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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{short description|Form of singing in Carnatic music}}<br />
{{Carnatic}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
'''Ragam Tanam Pallavi''' ('''RTP''')<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070704203949/http://www.chennaionline.com/musicnew/CarnaticMusic/174th.asp Tanam singing - A dying art]</ref> is a form of singing in [[Carnatic music]] which allows the musicians to improvise to a great extent. It is one of the most complete aspects of Indian classical music, demonstrating the entire gamut of talents and the depth of knowledge of the musician. It incorporates ''[[alapana|raga alapana]]'', ''[[tanam]]'', ''[[niraval]]'', and ''[[kalpanaswara]]''. In more elaborate ragam tanam pallavis, a ''tani avartanam''<ref name="Kassebaum 2000">[[#Arnold2000|Kassebaum (2000)]], 158</ref> may follow.<br />
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==Ragam==<br />
{{main|Raga Alapana}}<br />
<br />
"Ragam" in the context of "[[Raga Alapana|Ragam]] [[Tanam]] [[Pallavi]]" refers to [[alapana|''raga alapana'']] - the first component. In this form of pure melodic improvisation, the musician starts with a refrain to create the mood of raga and lays a foundation for composition to follow. Each ''Ragam tanam pallavi'' has at least one raga associated with it.<br />
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==Tanam<ref>[http://www.chennaionline.com/musicnew/CarnaticMusic/174th.asp Tanam singing - A dying art]</ref>==<br />
{{main|Tanam}}<br />
<br />
''Tanam'' is one of the most important forms of the improvisation, and is integral to the RTP.<ref name="Palackal1998">{{cite journal | last = Palackal |first = J. J.<br />
|title = untitled| journal = [[Yearbook for Traditional Music]]|volume = 30 | pages = 207–207 |year = 1998 | doi=10.2307/768616}}</ref> It is the second component of this composite form of improvisation. Originally developed for the [[veena]], it consists of expanding the raga with syllables from the phrase ''"Ananta Anandam Ta" ( Means "Oh Lord, Give me happiness").'' Tanam is a rhythmic version of the [[alapana|raga alapana]]. Some artists sing a ragamalika tanam too. Although tanam is often rendered without percussion support, the element of rhythm is more obvious in this type of improvisation. It is rendered in medium speed and just before commencing the third component of this composite form of improvisation; the [[pallavi]].<br />
<br />
==Pallavi==<br />
{{main|Pallavi}}<br />
The word ''Pallavi'' is derived from the three syllables '''Pa''' - ''Pada'' (words), '''La''' - ''Laya'' (rhythm) and '''Vi''' - ''Vinyasam'' (variations). ''Pallavi'' is the equivalent of a refrain in [[Classical music|Western music]]. The Pallavi is usually a one-line composition set to a single or more cycle(s) of a ''[[Tala (music)|tala]]''. The ''tala'' could range from the simple to the complex and there may also be different ''gatis'' being employed.<br />
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''Pallavi'' has 2 portions to it. The first half of ''Pallavi'' is an ascending piece of notes ''(Purvangam)'' and the first half of the ''Pallavi mostly'' ends at the stroke of the beginning of the second half of the ''Thalam'' cycle or in the beginning of the shortest part of the ''[[Thalam]]'', called the ''Arudhi''. ''Arudhi'' is the point of division of the two parts of a ''Pallavi''. Between the first half of the ''Pallavi'' and the second half of the ''Pallavi'' there will be a brief pause called as the ''Vishranthi'' or resting time which is an extension of the last syllable of the ''Purvangam'' and then the second portion of the ''Pallavi (Uttarangam)'' starts.<br />
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Executing niraval for a pallavi is unique, as, unlike in a [[kriti]], the artist is not allowed to change the locations of each syllable in the ''[[sahityam]]'', as this lessens the innate beauty of the pallavi.<br />
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The basic style in ''Pallavi'' rendition is to sing the ''Pallavi'' in different speeds and ''Nadai.'' In most cases the ''Pallavi'' is set to Chatushtra ''Nadai'' meaning each beat carries 4 ''matras (units)''. So the singer will then sing the ''Pallavi'' in 3 different speeds, once with each Beat carrying 2 units ''(Vilomam)'', then 4 units and then 8 units per beat ''(Anulomam)''. They can also alter the speed of the Tala ''(Pratilomam)'' and keep the speed of the ''[[Sahityam]]'' constant. Once this is completed then they would sing the ''Pallavi'' in different ''Nadais'' (Mostly ''Tisra'' Nadai meaning each beat now carries 3 units) i.e. keeping the words and the length of the pallavi constant but changing the ''nadai'' of the ''[[Tala (music)|thalam.]]'' All this can be done from the start of the pallavi or from the Arudhi. Some singers do this presentation before ''Swaraprastharam (Most common practice).'' Others alter the speed and ''Nadai'' during singing [[Swara|''Swaras'']] and then sing the ''Pallavi'' such that the position of ''Arudhi'' remains constant.<br />
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Once these aspects are covered, the singer explores in the ''[[Kalpanaswaram|Kalpanaswara]]'' phase and they would start exploring different Ragas during the ''Kalpanaswara''.<br />
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The Pallavi challenges the musician's ability to improvise with complex and intricate patterns. The whole exercise is very demanding, both technically and musically, since all the artiste's musicianship is put to test.<br />
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== Contemporary Ragam Tanam Pallavi ==<br />
Today, most concerts by prominent [[carnatic music|carnatic]] vocalists include a Ragam Tanam Pallavi (RTP). RTPs can be performed in any raga. Both popular as well as rare ragas can be used to perform a RTP. RTPs in rare ragas are common because the vocalist can present the pallavi with self-composed lyrics and hence need not search for or compose a ''[[kriti]]'' in the rare raga. In other words, artists often use the RTP portion of the concert to introduce their audience to ragams that are rarely sung. Many artists announce the name of the ragam before the pallavi portion.<br />
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=== Innovations ===<br />
<br />
==== Introducing the name of the Ragam in the Pallavi sahityam ====<br />
In the recent time pallavis, the artist includes the name of the ragam in the words used in the Pallavi. This helps the less-knowledgeable audience to identify the ragam (if the name of the ragam is not already announced) and also appeals to the audience as well as critics. <br />
* ''<nowiki/>'Vandadum Solaiyile [[Malayamarutam|'''Malayamarutham''']] Veesuthe' (set to Raga Malayamarutham) presented by [[Sanjay Subrahmanyan]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parrikar.org/carnatic/unusual-pallavi-themes/|title=Unusual Pallavi Themes|website=Rajan Parrikar Music Archive|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref> <br />
* '''Sruthi laya bhaava sangeetham adhai en [[Vasantha (raga)|'''vasam thaa''']]''', [[Bhairavi (Carnatic)|bhairavi]]''' paavani' (set to Ragas Vasantha, Bhairavi and Vasanthabhairavi) presented by [[T. N. Seshagopalan|T.N.Seshagopalan]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=4294|title=Innovations in pallavi singing - rasikas.org|website=www.rasikas.org|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref><br />
* ''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>'''Brindavana Saranga'''n Bhoolokavaikunthan Srirangan' (set to Raga Brindavana Saranga) presented by [[T. N. Seshagopalan|T.N.Seshagopalan]].''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/9842304|title=Ragam Tanam Pallavi - Brindavana Saranga|website=Vimeo|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref><br />
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==== Presentation of Pallavis using a Talam in two or more nadais within a cycle ====<br />
Most pallavis are presented in a talam in a single nadai. But ''dwi-nadai (''2 nadais), ''tri-nadai'' (3 nadais)and ''pancha-nadai'' (5 nadais) pallavis are also presented by experienced and seasoned artists. The use of such Talams is under debate and the views of artists vary.<br />
* ''<nowiki/>'Dhananjaya Sarathey Dayanidhe Kripanidhe Rakshamam' (set to Raga [[Bahudari]]) presented by [[Ranjani-Gayatri|Ranjani Gayatri]] - Khanda jathi Triputa talam with Laghu in Tisra Nadai and Dhrutams in Chatusra Nadai<ref>{{Citation|last=NadhamMusic|title=Ragam Tanam Pallavi|date=2013-12-30|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1nzhKsOYTE|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref>''<br />
* ''<nowiki/>'Raajamatangi Lathangi Maampahi Matangi' (set to Raga [[Latangi|Lathangi)]] presented by [[M. L. Vasanthakumari|M.L.Vasanthakumari]] - Chatusra jathi Jhampa talam with Laghu in Tisra Nadai and Anudrutham and Dhrutam in Khanda Nadai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=4294|title=Innovations in pallavi singing - rasikas.org|website=www.rasikas.org|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref>''<br />
* ''Raga Kalyani Pallavi presented by [[Pantula Rama]] - Khanda jathi Ata talam with first Laghu in Chatusra Nadai, second Laghu in Tisra Nadai and Dhrutams in Khanda Nadai.<ref>{{Citation|last=SanskritiSeries|title=PALLAVI DARBAR 2015 - Carnatic Music Concert by Dr. Pantula Rama|date=2015-07-08|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7K5FJ9bSRE|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref>''<br />
* ''A Pancha Nadai Pallavi presented by [[Sudha Ragunathan|Sudha Raghunathan]] - Khanda jathi Eka Talam with first akshara in Tisra nadai, second in Chatusra nadai, third in Khanda nadai, fourth in Misra nadai and fifth in Sankeerna nadai<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=4294|title=Innovations in pallavi singing - rasikas.org|website=www.rasikas.org|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref>''<br />
<br />
==== Pallavis in many Ragams ====<br />
It has been time noticed from time immemorial, that multiple ragam pallavis are being used in the concert circle. In this, the artist keeps on shifting between all the ragas in the whole presentation. They can be ''dwi''-2, ''tri''-3 or ''chatur''-4 raga pallavis. Some pallavis have been cited as examples for all these forms.<br />
<br />
===== ''Dwi-raga pallavis:'' =====<br />
The above three examples are all presented by [[Ranjani-Gayatri|Ranjani Gayatri.]]<br />
* ''<nowiki/>'Sharavanabhava Guhane Shanmugane Ennai '''Ka Nata'''raja Mainda' (set to Ragas Kannada (Purvangam)and Kaanada (Uttarangam))''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=13&t=27442|title=Ranjani Gayatri - Sankritilaya - SF Bay Area May 8 - rasikas.org|website=www.rasikas.org|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Ra Ga|title=Ka Shanmuka|date=2016-03-31|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNniWOcOXfY|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref><br />
* ''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>'''Mohana''' Kannanai Pani Maname '''Ranjaka'''mai Kuzhaloodum' (set to Ragas [[Mohanam]] (Poorvangam) and [[Ranjani]] (Uttarangam))''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=13&t=27398|title=Ranjani & Gayathri@Toronto - April 30th. - rasikas.org|website=www.rasikas.org|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=NadhamMusic|title=RAGAM TANAM PALLAVI By Ranjani Gayatri in Kutcheri 2010|date=2013-11-03|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LpaVXGWnlJk|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref><br />
* ''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>'''Arabhi'''manam vaittu adarippar ennai '''Anandabhairavi'''<nowiki/>' (set to Ragas [[Arabhi]] (Poorvangam) and [[Anandabhairavi]] (Uttarangam))''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=13&t=27398|title=Ranjani & Gayathri@Toronto - April 30th. - rasikas.org|website=www.rasikas.org|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref><br />
Other examples of Dwi-raga pallavis are [[Amrithavarshini]]/ [[Anandabhairavi]] by [[M. Balamuralikrishna|M.Balamuralikrishna]],<ref>{{Citation|last=Hari Panavoor|title=M Balamuralikrishna Amrithavarshini & Ananda Bhairavi|date=2014-06-26|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0Sdhpj48EE|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref> Saranga/ Nayaki by [[Ranjani-Gayatri|Ranjani Gayatri]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.carnaticdarbar.com/review/2014/review_153.asp|title=When Ranjani & Gayatri win the mind space ... - Carnatic Music Reviews - Darbar for claissical music / claissical dance|website=www.carnaticdarbar.com|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref> [[Bhairavi (Carnatic)|Bhairavi]]/[[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]] by [[T.N.Seshagopalan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parrikar.org/carnatic/unusual-pallavi-themes/|title=Unusual Pallavi Themes|website=Rajan Parrikar Music Archive|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=4294|title=Innovations in pallavi singing - rasikas.org|website=www.rasikas.org|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref> and [[Mohanam]]/[[Kalyanavasantham]] by [[Bombay Jayashri]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Mohan Kurup|title=Ragam Tanam Pallavi|date=2015-10-10|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yDe_wH4Kh9c|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
===== ''Tri-raga pallavis:'' =====<br />
Some Tri-raga pallavis are:<br />
* ''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>'''Saraswathi''' Veena Pustaka Dharini Hari Vakshasthalaye '''Lalithe''' Maate Kanaka'''durge'''<nowiki/>' in Ragas Saraswati, Lalitha and [[Durga (raga)|Durga]] by [[Ranjani-Gayatri|Ranjani Gayatri]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/in-perfect-harmony/article68678.ece|title=In perfect harmony|date=2009-12-23|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arohanaavarohana.blogspot.com/2014/02/2014-feb-08-ranjani-gayathri-hn-bhaskar.html|title=The evenings of a well spent life: 2014 Feb 08 Ranjani Gayathri, HN Bhaskar, Delhi S Sairam Omkar G Rao @ RLKM|last=Prasad|first=Badari|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=25920|title=Good Karma, Bad Tummy & Super Dinner: Ranjani & Gayathri Concert - rasikas.org|website=www.rasikas.org|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref><br />
* ''<nowiki/>'Chiranda engal '''Nattai kurinji''' enbar' in Ragas [[Nata (raga)|Nattai]], Kurinji and [[Nattakurinji|Nattaikurinji]] by [[T. N. Seshagopalan|T.N.Seshagopalan]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parrikar.org/carnatic/unusual-pallavi-themes/|title=Unusual Pallavi Themes|website=Rajan Parrikar Music Archive|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
===== ''Chatur-raga pallavis:'' =====<br />
Some Chatur-raga pallavis are:<br />
* ''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>'''Shankarabharan'''anai Azhai'''thodi''' vaadi '''Kalyani''' '''Darbar'''ukku'in Ragas [[Dheerasankarabharanam|Dheerashankarabharanam]], [[Hanumatodi]], [[Kalyani (raga)|Mechakalyani]] and Darbar - written by Kunrakudi Krishnaiyyar,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=21020|title=Chathur raga(4 raga) RTP-a collection of what has been sung - rasikas.org|website=www.rasikas.org|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref> popularized by [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]]. Sung by many artists like [[T. M. Krishna|T.M.Krishna]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/11981095|title=A Raga Quartet - Sankarabharanam, Todi, Kalyani, Darbar - T. M. Krishna|website=Vimeo|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref> [[Sikkil Gurucharan]] etc.''<br />
* ''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>'''Saveri''' Balakanai, '''Mohana''' kumaranai Azhai'''todi'''va '''Kalyani''' ' in Ragas [[Saveri]], [[Mohanam]], [[Hanumatodi]] and [[Kalyani (raga)|Mechakalyani.]] by Maharajapuram Ramachandran<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=21020|title=Chathur raga(4 raga) RTP-a collection of what has been sung - rasikas.org|website=www.rasikas.org|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref>''<br />
* ''<nowiki/>'Nityakalyani Shravani Katyayani Palayamam Chaturveda Swaroopini'in Ragas [[Kalyani (raga)|Mechakalyani]], [[Valaji|Valachi]], [[Dhanyasi]] and [[Revati (raga)|Revathi]] by Ranjani Gayatri.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=13&t=18676|title=Ranjani-Gayatri at Rama Lalita Kala Mandira, Bengaluru - rasikas.org|website=www.rasikas.org|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=21020|title=Chathur raga(4 raga) RTP-a collection of what has been sung - rasikas.org|website=www.rasikas.org|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref><br />
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==== Talamalika in RTPs ====<br />
Sometimes, artists change the tala of the RTP from the main tala to another which has same number of aksharas or a tala which has some number of aksharas, which when sung some integral number of times equals the number of aksharas in the main tala.<br />
* Consider a pallavi set to ''Khanda jathi Thriputa talam Chatusra nadai''. It has 36 aksharas. This Pallavi can be sung using ''Chatusra jathi Ata Talam Tisra nadai'' which has the same number of Aksharas - 36. This is an example of changing to a tala which has the '''same number of aksharas'''<br />
* Consider the same pallavi set to ''Khanda jathi Thriputa talam Chatusra nadai''. This pallavi can also be sung in Tisra jathi Jhampa talam Tisra nadai<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=23479|title=Ranjani - Gayathri at San Jose, CA (May 4, 2014) - rasikas.org|website=www.rasikas.org|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref> which has 18 aksharas in a cycle. Hence the complete pallavi can be sung within two cycles of the talam i.e. 36 aksharas. This is an example of changing to a tala which '''when sung integral number of times gives the same number of aksharas''' as in the main tala.<br />
Talamalika singing examples can be seen from the above citation ''(This is from a concert of Ranjani Gayatri)''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=23251|title=Ranjani & Gayathri,3/29/14, Hindu Temple of Greater Chicago - rasikas.org|website=www.rasikas.org|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref><br />
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==== Ragamala RTPs ====<br />
This is a type of RTP where a Raga which has many Ragas with a similar name are sung in an RTP. Ragas with similar names like Group of Ranjani ragas, Bhairavi ragas or Varali ragas can be used for presentation.<br />
<br />
A good example is a recent rendition by [[Ranjani-Gayathri]] where they used the Pallavi phrase "Ranjani Kanchadala Lochani Brovavamma Thalli Niranjani"—their RTP was set to the ragam [[Ranjani]]. About 30 minutes into the RTP, when they started switching ragams, they switched to [[Sriranjani]], [[Jana Ranjani|Janaranjani]], [[Sivaranjani]], [[Manavati|Manoranjani]] and Sumanesha Ranjani. Since the audience are likely to be unfamiliar with some of these ragams, they changed their Pallavi phrase at the end of each of these 4-5 minute renderings- for instance, they finished Janaranjini rendition with "Ranjani Kanchadala Lochani Brovavamma Thalli Janaranjani". A musically literate audience often appreciate this approach, since this gives them 4–5 minutes to guess the ragam before the artist gives them the answer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=13&t=27405|title=Ranjani & Gayatri at Tampa, FL May 01,016 - rasikas.org|website=www.rasikas.org|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=13&t=27398|title=Ranjani & Gayathri@Toronto - April 30th. - rasikas.org|website=www.rasikas.org|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Finishing a Ragam Tanam Pallavi===<br />
As stated in the previous section a contemporary RTP is rarely ever restricted to just one ragam. The artist sings ragamalika swarams and tanams. Experienced artists sing all the extra ragas other than the main raga in a reverse order before coming back to the main raga and then complete the RTP. Others too come back to the main raga to finish the RTP section. It is very now-a-days to find an RTP without ragamalika. While the artist might spend 35–40 minutes on the main ragam , he or she will only devote about 4–5 minutes to each subsequent ragam.{{fact|date=July 2020}}<br />
<br />
RTP requires not only experience but formidable amount of planning. First and foremost is the sequence of the ragams—while the audience may not expect a logical order, the critics surely will. Secondly, since this part of the concert is likely to last anywhere between 40 and 60 minutes, the performer must pick their ragams very carefully. Last but not least, the accompanying violinist should be able to render each of these ragams as well. Lot of mathematics is also involved in the presentation of an RTP. Therefore, only an artist with a good amount of knowledge in theory of carnatic music as well as practical experience can present a Ragam Tanam Pallavi with ease.{{fact|date=July 2020}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{Portal|India|Music}}<br />
*[http://www.shivkumar.org/music/varnams/index.html Sivakumar Carnatic Music Archive Ragam Talam Pallavi collection]<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFJ9zkReNrE R. Vedavalli demonstrates Ragam, Tanam]<br />
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[[Category:Carnatic music terminology]]</div>imported>ShakespeareFan00