Kamal Guha: Jammu and Kashmir Hindu temples template

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Jammu and Kashmir Hindu temples template

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	*{{cite book\|last= Zutshi \|first=Chitralekha \|title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlBjzE-1ML8C&pg=PA172\|date=January 2004\|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers\|isbn=978-1-85065-694-4}}		*{{cite book\|last= Zutshi \|first=Chitralekha \|title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlBjzE-1ML8C&pg=PA172\|date=January 2004\|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers\|isbn=978-1-85065-694-4}}

	{{Hindu ~~Temples~~ in Jammu and Kashmir}}		{{Hindu temples in Jammu and Kashmir}}

	[[Category:Vishnu temples]]		[[Category:Vishnu temples]]

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{{short description|Hindu Temple in Jammu, India}}
{{for|the temple in Odagaon, Orissa, India|Odogaon Raghunath Temple}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Raghunath Temple
| image = The Temples of Raghunath, Jammu, India, ca.1875-ca.1940 (imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS10-011).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Raghunath Temple complex
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| map_caption = Location in Jammu
| coordinates = {{coord|32.730401|74.862325|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Raghunath Mandir
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Jammu district]]
| location = [[Jammu]]
| elevation_m = 350
| deity = [[Rama]]
| festivals =
| architecture =
| temple_quantity = 7
| monument_quantity= 7
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 1851–1857
| creator = [[Maharaja Gulab Singh]] and Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Ranbir Singh]]
| website = {{url|https://jammu.nic.in/tourist-place/raghunath-temple-jammu/}}
}}

'''Raghunath Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Jammu (city)|Jammu]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It consists of a complex of seven [[Hindu]] shrines. Raghunath Temple was constructed by the first Dogra ruler [[Maharaja Gulab Singh]] in the year 1835 and later his son [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Maharaja Ranbir Singh]] got it completed in the year 1860 During Dogra rule.<ref>{{cite book|author=Krishna Chaitanya|title=A History of Indian Painting: The modern period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC&pg=PA18|year=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-310-6|page=18}}</ref> The temple has many gods in its complex of shrines, but the presiding deity is [[Rama]] – also known as Raghunath, an [[Avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]. All the spiral-shaped towers have gold plated spires. The niches in the walls of the shrines are decorated with 300 well-crafted icons of gods and goddesses including those of [[Surya]] and [[Shiva]], but most are particularly related to the life stories of Rama and [[Krishna]]. The paintings in the 15 panels of the main shrine are based on themes from ''[[Ramayana]]'', ''[[Mahabharata]]'', and ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''. The temple premises include a school and a library that preserves over 6,000 manuscripts in many [[Languages of India|Indian languages]], with a notable collection of Sarada script Sanskrit manuscripts.

The temple witnessed two terrorist attacks in the year 2002, when militants attacked it in March and November, with grenades and indulged in indiscriminate firing which resulted in the death of 20 devotees and also in injuries to over 40 people.<ref>Amy Waldman (25 November 2002), [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/25/world/10-killed-in-attack-on-temple-in-kashmir.html 10 Killed in Attack on Temple in Kashmir], The New York Times</ref>

==Location==
The temple complex is located in the old part of the [[Jammu|Jammu city]] north of [[River Tawi]] with an average elevation of {{convert|350|m|abbr=on}} in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert W. Bradnock|title=South Asian Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=le8uAQAAIAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Trade & Travel Publications|page=465}}</ref> The city is well connected by road, rail and air services. The [[National Highway 1A (India)(old numbering)|National Highway 1 A]] passes through Jammu and connects with all parts of the country. Jammu city has a railway station called [[Jammu Tawi]], on the northern railway line, that is well connected with major cities of India. Express trains operate from this station to [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Amritsar]]. [[Jammu Airport]] operates flights to many cities in India such as Delhi, [[Leh]] and [[Srinagar]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Travel House Guide to Incredible India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TT_u45_WfCUC&pg=PA22|year=2004|publisher=Travel House|isbn=978-81-241-1063-8|page=22}}</ref>

==History==
During the reign of the rulers of [[Jammu|Jammu Shivaliks]], after 1765, there was a spurt in temple building activity in Jammu area, which continued during the early period of the 19th century. The rulers built spiral shaped temples with brick and crowned each tower with bright [[Kalasha]]s in the shape of [[shikhara]] (rising tower). One such temple complex was started in 1822 (1835 is also mentioned{{Sfn|Harappa|p=401}}) by [[Gulab Singh]], the ruler of Jammu and was dedicated to his [[guru]] Baba Prem Das.{{Sfn|Warikoo2009|p=97}} Its construction was completed in 1860 by his son Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Ranbir Singh]].{{Sfn|Harappa|p=401}} However, according to an inscription in [[Brahmic script]] ([[Takri alphabet|Takri]]) at the entrance of the temple, Gulab Singh and his brother Dhyan Singh are credited with building the temple in 1827 in honour of Mahant Jagannath.{{Sfn|Warikoo2009|p=97}}

===Library and religious school===
During the reign of Ranbir Singh, the temple complex started a ''pathshala'' (school) which welcomed students from all castes and classes. The temple housed a library with some 6,000 manuscripts. These are mostly copies made from manuscripts not available for sale, in Devanagari from Sarada originals, by scribes employed by the library in the nineteenth century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book| title= Catalogue of the Sanskrit manuscripts in the Raghunatha Temple library of His Highness the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. Prepared for the Kashmir state council by M.A. Stein, ...|last=Stein|first=Aurel|date=1894|publisher=Nirnaya-Sagara Press|url= https://archive.org/details/JammuKashmirSteinManuscriptInRaghunathaTempleOfMaharaja/page/n19|location=Bombay|pages=introduction, iv and note 2|language=en|oclc=459043967}}</ref> The library added to its collection, in the 19th century, a dozen rare Sanskrit birch bark codices in the [[Sarada script]] as an object of curiosity.<ref name=":0" /> The collection as indexed by Stein, included Sanskrit manuscripts (predominantly Devanagari) of Vedic literature, grammar, lexicography, prosody, music, rhetoric, Kavya, drama, fables, dharmasutras, Mimamsa, Vedanta, Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Jyotisha, Architecture, Medicine, Epics, Puranas, Bhakti and Tantra.<ref>{{Cite book| title= Catalogue of the Sanskrit manuscripts in the Raghunatha Temple library of His Highness the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir|last=Stein|first=Aurel|date=1894|publisher=Nirnaya-Sagara Press|url= https://archive.org/details/JammuKashmirSteinManuscriptInRaghunathaTempleOfMaharaja/page/n11|location=Bombay|pages=Section II and III|language=en|oclc=459043967}}</ref>

Singh funded a translation centre and included an effort to translate texts in [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language]]s into Sanskrit.<ref name="Johnson1994p133">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BL42ndm-JQYC|title=The Masters Revealed: Madame Blavatsky and the Myth of the Great White Lodge|author=K. Paul Johnson|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-7914-2064-5|pages=133–135}}</ref> According to Zutshi, this inter-religious initiative was praised by his contemporaries.{{Sfn|Zutshi|2004|p=172}}

The Raghunath temple remains a significant scholarly source of Sarada script manuscripts and one of the largest collection of Hindu and Buddhist texts of the Kashmir tradition.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Vishwa Adluri|author2=Joydeep Bagchee|title=Philology and Criticism: A Guide to Mahbhrata Textual Criticism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sR5mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT239 |year=2018|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-78308-578-1|page=239}}</ref> The Raghunath temple has been an early promoter of digitization initiative of the manuscripts it houses, and has started the ''[https://archive.org/details/dharmarthtrustjkcollectionbyegangotri eGangotri]'' initiative to digitize ancient manuscripts from other parts of India.<ref>[https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22eGangotri%22 eGangotri Manuscript Digital Archive Initiative], Raghunath Temple, [https://egangotri.wordpress.com/category/manuscripts/ Dharmartha Trust Initiative]; [https://ricas.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/eng/asj/html/guide/india/6.html Sri Rambira Raghunatha Temple Manuscript Library, Jammu], University of Tokyo, Japan</ref>

==Features==
[[File:Raghunath Temple Jammu.JPG|thumb|A view of Shikhara of Raghunath Temple, [[Jammu]], India (1988) ]]
The Raghunath temple has seven shrines.{{Sfn|Betts|McCulloch|2014|p=226}} The temple complex is dedicated to Raghunath, another name for Rama.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rachel Fell McDermott|title=Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams: Kali and Uma in the Devotional Poetry of Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2PrChFaXgf0C |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803071-3|pages=395 note 76}}</ref> The entrance has a [[Surya]] icon, another manifestation of Vishnu. It is built over a raised platform of {{Convert|5|ft}} height in an octagonal shape. The front fascia is {{Convert|40|ft}} in width while the main shrine is set {{Convert|50|ft}} away from the entrance. Within the enclosed space of the yard there are residential buildings and open cattle yards on its eastern and northern directions. The front fascia of the temple has three entry doors.{{Sfn|Charak|Billawaria|1998|p=45}} The main shrine which is {{Convert|20|ft}}x{{Convert|20|ft}} in size, is surrounded by a circumambulatory passage ([[pradakshina]] path) of {{Convert|10|ft}} width.{{Sfn|Warikoo2009|p=97}} The entrance door, set on one side of this octagonal chamber of the shrine, faces east.{{Sfn|Charak|Billawaria|1998|p=90}} The interior of the inner chamber is gold plated.{{Sfn|Betts|McCulloch|2014|p=226}} The main walls of the outer chamber have 15 panels, each of {{Convert|9|ft}} height.{{Sfn|Charak|Billawaria|1998|p=90}} These interior panels have a surfeit of paintings of the [[Pahari painting|Jammu School of painting]] consisting of images from the [[Hindu]] epics Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Bhagavad Gita, represented by gods such as [[Ganesha]], [[Krishna]], Sheshashayi [[Vishnu]] (reclining Vishnu) and also a large painting depicting the [[Sita]] [[Swayamvara]] scene (Sita choosing her husband from an elite gathering of princesses). Apart from the mythology related themes, some paintings relate to secular aspects, like [[Kabir]], a saint, engaged in weaving and army personnel of [[Dogra]] and [[Sikh]] communities. The paintings also reveal the type of attire and the weaponry prevalent during the period of temple building.{{Sfn|Warikoo2009|p=97-98}}{{Sfn|Charak|Billawaria|1998|p=90}}

In the main shrine, the idol of Lord Rama, which is the family deity of the then king and the Dogra people, is deified in the [[garbhagriha]] (sanctum sanctorum). The shrine has a dome instead of the normal shikara in a pyramidal shape, which is in the Sikh architectural style.{{Sfn|Warikoo2009|p=97}} All the seven shrines have gold plated [[spire]]s. Gods and Goddesses enshrined in the seven shrines are all related to the epic Ramayana. The shrines are also enshrined with a very large number of [[Saligramas]] (fossil ammonite stones specially obtained from the [[Gandaki river]], in [[Nepal]] – a [[Vaishnava]] (Hindu) [[aniconic]] representation of Vishnu).{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

A distinct feature noted in the entire temple complex is the [[stucco]] style embellishments built with brick masonry and finished with plaster.{{Sfn|Warikoo2009|p=97}} The motifs crafted are of floral (lotuses) and geometric designs, on the walls, in the niches and on arches.{{Sfn|Warikoo2009|p=97}} Apart from paintings on the walls, the niches in the interior parts of the shrines have 300 well crafted images of deities. The profusion of paintings and images on the internal and external faces of the temple was considered an auspicious feature, instead of leaving the wall surfaces blank. However, the images and murals on the outer walls of the temple have since been demolished.{{Sfn|Charak|Billawaria|1998|p=45}}

==Terrorist attacks==
{{Main|2002 Raghunath temple attacks}}
On 30 March 2002, a terrorist outfit first attacked in the market area by lobbing grenades and then entered the temple where they started firing. The security forces surrounded them. Ten persons, including four security forces personnel and two militants were killed and many more were injured.<ref>{{cite news |title=10 killed, 14 injured in blast near Raghunath temple in Jammu |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/mar/30jk.htm |newspaper=rediff.com |author=Mukhtar Ahmad |date=30 March 2002 |access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref> The second attack took place at the temple on 24 November 2002, when the [[Hindu]]s were performing [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] in the temple; this attack was committed by bombers of the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and resulted in the deaths of 13 devotees and injuries to over 40.{{Sfn|Asthana|Nirmal2009|p=179}}<ref>{{cite news| author=S.P. Sharma and M.L. Kak|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021125/main1.htm |title=Raghunath Temple attacked, 12 dead |newspaper=The Tribune |date=25 November 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Terrorists-attack-Jammu-temples-12-dead/articleshow/29444046.cms |title=Terrorists attack Jammu temples, 12 dead |newspaper= The Times of India |date=24 November 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last1= Asthana |first1=N. C. |last2= Nirmal |first2=Anjali |title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA179|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Pointer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7132-598-6}}
*{{cite book|last1= Betts |first1=Vanessa |last2= McCulloch |first2=Victoria |title=Indian Himalaya Footprint Handbook: Includes Corbett National Park, Darjeeling, Leh, Sikkim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77D8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA226|date=10 February 2014|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-907263-88-0}}
*{{cite book|last1= Charak |first1=Sukh Dev Singh |last2= Billawaria |first2=Anita K. |title=Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kugq3wEh-W4C&pg=RA1-PA138|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-356-4}}
*{{cite book|last= Harappa |first=Mohin Jadarro |title=India Divided Religion 'Then' (1947) (East-West): 'Now' What Languages ( North-South ) ?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9zTOD0K6KYC&pg=PT401|publisher=PublishAmerica|isbn=978-1-4626-5451-2}}
*{{cite book|last= Warikoo |first=K.|title=Cultural heritage of Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvAr6ZJLLuIC&pg=PA97|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Pentagon Press|isbn=978-81-8274-376-2}}
*{{cite book|last= Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlBjzE-1ML8C&pg=PA172|date=January 2004|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-694-4}}

{{Hindu Temples in Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Vishnu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jammu (city)]]
[[Category:Rama temples]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in the 19th century]]

Raghunath Temple - Revision history

Kamal Guha: Jammu and Kashmir Hindu temples template

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article