fed by around 416 stream out of which 106 no longer exist. Most of them have been destroyed as a result of construction and encroachment activities. This has destroyed the [[Drainage basin\|natural catchment area]].<ref name="Gabale2016">{{harvnb\|Gabale\|2016\|pp=101–108}}</ref>
	Together these factors have made the areas surrounding the river flood prone.		Together these factors have made the areas surrounding the river flood prone.

	== Restoration ==		== Restoration ==
	Years of unchecked dumping of trash, as well as illegal encroachments on the banks of the river, has nearly destroyed its [[~~Ecosystem\|~~ecosystem]].<ref name="TOI-1" /> Hence it has sparked several [[Environmental restoration\|restoration projects]] lead by environmental activists as well as concerned citizens over the years.		Years of unchecked dumping of trash, as well as illegal encroachments on the banks of the river, has nearly destroyed its [[ecosystem]].<ref name="TOI-1" /> Hence it has sparked several [[Environmental restoration\|restoration projects]] lead by environmental activists as well as concerned citizens over the years.

	=== Ramnadi Restoration Mission ===		=== Ramnadi Restoration Mission ===
	The Ramnadi Restoration Mission is one of the biggest river restoration projects in Pune,<ref name="TOI-1" /> involving nearly 15,000 students from 38 colleges and 18 city-based environmental groups.<ref name="TOI-2" /> It aims to restore the river to at least its state in 1949 (70 years prior). It official started on June 4, 2019.<ref name="TOI-1" />		The Ramnadi Restoration Mission (RRM) is one of the biggest river restoration projects in Pune,<ref name="TOI-1" /> involving nearly 15,000 students from 38 colleges and 18 city-based environmental groups.<ref name="TOI-2" /> It aims to restore the river to at least its state in 1949 (70 years prior). It official started on June 4, 2019.<ref name="TOI-1" />

	Phase 1 of the project involves the rejuvenation of [[Khatpewadi lake]]. Removal of [[silt]] from the water body will help increase its capacity, the silt will be used to reduce the [[Grade (slope)\|gradient]] of its banks. Plantation of trees along the bank will also be done. Construction of [[~~Artificial~~ island~~\|artificial islands~~]] in the lake is also being considered to provide ample space for [[Bird migration\|migratory birds]] to nest and rest.<ref name="TOI-1" /> Phase 1 is expected to span over a period of 3 years.<ref name="TOI-2" /> Initial restoration efforts part of Phase 1, resulted in a 25% increase in the water sustaining capacity of the Khatpewadi lake.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Water sustaining capacity at Khatpewadi up by 25% \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/water-sustaining-capacity-at-khatpewadi-up-by-25/articleshow/70098607.cms \|access-date=22 December 2019 \|agency=TNN \|work=The Times of India}}</ref>		Phase 1 of the project involves the rejuvenation of [[Khatpewadi lake]]. Removal of [[silt]] from the water body will help increase its capacity, the silt will be used to reduce the [[Grade (slope)\|gradient]] of its banks. Plantation of trees along the bank will also be done. Construction of [[artificial island]]s in the lake is also being considered to provide ample space for [[Bird migration\|migratory birds]] to nest and rest.<ref name="TOI-1" /> Phase 1 is expected to span over a period of 3 years.<ref name="TOI-2" /> Initial restoration efforts part of Phase 1, resulted in a 25% increase in the water sustaining capacity of the Khatpewadi lake.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Water sustaining capacity at Khatpewadi up by 25% \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/water-sustaining-capacity-at-khatpewadi-up-by-25/articleshow/70098607.cms \|access-date=22 December 2019 \|agency=TNN \|work=The Times of India}}</ref> In February 2022, the RRM announced its plan to convert the lake into a lotus lake.<ref>{{Cite magazine \|date=February 22, 2022 \|title=Pune to get its first lotus lake at Khatpewadi \|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/pune/story/pune-first-lotus-lake-khatpewadi-ramnadi-restoration-mission-1916147-2022-02-22 \|access-date=2022-03-02 \|magazine=India Today \|language=en}}</ref> Led by Saṅjay Gurav, a fine arts teacher from Khāmgāv in Vidarbha, the efforts are expected to enhance the health of the water near the source of the Ramnadi.

	Experts and environmentalist working with the Ramnadi Restoration Mission prepared a report titled "Ramnadi Flood Report" which analysed the unprecedented flooding of the river during the 2019 monsoon. Key points included loss of [[Forest cover\|tree cover]] and encroachment by buildings and strongly emphasised the need for flood mapping. The report was submitted to the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC).<ref>{{cite news \|title=Ramnadi rejuvenation plan to include flood mapping of all existing streams, tributaries \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ramnadi-rejuvenation-plan-to-include-flood-mapping-of-all-existing-streams-tributaries/story-NP4PQ9pWrzxbhDdRZwl2AM.html \|access-date=26 March 2020 \|work=Hindustan Times \|date=6 January 2020 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=Reasons of river flooding identified \|url=https://www.sakaltimes.com/pune/reasons-river-flooding-identified-45105 \|access-date=26 March 2020 \|work=Sakal Times \|date=9 January 2020 \|language=en}}</ref>		Experts and environmentalist working with the Ramnadi Restoration Mission prepared a report titled "Ramnadi Flood Report" which analysed the unprecedented flooding of the river during the 2019 monsoon. Key points included loss of [[Forest cover\|tree cover]] and encroachment by buildings and strongly emphasised the need for flood mapping. The report was submitted to the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC).<ref>{{cite news \|title=Ramnadi rejuvenation plan to include flood mapping of all existing streams, tributaries \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ramnadi-rejuvenation-plan-to-include-flood-mapping-of-all-existing-streams-tributaries/story-NP4PQ9pWrzxbhDdRZwl2AM.html \|access-date=26 March 2020 \|work=Hindustan Times \|date=6 January 2020 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=Reasons of river flooding identified \|url=https://www.sakaltimes.com/pune/reasons-river-flooding-identified-45105 \|access-date=26 March 2020 \|work=Sakal Times \|date=9 January 2020 \|language=en}}</ref>

			In June 2021, the PMC "agreed in principle" to set up a dedicated committee to streamline the restoration efforts of the RRM. PMC commissioner Vikram Kumar approved the demand to prepare an independent development plan for Ramnadi and invite the representatives of the NGOs to be part of the committee, with the mayor as the chairman.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2021-06-20\|title=PMC commissioner agrees to form committee for Ramnadi rejuvenation project\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/pmc-commissioner-agrees-to-form-committee-for-ramnadi-rejuvenation-project-101624203633024.html\|access-date=2021-11-28\|website=Hindustan Times\|language=en}}</ref> The gram panchayats of Bhukum and Bhugaon have taken action to show their support for the efforts of the RRM - in April 2022, they issued notices to the PMC and the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) to halt excavation work for a garbage collection facility that falls too close to Ramnadi's floodlines.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-04-23 \|title=PMC, MPCB get notices for building garbage depot along Ram Nadi flood lines \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/pmc-mpcb-get-notices-for-building-garbage-depot-along-ram-nadi-flood-lines-101650735277480.html \|access-date=2022-04-26 \|website=Hindustan Times \|language=en}}</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==

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{{Infobox river
| name = Ramnadi
| name_native_lang = राम नदी

| image = Ramnadi-at-Baner.jpg
| image_caption = The Ramnadi at Baner

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pune]]

| length = 19.2 km

| source1 = [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri Range]]
| source1_location = near Kathpewadi
| source1_elevation = 957 m
| mouth = [[Mula River (India)|Mula River]]
| mouth_elevation = 550 m
| basin_size = 181.65 km<sup>2</sup>
| waterbodies = [[Pashan Lake]], [[Manas lake, Pune|Manas lake]]
}}

'''Ramnadi''' is a river in [[Pune District]] and is a tributary of [[Mula River (India)|Mula]]. It originates in the [[Sahyadris]] near [[Kathpewadi]], north-west of [[Pune|Pune city]]. The river flows through the [[Bhugaon]], [[Bhukum]], [[Bavdhan]], [[Pashan]], [[Baner]] and [[Aundh, Pune|Aundh]] areas of Pune city. It is defined as a brook by the [[Pune Municipal Corporation|Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC).]]

The width of the river channel has decreased due to [[illegal construction]]s and dumping of [[construction debris]]. These constructions are yet to be removed. Many rallies have been held to save the river. However, it has been turned into a [[sewage]] canal due to dumping of garbage on its [[Bank (geography)|banks]]. Many local residents are in fact unaware of the river's existence. At present the condition of river is like a nullaha. Hence the PMC has undertaken a project to beautify this river. The proposal includes development of a garden along the banks of the river.<ref name="TOI-3" />

The [[Pashan Lake]] and [[Manas lake, Pune|Manas lake]] are the major water bodies on the river basin.

== Watershed ==
The river originates in the western ghats at an elevation of 957 m above sea level. It then flows in the north-west direction eventually merging with the Mula River at an elevation of 550 m. The villages Bhukum, Bhugaon and Pirangut along with the Bavdhan, Aundh, Pashan and Karvenagar suburbs of Pune lie in the Ramnadi watershed.<ref>{{harvnb|Gabale|2016|p=152}}</ref> Major water bodies on the river basin are Pashan Lake and Manas lake both of which are man-made.<ref name="Gabale2016" />

== Flooding ==
=== History ===
* In 2011 heavy [[Monsoon|monsoon]] rains led to flooding on its banks in the low lying Bavdhan, Pashan, Aundh and Baner areas of Pune. Protest by residents followed which demanded that the PMC look into taking [[Flood control|flood control measures]] along the river.<ref name="Flooding2011">{{cite news |title=Bavdhan, Ramnagar residents near Ramnadi to go on hunger strike to save |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Bavdhan-Ramnagar-residents-near-Ramnadi-to-go-on-hunger-strike-to-save/articleshow/8067936.cms |access-date=26 March 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=24 April 2011 |language=en}}</ref> In response a joint survey by the PMC and District Administration was taken to list out encroachments along the river bank and channel.<ref name="Gabale2016" />
* In 2019 heavy monsoon rains led to flooding on the river's banks mainly in the Aundh-Baner region of Pune, over 2,000 people were evacuated during the aftermath.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Manjula |title=Ramnadi overflows, 2,000 residents moved to safety from Vidhate Vasti |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/ramnadi-overflows-2000-residents-moved-to-safety-from-vidhate-vasti/articleshow/70544274.cms |access-date=26 March 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=6 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Causes ===
Activists and experts believe the [[flood|floods]] to be a result of decreased [[Streamflow|water carrying capacity]] of the river.<ref name="Flooding2011" /> Encroachment and illegal constructions have decreased the width of the [[Channel (geography)|river channel]]
and reduced its water carrying capacity.<ref name="Gabale2016" /> These illegal constructions are yet to be removed.<ref name="TIE-1" /> The construction of a [[Retaining wall|retaining wall]] along the river channel by the PMC has allowed for [[Land reclamation|reclamation of land]] in the [[Floodplain|flood plain]] for construction activities. The lack of a proper flood line demarcation has further allowed for constructions in the flood plain. This has reduced the channel area by almost 15%. Construction debris and sewage deposition have obstructed the natural flow of the river.<ref name="Gabale2016" />

Ramnadi is fed by around 416 stream out of which 106 no longer exist. Most of them have been destroyed as a result of construction and encroachment activities. This has destroyed the [[Drainage basin|natural catchment area]].<ref name="Gabale2016">{{harvnb|Gabale|2016|p=101-108}}</ref>
Together these factors have made the areas surrounding the river flood prone.

== Restoration ==
Years of unchecked dumping of trash, as well as illegal encroachments on the banks of the river, has nearly destroyed its [[Ecosystem|ecosystem]].<ref name="TOI-1" /> Hence it has sparked several [[Environmental restoration|restoration projects]] lead by environmental activists as well as concerned citizens over the years.

=== Ramnadi Restoration Mission ===
The Ramnadi Restoration Mission is one of the biggest river restoration projects in Pune,<ref name="TOI-1" /> involving nearly 15,000 students from 38 colleges and 18 city-based environmental groups.<ref name="TOI-2" /> It aims to restore the river to at least its state in 1949 (70 years prior). It official started on June 4, 2019.<ref name="TOI-1" />

Phase 1 of the project involves the rejuvenation of [[Khatpewadi lake]]. Removal of [[silt]] from the water body will help increase its capacity, the silt will be used to reduce the [[Grade (slope)|gradient]] of its banks. Plantation of trees along the bank will also be done. Construction of [[Artificial island|artificial islands]] in the lake is also being considered to provide ample space for [[Bird migration|migratory birds]] to nest and rest.<ref name="TOI-1" /> Phase 1 is expected to span over a period of 3 years.<ref name="TOI-2" /> Initial restoration efforts part of Phase 1, resulted in a 25% increase in the water sustaining capacity of the Khatpewadi lake.<ref>{{cite news |title=Water sustaining capacity at Khatpewadi up by 25% |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/water-sustaining-capacity-at-khatpewadi-up-by-25/articleshow/70098607.cms |access-date=22 December 2019 |agency=TNN |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Experts and environmentalist working with the Ramnadi Restoration Mission prepared a report titled "Ramnadi Flood Report" which analysed the unprecedented flooding of the river during the 2019 monsoon. Key points included loss of [[Forest cover|tree cover]] and encroachment by buildings and strongly emphasised the need for flood mapping. The report was submitted to the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC).<ref>{{cite news |title=Ramnadi rejuvenation plan to include flood mapping of all existing streams, tributaries |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ramnadi-rejuvenation-plan-to-include-flood-mapping-of-all-existing-streams-tributaries/story-NP4PQ9pWrzxbhDdRZwl2AM.html |access-date=26 March 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Reasons of river flooding identified |url=https://www.sakaltimes.com/pune/reasons-river-flooding-identified-45105 |access-date=26 March 2020 |work=Sakal Times |date=9 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="TOI-1">{{cite news |title=Mission to save Ramnadi begins as thousands set to join hands |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/mission-to-save-ramnadi-begins-as-thousands-set-to-join-hands/articleshow/69656613.cms |access-date=14 July 2019 |agency=Times of India |date=June 5, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="TOI-2">{{cite news |title=Pune: Citizens to join hands to revive Ramnadi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-citizens-to-join-hands-to-revive-ramnadi/articleshow/68419985.cms |access-date=19 July 2019 |agency=Times of India |date=March 15, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="TIE-1">{{cite news |title=Ram Nadi: illegal constructions yet to be removed, say activists |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ram-nadi-illegal-constructions-yet-to-be-re/634401 |agency=The Indian Express |date=June 16, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="TOI-3">{{cite news |title=PMC to beautify Ramnadi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/PMC-to-beautify-Ramnadi/articleshow/261609.cms?from=mdr |agency=Times of India |date=November 1, 2003}}</ref>
}}

{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite thesis|title=Impact of urbanization on geomorphic environment of Pune and surrounding|last=Gabale|first=Shrikant M.|date=28 July 2016|publisher=Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth|hdl=10603/130327}}
{{refend}}

{{Pune topics}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Geography of Pune district]]
[[Category:Rivers of India]]