Ragamala paintings - Revision history

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	'''Ragamala paintings''' are a form of [[Indian miniature painting]], a set of illustrative paintings of the ''Ragamala'' or "Garland of Ragas", depicting variations of the Indian musical modes called [[ragas]]. They stand as a classical example of the amalgamation of art, poetry and classical music in medieval India.		'''Ragamala paintings''' are a form of [[Indian miniature painting]], a set of illustrative paintings of the ''Ragamala'' or "Garland of Ragas", depicting variations of the Indian musical modes called [[ragas]]. They stand as a classical example of the amalgamation of art, poetry and classical music in medieval India.

	Ragamala paintings were created in most schools of Indian painting, starting in the 16th and 17th centuries, and are today named accordingly as Pahari Ragamala, Rajasthan or Rajput Ragamala, Deccan Ragamala, and Mughal Ragamala.		Ragamala paintings were created in most schools of Indian painting, starting in the 16th and 17th centuries, and are today named accordingly as Pahari Ragamala, Rajasthan or Rajput Ragamala, Deccan Ragamala, and Mughal Ragamala. It originated in Rajasthan.

	~~Also~~ it ~~originated~~ in ~~Rajasthan~~.		In these painting each raga is personified by a colour, mood, a verse describing a story of a hero and heroine (nayaka and nayika), it also elucidates the season and the time of day and night in which a particular raga is to be sung; and finally most paintings also demarcate the specific Hindu deities attached with the raga, like Bhairava or Bhairavi to Shiva, Sri to Devi etc. The paintings depict not just the [[Ragas]], but also their wives, (''raginis''), their numerous sons (''ragaputra'') and daughters (''ragaputri'').<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Collection {{!}} Art Gallery of NSW \|url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/?view=detail&images=true&dept=asian/south/india&db=object&browse=asian/south/india/browse&id=27718 \|access-date=2025-12-14 \|website=www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au}}</ref>

	In these painting each raga is personified by a colour, mood, a verse describing a story of a hero and heroine (nayaka and nayika), it also elucidates the season and the time of day and night in which a particular raga is to be sung; and finally most paintings also demarcate the specific Hindu deities attached with the raga, like Bhairava or Bhairavi to Shiva, Sri to Devi etc. The paintings depict not just the [[Ragas]], but also their wives, (''raginis''), their numerous sons (''ragaputra'') and daughters (''ragaputri'').<ref>[http://collection.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/results.do?view=detail&images=true&dept=asian%2Fsouth%2Findia&db=object&browse=asian%2Fsouth%2Findia%2Fbrowse&id=27718 Ragamala] Art Gallery of New South Wales.</ref>		The six principal ragas present in the Ragamala are Bhairava, Deepak, Sri, Malkaunsa, Megha and Hindola and these are meant to be sung during the six seasons of the year – summer, monsoon, autumn, early winter, winter and spring.

	The six principal ragas present in the Ragamala are Bhairava, ~~Dipika~~, Sri, Malkaunsa, Megha and Hindola and these are meant to be sung during the six seasons of the year – summer, monsoon, autumn, early winter, winter and spring.

	==History==		==History==
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	''[[Sangita Ratnakara]]'' is an important 12th century CE treatise on the classification of Indian Ragas, which for the first time mentions the presiding deity of each raga.<ref name=bombay>{{cite web\|url=http://www.bombaymuseum.org/powm/jubilee/ragamala.htm\|title=Ragamala Paintings}}</ref>		''[[Sangita Ratnakara]]'' is an important 12th century CE treatise on the classification of Indian Ragas, which for the first time mentions the presiding deity of each raga.<ref name=bombay>{{cite web\|url=http://www.bombaymuseum.org/powm/jubilee/ragamala.htm\|title=Ragamala Paintings}}</ref>
	From the 14th century onwards, they were described in short verses in Sanskrit, for [[wikt:dhyana\|dhyana]], 'contemplation', and later depicted in a series of paintings, called the Ragamala paintings.<ref>[http://www.wyastone.co.uk/nrl/world/raga/intro4.html Ragamala – wyastone.co.uk.] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526051307/http://www.wyastone.co.uk/nrl/world/raga/intro4.html \|date=26 May 2008 }}</ref>		From the 14th century onwards, they were described in short verses in Sanskrit, for [[wikt:dhyana\|dhyana]], 'contemplation', and later depicted in a series of paintings, called the Ragamala paintings.<ref>[http://www.wyastone.co.uk/nrl/world/raga/intro4.html Ragamala – wyastone.co.uk.] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526051307/http://www.wyastone.co.uk/nrl/world/raga/intro4.html \|date=26 May 2008 }}</ref>
	Some of the best available works of Ragamala are from the 16th and 17th centuries, when the form flourished under royal patronage,<ref>~~[https~~://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/b/bhairavi_ragini_from_the_manle.aspx ~~Bhairavi Ragini –~~ britishmuseum.org.]</ref> though by the 19th century, it gradually faded.		Some of the best available works of Ragamala are from the 16th and 17th centuries, when the form flourished under royal patronage,<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Bhairavi Ragini from the Manley Ragamala, an album painting in gouache on paper \|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/b/bhairavi_ragini_from_the_manle.aspx \|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20151024040056/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/b/bhairavi_ragini_from_the_manle.aspx \|archive-date=2015-10-24 \|access-date=2025-12-14 \|website=British Museum \|language=en-GB}}</ref> though by the 19th century, it gradually faded.

	==Extant works==		==Extant works==
	[[File:Todi Ragini (SJM XXX-56).jpg\|thumb\|''[[Todi (raga)\|Ragini Todi]]''. [[Mughal painting\|Mughal]], c. 1750. [[Salar Jung Museum]]]]		[[File:Todi Ragini (SJM XXX-56).jpg\|thumb\|''[[Todi (raga)\|Ragini Todi]]''. [[Mughal painting\|Mughal]], c. 1750. [[Salar Jung Museum]]]]
	In 1570, Kshemakarna, a priest of [[Rewa (princely state)\|Rewa]] in Central India, compiled a poetic text on the Ragamala in [[Sanskrit]], which describes six principal Ragas—Bhairava, Malakoshika, Hindola, Deepak, Shri, and [[Megh (raga)\|Megha]]—each having five Raginis and eight Ragaputras, except Raga Shri, which has six Raginis and nine Ragaputras, thus making a Ragamala family of 86 members<ref>{{cite web\|url=~~http~~://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-178083119.html\|title=Bernoulli,* Daniel – Dictionary definition of Bernoulli,* Daniel – Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary}}</ref>		In 1570, Kshemakarna, a priest of [[Rewa (princely state)\|Rewa]] in Central India, compiled a poetic text on the Ragamala in [[Sanskrit]], which describes six principal Ragas—Bhairava, Malakoshika, Hindola, Deepak, Shri, and [[Megh (raga)\|Megha]]—each having five Raginis and eight Ragaputras, except Raga Shri, which has six Raginis and nine Ragaputras, thus making a Ragamala family of 86 members<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-178083119.html\|title=Bernoulli,* Daniel – Dictionary definition of Bernoulli,* Daniel – Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary}}</ref>

	Most of the extant works of Ragamala are from Deccan style, where [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] of [[Adil Shahi\|Bijapur]], was himself also a fine painter and illustrator, though some Rajput style also exist of which the work of an artist of the 'Chawand' (a part of Mewar) school of painting, [[Sahibdin]], whose Ragamala (musical modes) series dated 1628, are now in [[National Museum of India]]<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-489526/ragamala Ragamala] [[Britannica.com]].</ref>		Most of the extant works of Ragamala are from Deccan style, where [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] of [[Adil Shahi\|Bijapur]], was himself also a fine painter and illustrator, though some Rajput style also exist of which the work of an artist of the 'Chawand' (a part of Mewar) school of painting, [[Sahibdin]], whose Ragamala (musical modes) series dated 1628, are now in [[National Museum of India\|National Museum of India.]]<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-489526/ragamala Ragamala] [[Britannica.com]].</ref>

	Ragamala sets discovered in Odisha are in the [[Pattachitra]] style, based on the ragas of [[Odissi music]] and show distinct iconography and raga groups from other regions.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Patnaik \|first=Kabichandra Dr. Kalicharan \|title=Raga-Chitra \|publisher=Odisi Kala Prakash \|year=1966 \|author-link=Kalicharan Pattnaik}}</ref>		Ragamala sets discovered in Odisha are in the [[Pattachitra]] style, based on the ragas of [[Odissi music]] and show distinct iconography and raga groups from other regions.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Patnaik \|first=Kabichandra Dr. Kalicharan \|title=Raga-Chitra \|publisher=Odisi Kala Prakash \|year=1966 \|author-link=Kalicharan Pattnaik}}</ref>
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	*(1) '''Parent Raga: [[Bhairav (raga)\|Bhairav raga]]'''		*(1) '''Parent Raga: [[Bhairav (raga)\|Bhairav raga]]'''
	'''Wives''': [[Bhairavi (music)\|Bhairavi]], Bilawali, Punyaki, ~~Bangli~~, Aslekhi.		'''Wives''': [[Bhairavi (music)\|Bhairavi]], Bilawali, Punyaki, Bangali, Aslekhi.
	'''Sons''': Pancham, Harakh, Disakh, Bangal, Madhu, Madhava, Lalit, Bilaval.		'''Sons''': Pancham, Harakh, Disakh, Bangal, Madhu, Madhava, Lalit, Bilaval.

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	==External links==		==External links==
			{{Commons category\|Ragamala}}
	* [~~http~~://www.asavari.org/ragamala.html Ragamala, a study of Indian Ragas]		* [https://www.asavari.org/ragamala.html Ragamala, a study of Indian Ragas]
	* [https://digital.library.cornell.edu/collections/ragamala Ragamala Paintings, Cornell University Digital Collections]		* [https://digital.library.cornell.edu/collections/ragamala Ragamala Paintings, Cornell University Digital Collections]

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	[[Category:Ragas]]		[[Category:Ragas]]
	[[Category:Hindustani ragas]]		[[Category:Hindustani ragas]]
	[[Category:~~Artifacts in the collection~~ of the Smithsonian Institution]]		[[Category:Collection of the Smithsonian Institution]]
	[[Category:Indian painting]]		[[Category:Indian painting]]
	[[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]		[[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]

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{{Short description|Form of Indian miniature painting}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
[[File:Bhairavi Ragini, Manley Ragamala, an album painting in gouache on paper.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Bhairavi (music)|Bhairavi Ragini]], Ragamala, an album painting in [[gouache]] on paper, 1610]]
'''Ragamala paintings''' are a form of [[Indian miniature painting]], a set of illustrative paintings of the ''Ragamala'' or "Garland of Ragas", depicting variations of the Indian musical modes called [[ragas]]. They stand as a classical example of the amalgamation of art, poetry and classical music in medieval India.

Ragamala paintings were created in most schools of Indian painting, starting in the 16th and 17th centuries, and are today named accordingly as Pahari Ragamala, Rajasthan or Rajput Ragamala, Deccan Ragamala, and Mughal Ragamala.

In these painting each raga is personified by a colour, mood, a verse describing a story of a hero and heroine (nayaka and nayika), it also elucidates the season and the time of day and night in which a particular raga is to be sung; and finally most paintings also demarcate the specific Hindu deities attached with the raga, like Bhairava or Bhairavi to Shiva, Sri to Devi etc. The paintings depict not just the [[Ragas]], but also their wives, (''raginis''), their numerous sons (''ragaputra'') and daughters (''ragaputri'').<ref>[http://collection.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/results.do?view=detail&images=true&dept=asian%2Fsouth%2Findia&db=object&browse=asian%2Fsouth%2Findia%2Fbrowse&id=27718 Ragamala] Art Gallery of New South Wales.</ref>

The six principal ragas present in the Ragamala are Bhairava, Dipika, Sri, Malkaunsa, Megha and Hindola and these are meant to be sung during the six seasons of the year – summer, monsoon, autumn, early winter, winter and spring.

==History==
''[[Sangita Ratnakara]]'' is an important 12th century CE treatise on the classification of Indian Ragas, which for the first time mentions the presiding deity of each raga.<ref name=bombay>{{cite web|url=http://www.bombaymuseum.org/powm/jubilee/ragamala.htm|title=Ragamala Paintings|publisher=}}</ref>
From the 14th century onwards, they were described in short verses in Sanskrit, for [[wikt:dhyana|dhyana]], 'contemplation', and later depicted in a series of paintings, called the Ragamala paintings.<ref>[http://www.wyastone.co.uk/nrl/world/raga/intro4.html Ragamala - wyastone.co.uk.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526051307/http://www.wyastone.co.uk/nrl/world/raga/intro4.html |date=26 May 2008 }}</ref>
Some of the best available works of Ragamala are from the 16th and 17th centuries, when the form flourished under royal patronage,<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/b/bhairavi_ragini_from_the_manle.aspx Bhairavi Ragini - britishmuseum.org.]</ref> though by the 19th century, it gradually faded.

==Extant works==
[[File:Raag Poorvi, Ragamala, 17th century.jpg|thumb|''[[Purvi|Raag Poorvi]]'' folio, in an album with 36 Ragamala paintings, 17th century]]

In 1570, Kshemakarna, a priest of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]] in Central India, compiled a poetic text on the Ragamala in [[Sanskrit]], which describes six principal Ragas—Bhairava, Malakoshika, Hindola, Deepak, Shri, and [[Megh (raga)|Megha]]—each having five Raginis and eight Ragaputras, except Raga Shri, which has six Raginis and nine Ragaputras, thus making a Ragamala family of 86 members<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-178083119.html|title=Bernoulli,* Daniel - Dictionary definition of Bernoulli,* Daniel - Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary|publisher=}}</ref>

Most of the extant works of Ragamala are from Deccan style, where [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] of [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]], was himself also a fine painter and illustrator, though some Rajput style also exist of which the work of an artist of the 'Chawand' (a part of Mewar) school of painting, [[Sahibdin]], whose Ragamala (musical modes) series dated 1628, are now in [[National Museum of India]]<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-489526/ragamala Ragamala] [[Britannica.com]].</ref>

==The Ragas in Ragamala==
Six are male (parent) ragas; the thirty raginis are their wives and the remaining forty-eight are their sons. These are listed is as follows:

*(1) '''Parent Raga: [[Bhairav (raga)|Bhairav raga]]'''
'''Wives''': [[Bhairavi (music)|Bhairavi]], Bilawali, Punyaki, Bangli, Aslekhi.
'''Sons''': Pancham, Harakh, Disakh, Bangal, Madhu, Madhava, Lalit, Bilaval.

*(2) '''Parent Raga: [[Malkaush|Malkaus raga]]'''
'''Wives''': Gaundkari, [[Devagandhari]], Gandhari, Seehute, [[Dhanasari|Dhanasri]]. '''Sons''': Maru, Mustang, Mewara, Parbal, Chand, Khokhat, Bhora, Nad.

*(3) '''Parent Raga: Hindol raga'''
'''Wives''': Telangi, Devkari, Basanti, Sindhoori, Aheeri.
'''Sons''': Surmanand, Bhasker, Chandra-Bimb, Mangalan, Ban, Binoda, [[Raga Basant|Basant]], Kamoda.

*(4) '''Parent Raga: Deepak raga'''
'''Wives''': Kachheli, Patmanjari, [[Todi (raga)|Todi]], Kamodi, Gujri.
'''Sons''': Kaalanka, Kuntal, Rama, Kamal, Kusum, Champak, Gaura, Kanra [36].

*(5) '''Parent Raga: [[Shree (Hindustani raga)|Sri raga]]'''
'''Wives''': Bairavi, Karnati, [[Gauri (raga)|Gauri]], [[Asavari]], Sindhavi.
'''Sons''': Salu, Sarag, Sagra, [[Raga Gond|Gaund]], Gambhir, Gund, Kumbh, Hamir.

*(6) '''Parent Raga: [[Megh (raga)|Megh]] raga'''
'''Wives''': [[Sorath raga|Sorath]], Gaundi-Malari, [[Raga Asa|Asa]], Gunguni, Sooho.
'''Sons''': Biradhar, Gajdhar, Kedara, Jablidhar, Nut, Jaldhara, Sankar, Syama.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Indischer Maler um 1595 001.jpg|[[Shree (Hindustani raga)|Raga Sri]], Ragamala, 1590–1600
File:Bhairava raga, Ragamala, Chunar, 1591.jpg|Bhairava raga, Ragamala, Chunar, 1591
File:Todi Ragini, Ragamala, Bundi, Rajasthan, 1591.jpg|Todi Ragini, Ragamala, Bundi, Rajasthan, 1591
File:Sarang ragini, Ragamala, ca1605.jpg|Sarang ragini, Ragamala, c. 1605
File:Sahibdin 001.jpg|Raag Deepak, in Ragamala by Sahibdin 1605
File:Asavari Ragini, Ragamala, 1610.jpg|[[Asavari]] Ragini, Ragamala, 1610
File:Malasri Ragini, Ragamala, Rajasthan. 1620.jpg|Malasri Ragini, Ragamala, Rajasthan. 1620
File:Pancham Ragini, Ragamala, 1680-1690.jpg|Pancham Ragini, Ragamala, 1680–1690
File:Goda raga, Ragamala, ca 1710.jpg|Goda raga, Ragamala, c. 1710
File:Kuntala Raga, 'son' of Dipakeda Raga, Ragamala, 1710.jpg|Kuntala Raga, 'son' of Dipakeda Raga, Ragamala, 1710
File:Ragaputra Velavala of Bhairava.jpg|[[Bilaval|Ragaputra Velavala]] of Bhairava. 1710
File:Alhaiya raga, Ragamala, c1720.jpg|Alhaiya raga, Son of Bhairava Raga, Ragamala, c1720
File:Varari ragini, Ragamala, 17th century.jpg|Varari ragini, Ragamala, 17th century
File:Hindola Raga, Ragamala, 17th century.jpg|Hindola Raga, Ragamala, 17th century
File:Vasant Ragini, Ragamala, Rajput, 1770.jpg|[[Raga Basant|Vasant Ragini]], Ragamala, Rajput, 1770
File:Radha-Krishna,_a_depiction_of_Bhairava_Raga,_Ragamala._ca_1770.jpg|Radha-Krishna, a depiction of Bhairava Raga, Ragamala. ca 1770
File:Sri Raga recital to Krishna-Radha, 19th century.jpg|[[Shree (Hindustani raga)|Raga Sri]] recital to Krishna-Radha, 19th century
File:Dipaka Raga.jpg|Dipaka Raga
File:Kamodani Ragini,.jpg|Kamodani Ragini
File:Dhanyashri Ragini.jpg|Dhanyashri Ragini
File:Malkosa Raga.jpg|Malkosa Raga
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* Moghul Ragamala: Painted Indian Melodies and the Poetry of Kshemakarna, by Ludwig V. Habighorst. Koblenz: Ragaputra Edition, 2006.
*Ragamala Paintings from India, the collection of Claudio Moscatelli, by Glynn, Skelton, Dallapiccola. Philip Wilson Publishers in association with Dulwich Picture Gallery Museum and Art Gallery London 2011

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ragamala}}
* [http://www.asavari.org/ragamala.html Ragamala, a study of Indian Ragas]
* [https://digital.library.cornell.edu/collections/ragamala Ragamala Paintings, Cornell University Digital Collections]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ragamala Paintings}}
[[Category:Ragas]]
[[Category:Hindustani ragas]]
[[Category:Artifacts in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution]]
[[Category:Indian painting]]
[[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]