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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:33, 19 May 2022
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	The kings of Kashmir described in the ''Rajatarangini'' are given below. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. Kalhana's work uses ''Kali'' and ''Laukika'' (or Saptarishi) [[calendar era]]s: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records.{{sfn\|Dutt\|1879\|pp=xix–xxiii}}		The kings of Kashmir described in the ''Rajatarangini'' are given below. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. Kalhana's work uses ''Kali'' and ''Laukika'' (or Saptarishi) [[calendar era]]s: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records.{{sfn\|Dutt\|1879\|pp=xix–xxiii}}

	=== Book 1 ===		=== Book 1 : Gonanda dynasty (I) ===

	Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali [[calendar era]]. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE.{{sfn\|Dutt\|1879\|pp=xix–xxiii}} The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years.{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=133–138}}		Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali [[calendar era]]. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE.{{sfn\|Dutt\|1879\|pp=xix–xxiii}} The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years.{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=133–138}}
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	! Ruler{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=133–138}} !! Notes		! Ruler{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=133–138}} !! Notes
	\|-		\|-
	\| Gonanda I \|\| Contemporary of [[Yudhishthira]], a relative of [[Magadha]]'s ruler [[Jarasandha\|Jarasindhu]] (I.59). He was killed by [[~~Balarama~~]], ~~the elder~~ brother of ~~Jarasandha's enemy [[Krishna]]~~.		\| Gonanda I \|\| Contemporary of [[Yudhishthira]], a relative of [[Magadha]]'s ruler [[Jarasandha\|Jarasindhu]] (I.59). He was killed by [[Bheem]], one of five Pandavas, younger brother of Yudhishthira.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Damodara I \|\| Killed in a battle with by Krishna's friends		\| [[Damodara I]]\|\| Killed in a battle with by Krishna's friends
	\|-		\|-
	\| Yashovati \|\| Wife of Damodara. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne.		\| Yashovati \|\| Wife of Damodara. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne.
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	\| Gonanda II \|\| Son of Yashovati and Damodara		\| Gonanda II \|\| Son of Yashovati and Damodara
	\|-		\|-
	\| 35 kings<br/>(names lost) \|\| A manuscript titled ''Ratnakar Purana'' supposedly contained these names, and was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler [[Zain-ul-Abidin]]. The purported original manuscript as well as its translation are now lost. A Muslim historian named Hassan is said to have obtained a copy of the translation, and the later Muslim historians provided a fabricated list of 35 names ending in [[Khan (title)\|-Khan]].{{sfn\|Raina\|2013\|p=260}}		\| '''35 kings<br/>(names lost)''' \|\| A manuscript titled ''Ratnakar Purana'' supposedly contained these names, and was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler [[Zain-ul-Abidin]]. The purported original manuscript as well as its translation are now lost. A Muslim historian named Hassan is said to have obtained a copy of the translation, and the later Muslim historians provided a fabricated list of 35 names ending in [[Khan (title)\|-Khan]].{{sfn\|Raina\|2013\|p=260}}
	\|-		\|-
	\| Lava \|\|		\| Lava \|\|
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	\| Damodara II \|\| Devout Shaivite. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu.		\| Damodara II \|\| Devout Shaivite. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu.
	\|-		\|-
	~~\| [[Huvishka~~\|Hushka]], Jushka, and Kanishka \|\| Buddhist kings of [[List of Turkic dynasties and countries\|Turashka]] origin (according to Kalhana). The third king is identified with [[Kanishka]] of the [[Kushan Empire]].<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Pandit \|first1=Ranjit Sitaram \|title=River Of Kings (rajatarangini) \|date=1935 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051/page/n65 23] I68- \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051}}</ref>		\| Hushka, Jushka, and Kanishka \|\| Buddhist kings of [[List of Turkic dynasties and countries\|Turashka]] origin (according to Kalhana). The third king is identified with [[Kanishka]] of the [[Kushan Empire]].<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Pandit \|first1=Ranjit Sitaram \|title=River Of Kings (rajatarangini) \|date=1935 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051/page/n65 23] I68- \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\| Abhimanyu I \|\| A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite [[Nāga]] rites prescribed in the holy text ''Nila Purana''. This angered the Nāgas, who heavily persecuted the Buddhists. To avoid this disorder, the king retired. A Brahmin named Chandradeva restored Shaivite rites by worshipping Shiva.		\| Abhimanyu I \|\| A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite [[Nāga]] rites prescribed in the holy text ''Nila Purana''. This angered the Nāgas, who heavily persecuted the Buddhists. To avoid this disorder, the king retired. A Brahmin named Chandradeva restored Shaivite rites by worshipping Shiva.
	\|}		\|}

	==== Gonanditya dynasty ====		==== Gonanditya dynasty (I) ====

	The Gonanditya dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years.{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=133–138}}		The Gonanditya dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years.{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=133–138}}
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	\|}		\|}

	=== Book 2 ===		=== Book 2 : Other rulers ===

	No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source.{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=65}} These kings ruled Kashmir for 192 years.{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=133–138}}		No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source.{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=65}} These kings ruled Kashmir for 192 years.{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=133–138}}
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	=== Book 3: Restored Gonandiya dynasty ===		=== Book 3: Restored Gonandiya dynasty ===
	{{main\|Gonanda dynasty (II)}}		{{main\|Gonanda dynasty (II)}}

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	! Ruler !! Reign{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=133–138}} !! Ascension year !! Notes		! Ruler !! Reign{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=133–138}} !! Ascension year !! Notes
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Meghavahana]] \|\| 34 years \|\| 25 CE \|\|[[File:Coin of Meghama(...). Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|right\|Possible coinage of [[Meghavahana]]. Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.{{efn\| '''Obverse''': ''[[Shiva]] Pashupati'' ("Lord of the Beasts"), making a mudra gesture with right hand and holding filleted trident; behind, a lioness or tiger. Trace of legend ''Meghana...'' in Brahmi. '''Reverse''': Goddess seated facing on lotus, holding lotus in both hand, [[Kidara]] monogram to left, ''Jaya'' in Brahmi to right.}}<ref name="JC">{{cite journal \|last1=Cribb \|first1=Joe \|title=Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly \|journal=Numismatic Digest volume 40 (2016) \|url=https://www.academia.edu/32663187/Early_Medieval_Kashmir_Coinage_A_New_Hoard_and_An_Anomaly \|language=en}}</ref>]] Meghavahana was the son of Yudhisthira I's great grandson, who had been granted asylum by Gopaditya, the king of [[Gandhara]]. Meghavahana had been selected the husband of a [[Vaishnavite]] princess at a [[Swayamvara]] in another kingdom. The ministers of Kashmir brought him to Kashmir after Sandhimati proved to be an unwilling king. Meghavahana banned animal slaughter and compensated those who earned their living through hunting. He patrnozed Brahmins, and set up a monastery. His queens built Buddhist [[vihara]]s and monasteries. He subdued kings in regions as far as [[Sinhala Kingdom]], forcing them to abandon animal slaughter.		\| [[Meghavahana]] \|\| 34 years \|\| 25 CE \|\|[[File:Coin of Meghama(...). Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|right\|Possible coinage of [[Meghavahana]]. Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.{{efn\| '''Obverse''': ''[[Shiva]] Pashupati'' ("Lord of the Beasts"), making a mudra gesture with right hand and holding filleted trident; behind, a lioness or tiger. Trace of legend ''Meghana...'' in Brahmi. '''Reverse''': Goddess seated facing on lotus, holding lotus in both hand, [[Kidara]] monogram to left, ''Jaya'' in Brahmi to right.}}<ref name="JC">{{cite journal \|last1=Cribb \|first1=Joe \|title=Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly \|journal=Numismatic Digest volume 40 (2016) \|url=https://www.academia.edu/32663187/Early_Medieval_Kashmir_Coinage_A_New_Hoard_and_An_Anomaly \|language=en}}</ref>]] Meghavahana was the son of Yudhisthira I's great-grandson, who had been granted asylum by Gopaditya, the king of [[Gandhara]]. Meghavahana had been selected the husband of a [[Vaishnavite]] princess at a [[Swayamvara]] in another kingdom. The ministers of Kashmir brought him to Kashmir after Sandhimati proved to be an unwilling king. Meghavahana banned animal slaughter and compensated those who earned their living through hunting. He patrnozed Brahmins, and set up a monastery. His queens built Buddhist [[vihara]]s and monasteries. He subdued kings in regions as far as [[Sinhala Kingdom]], forcing them to abandon animal slaughter.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II) \|\| 30 years \|\| 59 CE \|\| Son of Meghavahana		\| Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II) \|\| 30 years \|\| 59 CE \|\| Son of Meghavahana
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	\|}		\|}

	===Book 4: Karkota dynasty ===		=== Book 4: Karkota dynasty ===
	{{see also\|Karkota dynasty}}		{{see also\|Karkota dynasty}}

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	! Ruler !! Reign{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=133–138}} !! Ascension year !! Notes		! Ruler !! Reign{{sfn\|Stein\|1979\|pp=133–138}} !! Ascension year !! Notes
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	\|}		\|}

	===Book 5 ===		=== Book 5 : Utpala dynasty (Part-I) ===
			{{main\|Utpala dynasty}}

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	\|}		\|}

	===Book 6 ===		=== Book 6 : Utpala dynasty (Part-II)===

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	! Ruler !! Ascension year !! Notes		! Ruler !! Ascension year !! Notes
	\|-		\|-
	\| Yashaskara-deva \|\| 939 CE \|\| [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0727 fol 28b detail.jpg\|150px\|right\|The nobles of Kashmir enthrone Yashaskara, from a 14th century manuscript of the [[Jami' al-Tawarikh]] of Rashid al-Din]] Elected by a council of Brahmins		\| Yashaskara-deva \|\| 939 CE \|\| [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0727 fol 28b detail.jpg\|150px\|right\|The nobles of Kashmir enthrone Yashaskara, from a 14th-century manuscript of the [[Jami' al-Tawarikh]] of Rashid al-Din]] Elected by a council of Brahmins
	\|-		\|-
	\| Varnata \|\| 948 CE \|\|		\| Varnata \|\| 948 CE \|\|
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	\|}		\|}

	===Book 7: First Lohara dynasty ===		=== Book 7: First Lohara dynasty ===
			{{main\|Lohara dynasty}}

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

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