Ahad Sabri: small improve structure after review further and fixed typos for clarity

2026-01-25T17:55:55Z

small improve structure after review further and fixed typos for clarity

imported>Cewbot: Fix broken anchor: #Karunageer_of_TamilNadu→most alike anchor Karan Kayastha#Karuneegar of TamilNadu

2021-07-26T22:21:37Z

Fix broken anchor: #Karunageer_of_TamilNadu→most alike anchor Karan Kayastha#Karuneegar of TamilNadu

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chidambaram Rāmalingam
| image = Vallalar.jpg
| caption = Ramalinga Swamigal
| birth_date = {{birth date|1823|10|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Marudhur]], a village near [[Chidambaram]],<br /> present day [[Cuddalore District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| disappeared_date = {{disappeared date and age|1874|1|30|1823|10|5|df=y}}
| disappeared_place = [[Mettukuppam]], a hamlet near [[Vadalur]], [[Cuddalore District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
}}

'''Arutprakasa Vallalār Chidambaram Ramalingam''' (5 October 1823 – 30 January 1874), whose pre-monastic name was '''Rāmalingam''', commonly known in India and across the world<ref>friend Henry [http://www.istitutocintamani.org/englishSession/Theosophy_Timeless_Wisdom.pdf The Light Bearer. Theosophy, Timeless Wisdom speech by Stefano Martorano]</ref> as '''Vallalār''', also known as '''Ramalinga Swamigal''' and '''Ramalinga Adigal''', was one of the most famous [[Tamil people|Tamil]] Saints and also one of the greatest Tamil poets of the 19th century<ref>[http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2007.html commemorative postage stamp on Vallalār] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217132138/http://indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2007.html |date=2010-12-17 }}</ref> and belongs to a line of [[Tamil people|Tamil]] saints known as "[[Siddhar|gnana siddhars]]" (gnana means higher [[wisdom]]).

The ''Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga Sathiya Sangam''<ref name="ambalamyoga.org">[http://www.ambalamyoga.org/On%20Vallalār%20by%20Arul%20file.pdf Details on ''Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga Sathiya Sangam'' ]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> was spread and passed on by him not only in [[theory]] but mainly in practice by his own way of living which by itself is an inspiration for his followers. Through the notion of ''Suddha Sanmarga Sangam'', the saint endeavored to eliminate the [[Caste system in India|caste system]].<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/br/2008/05/20/stories/2008052050851302.htm Book Review by "The Hindu" on Vallalār Rāmalinga adigal varalaru]</ref> According to Suddha Sanmarga, the prime aspects of human life should be love connected with charity and divine practice leading to achievement of pure [[knowledge]].

Ramalinga advocated the concept of worshipping the flame of a lighted lamp as a symbol of the eternal power.<ref>Alayam: The Hindu Temple; An Epitome of Hindu Culture; G.VenkataRamana Reddy; Published by Adhyaksha; Sri Rāmakrishna Math; {{ISBN|978-81-7823-542-4}}; Page 52</ref>

==Early life==
Rāmalingam's parents were Rāmayyā pillai and Chinnammai of Seer [[Karan Kayastha#Karuneegar of TamilNadu|Karunageer]] caste. She was his sixth wife, as all his previous wives had died childless and in quick succession. They were a family in Marudhur, a village in the old [[South Arcot|South Arcot district]], near [[Chidambaram]]. Rāmalingam was their fifth child. The older ones were two sons Sabhapati and Parasu Rāman; and two daughters, Sundarammal and Unnamulai. They named their youngest child Rāmalingam.

===Childhood and divine experiences===
Once, Rāmalingam's parents went to the [[Chidambaram Temple|Chidambaram Natarājar Temple]] with their five month old child, and the infant was joyous while the priest was offering [[Archana (Hinduism)|Deepa aradhana]] (adoration by lighted lamp being brought close to the vigrahams); this was perceived by Rāmalingam as a deep spiritual experience. In later years he said of the experience:

:"No sooner the Light was perceived, happiness prevailed on me", and

:"The sweet nectar was tasted by me as soon as the Arut perun jothi (Supreme Grace Of Light) became visible".<ref>[http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/08/SocSci-EM/History/chapter_6.pdf Arutperunjothi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916051722/http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/08/SocSci-EM/History/chapter_6.pdf |date=2008-09-16 }}, Tamil Nadu Text books online</ref>

In 1824, his father Rāmayyā pillai died. Because of his untimely demise, Chinnammai shifted her residence to her mother's place at Chinna kāvanam, Ponneri. Saint Rāmalingam was a small child when he relocated with his mother to Chennai in 1826. He and his mother lived with his eldest brother Sabhapati and his wife Pāppāthi at 31/14 Veerasamy Pillai Street at [[Sevenwells]] area of [[Chennai]], which is in the area near [[Kandaswami Temple, Georgetown|Chennai Kandha kottam Kandha swāmi temple.]] After Rāmalingam reached five years of age, Sabhapati initiated his [[formal education]]. But the young child was not interested in that, instead he preferred trips to the nearby Kandha swāmi temple. Sabhapati thought that the child needed punishment as a form of discipline, and he told his wife not to give Rāmalingam his daily meal. His kind sister-in-law, however, secretly gave him food and persuaded him to study seriously at home. In return, Rāmalingam asked for his own room, lighted lamp and mirror. He placed the light in front of the mirror. He started [[meditation]] by concentrating on the light and thus began the young boy's spiritual life. He miraculously saw a vision of the [[Murugan|Lord Muruga]]. Rāmalingam said:

:"The beauty endowed divine faces six, the illustrious shoulders twelve."<ref>{{cite news | first=Lakshmi | last=Devnath | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/02/02/stories/1302136a.htm | title=Compassion is the essence of Saint Rāmalingam's philosophy | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107124551/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/02/02/stories/1302136a.htm |archive-date=2011-01-07 | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2 February 2001 | access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref>

At one time, Rāmalingam had to replace his elder brother Sabhapati at an [[Katha (storytelling format)|upanyāsam]] (religious stories) session as upāsakar. His great discourse on verses from the `[[Periya Puranam|Periya purānam]]', an epic poem by [[Sekkizhar]] about the saintly '63 [[Nayanars|Nāyanārs]]', was appreciated by the devotees as being given by a very learned scholar. Rāmalingam's mental and spiritual growth progressed rapidly. Rāmalingam says thanks to the [[divinity|Divine]] by:

:"Effulgent flame of grace, that lit in me intelligence, to know untaught."<ref>[http://www.Vallalar.org/WebComponents/FrontPage.aspx?ViewName=enBlogs&WebSiteId=1&ConId=294 Early life of Saint Vallalār]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Rāmalingam evolved in his spiritual journey from being a devout devotee of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] to worshipping the formless.

Rāmalingam renounced the world at the young age of thirteen. But he was forced to marry his niece (on his sister's side). Legends say that the [[bridegroom]] during his first night after marriage was reading devotional works like the [[Tiruvasakam|Thiru vāsagam]]. He was not interested in money, and it is said that in later life he reduced or ignored eating and sleeping. But he seemed fit in body, which was possibly due to his supposed physical transformation.

==Teachings==
[[File:Sathya gnana sabha, vadalur 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Heaps of grain bags at [[Satyagnana Sabha, Vadalur|Sathya gnana sabha, Vadalur]] - established by Rāmalinga adigal ]]
At the age of 35 he left Chennai during the year 1858. First he went to [[Chidambaram]] where he had a debate with Kodakanallur Sundara Swāmigal. At the request of one Rāmakrishna Reddiyar he went to his house at [[Karunguzhi]] (near Vadalur) and stayed there for 9 years. He was very much against the [[caste|caste system]] because of the adverse impacts it had on society. Towards that end, he started the "Samarasa Vedha Sanmarga Sangam" in 1865. In 1872 it was renamed "Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga Sathya Sangam",<ref name="ambalamyoga.org" /> meaning "Society for pure truth in universal self-hood".

In 1867, he established a facility serving free food named "The Sathya Dharma Salai"<ref>[http://www.Vallalarspace.com/VallalarGroups/ Image of Sathya Dharma Salai]</ref> in [[Vadalur]]. There all people are served free food without any caste distinctions. The land for the facility was donated by kind, generous people and those registered documents are available for seeing by the visitors. The free facility continues its service till the present time. Rāmalinga disliked people eating [[non-vegetarian]] foods, about which he said:<blockquote>When I see men feeding on the coarse and vicious food of meat, it is an ever-recurring grief to me.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/02/02/stories/1302136a.htm |title="The Hindu" article on Vallalār |access-date=2008-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107124551/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/02/02/stories/1302136a.htm |archive-date=2011-01-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote>

[[File:Sathya gnana sabha, vadalur 3.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Entrance to the Sathya Gnana Sabha. The sign above it reads "only those who have renounced meat and murder should enter"]]
On 25 January 1872, Rāmalingam opened the "[[Satyagnana Sabha, Vadalur|Sathya Gnana Sabha]]" (Hall of True Knowledge) at [[Vadalur]]. One of the primary teachings of Valallar is "[[community service|Service]] to [[Human beings|Living Beings]] is the path of [[Moksha|Liberation/ Moksha]]". He declared that death is not natural that our life's first priority should be to fight death. He declared religion in itself a darkness. He laid a very great emphasis on being vegetarian. He said God is "Arul Perum Jothi" who is personification of Grace or mercy and knowledge. He said the path of compassion and mercy are the only path to God.

In 1867 he established a center for feeding the poor people. On the inaugural day he lit the fire of the stone stove, with a declaration that the fire be ever alive and the needy shall be fed forever. Around 1872 he established the "Sathya Gnana Sabai", hall of True Wisdom Forum and ensuring it was entirely secular. This place is not a [[temple]]; fruits, flowers are not offered, and no blessings were given. It was open to people of all castes except those who ate meat, who were only allowed to worship from the outside. He wrote in detail about the ''pooja'' to be performed in Gnāna sabai. Those who are below 12 years or those who are above 72 years alone were expected to enter Gnāna sabai and do ''poojas''. The oil lamp lit by him is kept perpetually burning. He said that [[soul]]s are blinded by seven veils.<ref>[http://www.ambalamyoga.org/On%20Vallalar%20by%20Arul%20file.pdf Details about the seven veils described by Vallalār] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409135431/http://www.ambalamyoga.org/On%20Vallalar%20by%20Arul%20file.pdf |date=2011-04-09 }}</ref>

There are seven cotton fabric screens, representing the seven factors that prevent a soul from realizing its true nature. The entire complex is bound by a chain with 21,600 links, said to represent ''21,600 inhalations''<ref>[http://www.religiousworlds.com/mandalam/janarnav.htm "Jnanarnava Tantra," Chapter Twenty One] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408093158/http://www.religiousworlds.com/mandalam/janarnav.htm |date=2006-04-08 }}</ref> by a normal human being. He said the intelligence we possess is [[Maya (religion)|Maya]] intelligence which is not true and final intelligence. The path of final intelligence is ''Jeeva Karunyam''. He advocated a [[Caste in India|casteless society]]. Vallalār was opposed to [[superstition]]s and rituals. He forbade killing animals for the sake of food. He advocated feeding the poor as the highest form of worship. He condemned inequality based on birth. Today there are spiritual groups spread out all over the world who practice the teachings of Rāmalingam and follow the path of Arul Perum Jothi.

== Chennai Kandha Kottam ==
[[Kandaswami Temple, Georgetown|Kandha kottam Kandaswāmi Temple]]<ref>Official website Kandha kottam temple [http://kandhakottam.tnhrce.in/contact.html kandhakottam.tnhrce.in], [http://www.kaumaram.com/ālayam/kandha_kottam/index.php Chennai Kandha kottam at Kaumaram.com]</ref> is located in the [[George Town, Chennai|Parry's Corner]] neighbourhood of [[Chennai]] city. Rāmalingam and his mother lived with his eldest brother Sabhapati and his wife Pāppāthi at 31/14 Veerasamy Pillai Street at Sevenwells area of Chennai, which is in the area near [[Kandaswami Temple, Georgetown|Chennai Kandha kottam Kandha swāmi temple.]] He spent a lot of his time at this temple. Rāmalingam composed 'Deiva mani malai' here. At this temple, there is a hall called the [[Mandapa|Mukha mandapam]], where the idols of [[Ganesha|Sarva Siddhi Vinayakar]], [[Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple|Meenakshi Sundareswarar]], Idumban, Sri Rāmalinga swāmigal,<ref>[http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=12 Dinamalar newspaper- Kandha kottam photos]</ref> and Pamban swāmigal are found. The locality where he lived, has been renamed as '[[Vallalar Nagar|Vallalār nagar]]'.

==Literary works==
As a musician and poet, he composed 5818 poems teaching universal love and peace, compiled into 'Six Thiru Muraigal', which are all available today as a single book called ''Thiruvarutpa''<ref>[http://www.tn.gov.in/tnpsc/FINEARTSde.html Tamil Nadu Public service commission included Thiru arut pa in syllabus]</ref> (tiru-arut-pa, holy book of grace).

Another work of his is the Manumurai Kanda Vāsagam,<ref>[http://www.ambalamyoga.org/On%20Vallalar%20by%20Arul%20file.pdf Manumurai Kanda Vāsagam ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409135431/http://www.ambalamyoga.org/On%20Vallalar%20by%20Arul%20file.pdf |date=2011-04-09 }}</ref> describing the life of [[Manu Needhi Cholan]], and Jeeva Karunya Ozhukkam,<ref>[http://www.ambalamyoga.org/Jeiva%20Karunai.pdf Details on Jeeva Karunya Ozhukkam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725002210/http://www.ambalamyoga.org/Jeiva%20Karunai.pdf |date=2011-07-25 }}</ref> a work emphasizing compassion towards all sentient forms and insisting on a plants-only diet.

===Songs set to music===
* Thiruvarutpa songs of Rāmalinga swāmigal are sung in concerts and now at least 25 songs (in Thiru varut pā Isai Mālai) are given with swara-tāla notation.
* ''Thāyāgi thandhaiyumai'' ([[Hamsadhwani]]), ''Idu nalla tharunam'' ([[Dheerasankarabharanam|Shankarābharanam]])
* ''Varuvar azhaithu vadi'' (Begada) and ''Thaen ena inikkum''.

Some of his songs were set to music by [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan|Sīrkāzhi Govindharājan]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050104114542/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/11/05/stories/2004110503330900.htm Sirkazhi Govindarajan] from "The Hindu" newspaper</ref>

==Disappearance==
{{See|Locked-room mystery}}
On 22 October 1873, Rāmalingam raised the ''flag of Brotherhood''{{what|date=October 2018}} on his one-room residence ''Siddhi Valāgam'' in Mettukuppam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/02/02/stories/1302136a.htm |title=Article in "The Hindu" narration on Siddhi Valakam |access-date=2008-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107124551/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/02/02/stories/1302136a.htm |archive-date=2011-01-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He gave his final and most popular lecture, about spiritual progress and, "nature of the powers that lie beyond us and move us," and recommended meditation using the lighted lamp from his room, which he then kept outside.

On 30 January 1874, Rāmalingam entered the room, locked himself inside and told his followers not to open it. After opening, he said, he will not be found there. (He will be "United with Nature & ruling the actions of 'all of the alls'," as told in his poem called 'Gnana Sariyai'). His seclusion spurred many rumors, and the Government finally forced the doors open in May. The room was empty, with no clues. In 1906, records about his disappearance<ref>[http://bp3.blogger.com/_ye_-S-DaxNE/R_RyHb_UkJI/AAAAAAAAAqs/98zB2rqpjDI/s1600-h/gazette+1.jpg The image of engraved stone in Vadalur] about the Madras District Gazette's note describing the Rāmalingam's disappearance incident, that took place on 30 January 1874</ref> were published in the South Arcot District's ''[[Madras District Gazetteers]]''.

==Postage stamp==
The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu released postage stamps depicting Rāmalingam on 17 August 2007. After that writ petition was submitted against the portrayal of Rāmalingam with ‘Thiru neeru’ (sacred ash) on his forehead. But the Madras High Court has declined to entertain that writ petition.<ref>"The Hindu" article about Rāmalingam stamp's [https://web.archive.org/web/20080130075635/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/06/stories/2007100653631000.htm writ petition rejected by court]</ref>

==Popular culture==
[[Arutperunjothi]] is a [[Biographical film]] of [[Ramalinga Swamigal]] released in the year 1971. [[Jothi (1939 film)]] is also a lost [[Biographical film]] of [[Ramalinga Swamigal]].

==See also==
* [[Jothi Agaval]]
* [[Arutperunjothi (1971 film)]]
* [[Jothi (1939 film)]]
* [[List of people who disappeared mysteriously: pre-1970|List of people who disappeared]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Annamalai University|Annamalai University's]] complete compilation of Thiruvarutpa in all six thirumurai in 10 Volumes [https://web.archive.org/web/20071209152651/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/09/stories/2006020918910500.htm Third edition of Thiruvarutpa released]
* Srilata Rāman. "The Spaces In Between: Rāmalinga swāmigal (1823-1874), Hunger, and Religion in Colonial India," ''History of Religions'' (August 2013) 53#1 pp 1–27. [[DOI: 10.1086/671248]]
* ''Arut Prakasa Vallalār, the Saint of Universal Vision'' by V.S. Krishnan, published by Rāmanandha Adigalar Foundation, Coimbatore 641006
* Richard S. Weiss. 2019. ''The Emergence of Modern Hinduism: Religion on the Margins of Colonialism''. California: University of California Press. [https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520307056/the-emergence-of-modern-hinduism]

==External links==


* [http://Vallalar.net Vallalar.net], Vallalār website.
* [http://www.thiruarutpa.org Thiruarutpa.org], Online Thiruarutpa.
* [http://Vallalar.org Vallalar.org], Vallalār website.
* [http://www.atruegod.org atruegod.org], Suddha Sanmarga by Vallalār, website.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180818014446/http://www.vallalar.in/ Vallalar.in], Vallalār biography websites.
* [http://vallalar.in vallalar.In], Sanmarga sanga websites.
* [http://www.Vallalarspace.com Vallalarspace.com], All Sanmarga sanga websites.
* [http://www.Vallalarspace.org/VallalarGroups Vallalarspace.org], Vallalar Groups.
* [http://Vallalarkudanthai.com Vallalarkudanthai.com], Thiru Arutpa Literary & Musical Association. Kumbakonam.

{{Authority control}}
{{Vegetarianism|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rāmalinga Adigal}}
[[Category:1823 births]]
[[Category:1870s missing person cases]]
[[Category:1874 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in India]]
[[Category:People from Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Anti-caste activists]]
[[Category:Social reformers]]

Ramalinga Swamigal - Revision history

Ahad Sabri: small improve structure after review further and fixed typos for clarity

imported>Cewbot: Fix broken anchor: #Karunageer_of_TamilNadu→most alike anchor Karan Kayastha#Karuneegar of TamilNadu