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← Older revision		Revision as of 18:44, 22 December 2022
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	Historian Maia Ramnath ~~describes the publication~~ as "one of the first significant pieces of anticolonial propaganda circulated on the West Coast."<ref name=":0" /> ~~The publication~~ included original writing, as well as extracts from other publications, including the ''[[Gaelic American]]'', and according to Ramnath, most likely the ''Indian Sociologist'' and ''Bande Mataram''.<ref name=":0" /> Chandra describes Puri as pledging support to [[Swadeshi movement]] in the publication;<ref name=":1" /> Ramnath quotes a 1908 issue that reads, in part, "The king is no longer to us the representative of God in the country. We have come to know that people possess the right of appointing and dethroning kings…Swadeshi is for Indians what Sinn Fein is for Ireland."<ref name=":0" />		Historian Maia Ramnath described ''Circular-i-Azadi'' as "one of the first significant pieces of anticolonial propaganda circulated on the West Coast."<ref name=":0" /> It included original writing, as well as extracts from other publications, including the ''[[Gaelic American]]'', and according to Ramnath, most likely the ''Indian Sociologist'' and ''Bande Mataram''.<ref name=":0" /> Chandra describes Puri as pledging support to the [[Swadeshi movement]] in the publication;<ref name=":1" /> Ramnath quotes a 1908 issue that reads, in part, "The king is no longer to us the representative of God in the country. We have come to know that people possess the right of appointing and dethroning kings…Swadeshi is for Indians what Sinn Fein is for Ireland."<ref name=":0" />

	''Circular-i-Azadi'' came to the attention of the British [[Director of Criminal Intelligence]], and was prohibited from shipment to India due to its allegedly "seditious" content. In January 1908, a Director of Criminal Intelligence report described the report, which had appeared in India, as having as "frankly revolutionary," working "to organise an Indian national party among Indians who go to America for employment," and "capable of working a great mischief."<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />		''Circular-i-Azadi'' came to the attention of the British [[Director of Criminal Intelligence]], and was prohibited from shipment to India due to its allegedly "seditious" content. In January 1908, a Director of Criminal Intelligence report described the report, which had appeared in India, as having as "frankly revolutionary," working "to organise an Indian national party among Indians who go to America for employment," and "capable of working a great mischief."<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />
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	[[Category:American male writers of Indian descent]]		[[Category:American male writers of Indian descent]]
	[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]		[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]
	[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]		[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
	[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]		[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]

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2021-11-14T01:13:10Z

top: General fixes, replaced: | nationality = United States | → | nationality = American |

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{{Orphan|date=January 2019}}

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ram Nath Puri
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1881|09|21}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = 1974
| death_place = Los Angeles
| nationality = American
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for = Editor of Indian revolutionary magazine ''Circular-i-Azadi''
| notable_works =
}}

'''Ram Nath Puri''' (or '''Ramnath Puri''') was an [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] freedom fighter best known as the editor of ''Circular-i-Azadi'', a publication critical of the [[British Raj]], often linked to the early history of the [[Ghadar Party]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WfxtAAAAMAAJ
| title = A guide to sources, Ghadar movement
| last = Tatla
| first = Darshan Singh
| date = 2003-01-01
| publisher = Guru Nanak Dev University
| isbn = 9788177700565
| page = 98
| language = en
}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Puri was born to a Punjabi<ref name=":3" /> family on 21 September 1881.<ref>"United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918," database with images, ''FamilySearch'' (<nowiki>https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KZKQ-ZTV</nowiki> : accessed 28 February 2016), Ram Nath Puri, 1917-1918; citing San Joaquin County, California, United States, NARA microfilm publication M1509 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 1,544,322.</ref><ref>"United States World War II Draft Registration Cards, 1942," database with images, ''FamilySearch'' (<nowiki>https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:V48D-LVY</nowiki> : accessed 28 February 2016), Ram Nath Puri, 1942; citing NARA microfilm publication M1936, M1937, M1939, M1951, M1962, M1964, M1986, M2090, and M2097 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).</ref><ref name=":7">"California Death Index, 1940-1997," database, ''FamilySearch'' (<nowiki>https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VPHG-MHJ</nowiki> : accessed 28 February 2016), Ram N Puri, 21 Sep 1974; Department of Public Health Services, Sacramento.</ref> His father was Jawala Mul Puri from the village of [[Khemkaran|Khem Karan]], in what was then the [[Lahore]] District of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].<ref name=":5"/>

He started his career as a bank clerk in Lahore,<ref name=":5" /> when he published two anti-colonial pamphlets and a political cartoon of an emaciated "Father India" bound in chains.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ihg-AAAAMAAJ&q=%22ramnath+puri%22+OR+%22ram+nath+puri%22
| title = Ghadar Revolution in America
| last = Ganguly
| first = Anil Baran
| date = 1980-01-01
| publisher = Metropolitan
| pages = 31–32
| language = en
}}</ref> He attracted the attention of British authorities for having published what they termed "objectionable pamphlets" and a "seditious cartoon."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lFOKArfI8RUC
| title = Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire
| last = Ramnath
| first = Maia
| date = 2011-12-01
| publisher = University of California Press
| isbn = 9780520950399
| page = 21
| language = en
}}</ref> The British confiscated Puri's pamphlets, arrested his agent, and harassed him directly. He decided to leave India.<ref name=":6" />

In late 1906,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web
| url = http://www.lalkar.org/article/215/100th-anniversary-of-the-ghadar-movement-a-salute-to-the-forerunners-of-the-indian-liberation-struggle
| title = 100th Anniversary of the Ghadar movement – a salute to the forerunners of the Indian liberation struggle
| date = 2013-07-01
| website = Lalkar
| language = en-US
| access-date = 2016-02-28
}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fCnnAwAAQBAJ
| title = Echoes of Mutiny: Race, Surveillance, and Indian Anticolonialism in North America
| last = Sohi
| first = Seema
| date = 2014-01-01
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| isbn = 9780199376254
| pages = 51–52
| language = en
}}</ref> he migrated to the [[United States]], as a political exile, according to historian [[Bipan Chandra]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0q7xH06NrFkC
| title = India's Struggle for Independence
| last = Chandra
| first = Bipan
| date = 2000-10-14
| publisher = Penguin UK
| isbn = 9788184751833
| page = 176
| language = en
| chapter = World War I and Nationalism: The Ghadar
}}</ref>

== Activism in the United States ==
In 1907, he founded the Hindustan Association. According to his own description in ''Circular-i-Azadi'', the association was based in [[San Francisco|San Francisco, California]], and had branches in [[Astoria, Oregon]] and [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]].<ref name=":0" /> ''Lalkar'' describes "the principal condition for membership of the HA was that the members would rid themselves of prejudice based on caste, colour and creed."<ref name=":3" />

Between 1907 and 1908, he launched and published three issues of ''Circular-i-Azadi'' (also transliterated as ''Circular-e-Azadi'')'','' an [[Urdu]] language paper critical of British rule in India and focused on political education, published out of [[San Francisco]] and [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], California.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.gopio.net/gadar_centennial/gadar_movement.pdf
| title = Gadar Centennial Commemoration 2013
| last = Singh
| first = Inder
| date = 2013
| website = Global Organization of People of Indian Origin
| publisher =
| access-date =
}}</ref> The first issue was printed using lithography.<ref>{{Cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cF9uAAAAMAAJ
| title = Ghadar movement: ideology, organisation & strategy
| last = Puri
| first = Harish K.
| date = 1983-01-01
| publisher = Guru Nanak Dev University Press
| page = 40
| isbn = 9780836411133
| language = en
}}</ref>

Historian Maia Ramnath describes the publication as "one of the first significant pieces of anticolonial propaganda circulated on the West Coast."<ref name=":0" /> The publication included original writing, as well as extracts from other publications, including the ''[[Gaelic American]]'', and according to Ramnath, most likely the ''Indian Sociologist'' and ''Bande Mataram''.<ref name=":0" /> Chandra describes Puri as pledging support to [[Swadeshi movement]] in the publication;<ref name=":1" /> Ramnath quotes a 1908 issue that reads, in part, "The king is no longer to us the representative of God in the country. We have come to know that people possess the right of appointing and dethroning kings…Swadeshi is for Indians what Sinn Fein is for Ireland."<ref name=":0" />

''Circular-i-Azadi'' came to the attention of the British [[Director of Criminal Intelligence]], and was prohibited from shipment to India due to its allegedly "seditious" content. In January 1908, a Director of Criminal Intelligence report described the report, which had appeared in India, as having as "frankly revolutionary," working "to organise an Indian national party among Indians who go to America for employment," and "capable of working a great mischief."<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

== Life in the United States ==
In the United States, Ramnath Puri worked as a hospital watchman, interpreter, mining college student, fruit picker, waiter, entrepreneur, and postal worker.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal
| last =
| first =
| date = February 1918
| title = Hindu Resigns From Service
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IEg2AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA19
| journal = The Union Postal Employee
| publication-place = Washington, DC
| doi =
| pmid =
| access-date =
}}</ref>

According to Karen Leonard, Puri "returned for his wife in 1906 and brought her to San Francisco, where he had become a U.S. citizen…the three Puri children were born in the first two decades of the century."<ref>{{Cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_OixUUiSuLQC
| title = Making Ethnic Choices: California's Punjabi Mexican Americans
| last = Leonard
| first = Karen
| date = 2010-08-17
| publisher = Temple University Press
| isbn = 9781439903643
| page = 94
| language = en
| chapter = Male and Female Networks
}}</ref>

In 1908, the ''[[Overland Monthly]]'' described Puri as a student of English.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Puri
| first = Ram Nath
| date = July 1908
| title = A New Light in India
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SQINAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA26
| journal = Overland Monthly
| doi =
| pmid =
| access-date =
}}</ref>

In 1910, he acquired land in Oakland, California.<ref name=":0" />

As of 1917, he was described as a naturalized United States citizen, an alumnus of the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]], a well-known author, and a San Francisco area resident of ten years.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal
| last =
| first =
| date = March 1917
| title = Rafiq-i-Hind
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RHsPAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA15
| journal = The Hindustanee Student
| page = 15
| doi =
| pmid =
| access-date =
}}</ref>

In 1917, he launched a new publication called ''Rafiq-i-Hind'' (or "Friend of India") from [[Stockton, California]], with news of interest to the "Hindu" (Indian) community.<ref name=":2" />

In 1947, he published ''How to Conquer Poverty & Famine in India by American Methods''. In it, he describes his choice to leave the United States, and his Californian family, including a son "who is engaged in a business of his own, and a daughter "who is in the Civil Service of the California State Government."<ref>{{Cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dCQYAAAAIAAJ
| title = How to conquer poverty & famine in India by American methods
| last = Puri
| first = Ram Nath
| date = 1947-01-01
| publisher = Padmaja Publications
| language = en
}}</ref>

He died in [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] in 1974.<ref name=":7" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puri, Ram Nath}}
[[Category:American editors]]
[[Category:Ghadar Party]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American male writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]

Ram Nath Puri - Revision history

Bot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

->BattyBot: /* top */General fixes, replaced: | nationality = United States | → | nationality = American |