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Raksha Bandhan - Revision history

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	\|source = — [[Bina Agarwal]] in ''A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia'' (1994), quoting Adrian C. Mayer, ''Caste and kinship in Central India'' (1960)		\|source = — [[Bina Agarwal]] in ''A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia'' (1994), quoting Adrian C. Mayer, ''Caste and kinship in Central India'' (1960)
	}}		}}
	'''Raksha Bandhan''',<ref name="McGregor1993">{{citation\|last=McGregor\|first=Ronald Stuart\|authorlink=R. S. McGregor\|title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzMwAAAACAAJ&pg=PA849\|year=1993\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-563846-2}} Quote: m Hindi ''rakśābandhan'' held on the full moon of the month of Savan, when sisters tie a talisman (rakhi q.v.) on the arm of their brothers and receive small gifts of money from them.</ref> is a popular, traditionally [[Hindus\|Hindu]], annual rite, or ceremony, which is central to a festival of the same name celebrated in [[South Asia]], and in other parts of the world significantly influenced by Hindu culture. On this day, sisters of all ages tie a talisman, or amulet, called the '''''Rakhi''''', around the wrists of their brothers, symbolically protecting them, receiving a gift in return, and traditionally investing the brothers with a share of the responsibility of their potential care.<ref name="Agarwal1994a">{{citation\|last=Agarwal\|first=Bina\|authorlink=Bina Agarwal\|title=A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3pdP30OnEUC&pg=PA264\|year=1994\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-42926-9\|page=264}} </ref>		'''Raksha Bandhan'''<ref name="McGregor1993">{{citation\|last=McGregor\|first=Ronald Stuart\|authorlink=R. S. McGregor\|title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzMwAAAACAAJ&pg=PA849\|year=1993\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-563846-2}} Quote: m Hindi ''rakśābandhan'' held on the full moon of the month of Savan, when sisters tie a talisman (rakhi q.v.) on the arm of their brothers and receive small gifts of money from them.</ref> is a popular, traditionally [[Hindus\|Hindu]], annual rite, or ceremony, which is central to a festival of the same name celebrated in [[South Asia]], and in other parts of the world significantly influenced by Hindu culture. On this day, sisters of all ages tie a talisman, or amulet, called the '''''Rakhi''''', around the wrists of their brothers, symbolically protecting them, receiving a gift in return, and traditionally investing the brothers with a share of the responsibility of their potential care.<ref name="Agarwal1994a">{{citation\|last=Agarwal\|first=Bina\|authorlink=Bina Agarwal\|title=A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3pdP30OnEUC&pg=PA264\|year=1994\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-42926-9\|page=264}} </ref>

	Raksha Bandhan is observed on the last day of the [[Hindu calendar\|Hindu lunar calendar]] month of [[Shraavana]], which typically falls in August. The expression "Raksha Bandhan," [[Sanskrit]], literally, "the bond of protection, obligation, or care," is now principally applied to this ritual. Until the mid-20th-century, the expression was more commonly applied to a similar ritual, also held on the same day, with precedence in ancient Hindu texts, in which a domestic priest ties amulets, charms, or threads on the wrists of his patrons, or changes their [[upanayana\|sacred thread]], and receives gifts of money; in some places, this is still the case.<ref name="Berreman1963">{{citation\|last=Berreman\|first=Gerald Duane\|title=Hindus of the Himalayas\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0o91Qt_GAlEC&pg=PA390\|year=1963\|publisher=University of California Press\|pages=390–\|id=GGKEY:S0ZWW3DRS4S}} Quote: Rakri: On this date Brahmins go from house to house tying string bracelets (''rakrī'') on the wrists of household members. In return the Brahmins receive from an anna to a rupee from each household. ... This is supposed to be auspicious for the recipient. ... It has no connotation of brother-sister devotion as it does in some plains areas. It is readily identified with ''Raksha Bandhan''.</ref><ref name="Gnanambal1969-brahmans">{{citation\|last=Gnanambal\|first=K.\|title=Festivals of India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxTgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA10\|year=1969\|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India\|page=10}} Quote: In North India, the festival is popularly called Raksha Bandhan ... On this day, sisters tie an amulet round the right wrists of brothers wishing them long life and prosperity. Family priests (Brahmans) make it an occasion to visit their clientiele to get presents.</ref> In contrast, the sister-brother festival, with origins in folk culture, had names which varied with location, with some rendered as '''Saluno''',<ref name="MarriottBeals1955-Marriott-Saluno">{{citation\|last=Marriott\|first=McKim\|editor=McKim Marriott \|title=Village India: Studies in the Little Community\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOLZAAAAMAAJ&pg=198\|year=1955\|publisher=University of Chicago Press\|pages=198–202\|chapter=Little Communities in an Indigenous Civilization\|isbn=9780226506432}}</ref><ref name="Wadley1994">{{citation\|last=Wadley\|first=Susan S.\|title=Struggling with Destiny in Karimpur, 1925-1984\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMqw6JAmQQIC&pg=PA84\|date=27 July 1994\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-91433-9\|pages=84, 202}} Quote: (p 84) Potters: ... But because the festival of Saluno takes place during the monsoon when they can't make pots, they make pots in three batches ...</ref> '''Silono''',<ref name="Lewis1965">{{citation\|last=Lewis\|first=Oscar\|title=Village Life in Northern India: Studies in a Delhi Village\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpzZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA208\|year=1965\|publisher=University of Illinois Press\|page=208\|isbn=9780598001207}}</ref> and '''Rakri'''.<ref name="Berreman1963"/> A ritual associated with Saluno included the sisters placing shoots of barley behind the ears of their brothers.<ref name="MarriottBeals1955-Marriott-Saluno"/>		Raksha Bandhan is observed on the last day of the [[Hindu calendar\|Hindu lunar calendar]] month of [[Shraavana]], which typically falls in August. The expression "Raksha Bandhan," [[Sanskrit]], literally, "the bond of protection, obligation, or care," is now principally applied to this ritual. Until the mid-20th-century, the expression was more commonly applied to a similar ritual, also held on the same day, with precedence in ancient Hindu texts, in which a domestic priest ties amulets, charms, or threads on the wrists of his patrons, or changes their [[upanayana\|sacred thread]], and receives gifts of money; in some places, this is still the case.<ref name="Berreman1963">{{citation\|last=Berreman\|first=Gerald Duane\|title=Hindus of the Himalayas\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0o91Qt_GAlEC&pg=PA390\|year=1963\|publisher=University of California Press\|pages=390–\|id=GGKEY:S0ZWW3DRS4S}} Quote: Rakri: On this date Brahmins go from house to house tying string bracelets (''rakrī'') on the wrists of household members. In return the Brahmins receive from an anna to a rupee from each household. ... This is supposed to be auspicious for the recipient. ... It has no connotation of brother-sister devotion as it does in some plains areas. It is readily identified with ''Raksha Bandhan''.</ref><ref name="Gnanambal1969-brahmans">{{citation\|last=Gnanambal\|first=K.\|title=Festivals of India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxTgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA10\|year=1969\|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India\|page=10}} Quote: In North India, the festival is popularly called Raksha Bandhan ... On this day, sisters tie an amulet round the right wrists of brothers wishing them long life and prosperity. Family priests (Brahmans) make it an occasion to visit their clientiele to get presents.</ref> In contrast, the sister-brother festival, with origins in folk culture, had names which varied with location, with some rendered as '''Saluno''',<ref name="MarriottBeals1955-Marriott-Saluno">{{citation\|last=Marriott\|first=McKim\|editor=McKim Marriott \|title=Village India: Studies in the Little Community\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOLZAAAAMAAJ&pg=198\|year=1955\|publisher=University of Chicago Press\|pages=198–202\|chapter=Little Communities in an Indigenous Civilization\|isbn=9780226506432}}</ref><ref name="Wadley1994">{{citation\|last=Wadley\|first=Susan S.\|title=Struggling with Destiny in Karimpur, 1925-1984\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMqw6JAmQQIC&pg=PA84\|date=27 July 1994\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-91433-9\|pages=84, 202}} Quote: (p 84) Potters: ... But because the festival of Saluno takes place during the monsoon when they can't make pots, they make pots in three batches ...</ref> '''Silono''',<ref name="Lewis1965">{{citation\|last=Lewis\|first=Oscar\|title=Village Life in Northern India: Studies in a Delhi Village\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpzZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA208\|year=1965\|publisher=University of Illinois Press\|page=208\|isbn=9780598001207}}</ref> and '''Rakri'''.<ref name="Berreman1963"/> A ritual associated with Saluno included the sisters placing shoots of barley behind the ears of their brothers.<ref name="MarriottBeals1955-Marriott-Saluno"/>
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	==Traditional regions of observance==		==Traditional regions of observance==
	Scholars who have written about the ritual, have usually described the traditional region of its observance as north India; however, also included are: central India, western India and Nepal, as well other regions of India, and overseas Hindu communities such as in Fiji. Anthropologist [[Jack Goody]], whose field study was conducted in [[Nandol]], in Gujarat, describes Rakshabandhan as an "annual ceremony ... of northern and western India."<ref name="Goody1990-nwIndia">{{citation\|last=Goody\|first=Jack\|author-link=Jack Goody\|title=The Oriental, the Ancient and the Primitive: Systems of Marriage and the Family in the Pre-Industrial Societies of Eurasia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdgos7fWazIC&pg=PA222\|year=1990\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-36761-5\|page=222}}</ref>		Scholars who have written about the ritual, have usually described the traditional region of its observance as north India; however, also included are: central India, western India and Nepal, as well other regions of India, and overseas Hindu communities such as in Fiji. It is essentially a Hindu festival; however, in addition to India and Nepal, Pakistan and Mauritius are two other countries where Hindus celebrate this occasion.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2020-02-28 \|title=Raksha Bandhan {{!}} What, When, Why, How Celebrate - All Indian Festivals \|url=https://www.allindianfestivals.in/raksha-bandhan/ \|access-date=2022-04-19 \|language=en-US}}</ref>Anthropologist [[Jack Goody]], whose field study was conducted in [[Nandol]], in Gujarat, describes Rakshabandhan as an "annual ceremony ... of northern and western India."<ref name="Goody1990-nwIndia">{{citation\|last=Goody\|first=Jack\|author-link=Jack Goody\|title=The Oriental, the Ancient and the Primitive: Systems of Marriage and the Family in the Pre-Industrial Societies of Eurasia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdgos7fWazIC&pg=PA222\|year=1990\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-36761-5\|page=222}}</ref>
	Anthropologist [[Michael Jackson (anthropologist)\|Michael Jackson]], writes, "While traditional North Indian families do not have a Father's or Mother's Day, or even the equivalent of Valentine's Day, there is a Sister's Day, called Raksha Bandhan, ..."<ref name="Jackson2012">{{citation\|last=Jackson\|first=Michael\|title=Between One and One Another\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tiFozSm4JPcC&pg=PA52\|year=2012\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-95191-4\|page=52}}</ref> Religious scholar [[J. Gordon Melton]] describes it as "primarily a North Indian festival."<ref name="Melton2011">{{citation\|last=Melton\|first=J. Gordon\|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA733\|year=2011\|publisher=ABC-CLIO\|isbn=978-1-59884-206-7\|pages=733–}}</ref> Leona M. Anderson and Pamela D. Young describe it as "one of the most popular festivals of North India."<ref>{{citation\|last1=Anderson\|first1=Leona May\|last2=Young\|first2=Pamela Dickey\|title=Women and Religious Traditions\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLsoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA30\|year=2004\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-541754-8\|pages=30–31}}</ref> Anthropologist [[David G. Mandelbaum]] has described it as "an annual rite observed in northern and western India."<ref name="Mandelbaum1970-nwIndia">{{citation\|last=Mandelbaum\|first=David Goodman\|author-link=David G. Mandelbaum\|title=Society in India: Continuity and change\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdMj5LnvP6oC&pg=PA68\|year=1970\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-01623-1\|pages=68–69}}</ref> Other descriptions of primary regions are of development economist [[Bina Agarwal]] ("In Northern India and Nepal this is ritualized in festivals such as raksha-bandhan."<ref name="Agarwal1994a" />), scholar and activist [[Ruth Vanita]] ("a festival widely celebrated in north India."<ref name="MinesLamb2002" />), anthropologist James D. Faubion ("In north India this brother-sister relationship is formalized in the ceremony of 'Rakshabandhan.'"<ref name="Faubion2001-NIndia">{{citation\|last=Faubion\|first=James\|title=The Ethics of Kinship: Ethnographic Inquiries\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUg2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151\|year=2001\|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7425-7889-0\|pages=151–}}</ref>), and social scientist [[Prem Chowdhry]] ("... in the noticeable revival of the Raksha Bandhan festival and the renewed sanctity it has claimed in North India."<ref name="NairJohn2000-NIndia">{{citation \|last=Chowdhry \|first=Prem \|editor=Nair, Janaki \|editor2=John, Mary E. \|title=A Question of Silence: The Sexual Economies of Modern India\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUJ6112aGZQC&pg=PA356 \|year=2000 \|publisher=Zed Books \|isbn=978-1-85649-892-0 \|page=356 \|chapter=Enforcing cultural codes: Gender and violence in northern India}}</ref>).		Anthropologist [[Michael Jackson (anthropologist)\|Michael Jackson]], writes, "While traditional North Indian families do not have a Father's or Mother's Day, or even the equivalent of Valentine's Day, there is a Sister's Day, called Raksha Bandhan, ..."<ref name="Jackson2012">{{citation\|last=Jackson\|first=Michael\|title=Between One and One Another\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tiFozSm4JPcC&pg=PA52\|year=2012\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-95191-4\|page=52}}</ref> Religious scholar [[J. Gordon Melton]] describes it as "primarily a North Indian festival."<ref name="Melton2011">{{citation\|last=Melton\|first=J. Gordon\|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA733\|year=2011\|publisher=ABC-CLIO\|isbn=978-1-59884-206-7\|pages=733–}}</ref> Leona M. Anderson and Pamela D. Young describe it as "one of the most popular festivals of North India."<ref>{{citation\|last1=Anderson\|first1=Leona May\|last2=Young\|first2=Pamela Dickey\|title=Women and Religious Traditions\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLsoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA30\|year=2004\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-541754-8\|pages=30–31}}</ref> Anthropologist [[David G. Mandelbaum]] has described it as "an annual rite observed in northern and western India."<ref name="Mandelbaum1970-nwIndia">{{citation\|last=Mandelbaum\|first=David Goodman\|author-link=David G. Mandelbaum\|title=Society in India: Continuity and change\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdMj5LnvP6oC&pg=PA68\|year=1970\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-01623-1\|pages=68–69}}</ref> Other descriptions of primary regions are of development economist [[Bina Agarwal]] ("In Northern India and Nepal this is ritualized in festivals such as raksha-bandhan."<ref name="Agarwal1994a" />), scholar and activist [[Ruth Vanita]] ("a festival widely celebrated in north India."<ref name="MinesLamb2002" />), anthropologist James D. Faubion ("In north India this brother-sister relationship is formalized in the ceremony of 'Rakshabandhan.'"<ref name="Faubion2001-NIndia">{{citation\|last=Faubion\|first=James\|title=The Ethics of Kinship: Ethnographic Inquiries\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUg2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151\|year=2001\|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7425-7889-0\|pages=151–}}</ref>), and social scientist [[Prem Chowdhry]] ("... in the noticeable revival of the Raksha Bandhan festival and the renewed sanctity it has claimed in North India."<ref name="NairJohn2000-NIndia">{{citation \|last=Chowdhry \|first=Prem \|editor=Nair, Janaki \|editor2=John, Mary E. \|title=A Question of Silence: The Sexual Economies of Modern India\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUJ6112aGZQC&pg=PA356 \|year=2000 \|publisher=Zed Books \|isbn=978-1-85649-892-0 \|page=356 \|chapter=Enforcing cultural codes: Gender and violence in northern India}}</ref>).

	==Evolution of Raksha Bandhan: the great and little traditions==		==Evolution of Raksha Bandhan: the great and little traditions==
	[[File:Nazeer Akbarabadi nazm Rakhi.jpg\|right\|thumb\|260px\|[[Nazeer Akbarabadi]] (1735–1830) wrote one of the first [[nazm]]s (poems) in [[Hindustani language]] on Rakhi. This is the last "band" (stanza), the poet fantasizes that he (a Muslim) would like to dress up as a "Bamhan" (Brahmin priest), with sacred thread and mark on forehead, so that he too can tie the threads on the wrists of all the beautiful people around him.]]{{Quote box		[[File:Nazeer Akbarabadi nazm Rakhi.jpg\|right\|thumb\|260px\|[[Nazeer Akbarabadi]] (1735–1830) wrote one of the first [[nazm]]s (poems) in [[Hindustani language]] on Rakhi. This is the last "band" (stanza), the poet fantasizes that he (a Muslim) would like to dress up as a "Bamhan" (Brahmin priest), with sacred thread and mark on forehead, so that he too can tie the threads on the wrists of all the beautiful people around him.]]{{Quote box
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	The festival is observed by the [[Shaivism\|Shaiva]] Hindus, and is popularly known in [[Newar people\|Newar]] community as ''Gunhu Punhi''.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.gorkhapost.com/raksha-bandhan-observed-today/ \|title=Raksha Bandhan being observed today \|date= 2017-07-28\|publisher=Gorkha Post \|access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref>		The festival is observed by the [[Shaivism\|Shaiva]] Hindus, and is popularly known in [[Newar people\|Newar]] community as ''Gunhu Punhi''.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.gorkhapost.com/raksha-bandhan-observed-today/ \|title=Raksha Bandhan being observed today \|date= 2017-07-28\|publisher=Gorkha Post \|access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref>

			In [[Odisha]] this raksha bandhan is also called Rakhi Purnima/Gamha purnima.A sister ties rakhi around his brother's wrist as a mark of love and honour and the brother promises to protect his sister from all the difficulties.In this day birthday of lord [[Balabhadra]] is celebrated in Odisha and he is considered as God Of Farming in Odisha.Rakhis are tied to cattle by the farmers and that's why this festival is called Gamha Purnima in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web \|date= \|title=RAKSHA BANDHAN 2021 IN ODISHA:RAKHI PURNIMA, GAMHA PURNIMA \|url=https://incredibleorissa.com/raksha-bandhan-odisha-rakhi-gamha-purnima/ \|website=Incredible Orissa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Special Report: Know Why & How Odisha Celebrates Rakhi Purnima \|url=https://odishatv.in/videos/exclusive/special-report-know-why-how-odisha-celebrates-rakhi-purnima-158096 \|website=OTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Rakshabandhan - Rakhi - Gamha Purnima \|url=https://www.nuaodisha.com/ContentDetails.aspx?cid=244&todo=events}}</ref>

	==Depictions in movies and popular history==		==Depictions in movies and popular history==