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{{Infobox album
| name = Rag Shankara, Rag Mala in Jogia
| type = studio
| artist = [[Ram Narayan]]
| cover = Gujjari Ragini.jpg
| alt =
| caption = album cover art
| released = 1990
| recorded = 15 and 16 November 1989
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| length = 71:01
| label = [[Nimbus Records|Nimbus]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
'''''Rag Shankara, Rag Mala in Jogia''''' is a [[studio album]] by [[India]]n classical musician [[Ram Narayan]], released in 1990. Recorded on 15 and 16 November 1989 in Wyastone Leys near [[Monmouth]], [[Wales]], the album features a ''[[sarangi]]'' performance of the solemn night ''[[raga]]'' [[Shankara (raga)|''Shankara'']] and a ''[[ragamala (form)|ragamala]]'' ("garland of ragas") based on the introspective early morning ''raga'' [[Jogiya (raga)|''Jogiya'']] (or ''Jogia''). On both tracks, Narayan performs a long non-metrical introduction to unfold the ''raga'', during which he adds a pulse, until he is joined by the ''[[tabla]]'' (percussion) player to perform a composition.

==Origin==
The album consists of performances of the ''[[raga]]s'' [[Shankara (raga)|''Shankara'']] and [[Jogiya (raga)|''Jogiya'']] (also called ''Jogia''); ''Jogiya'' is performed in ''[[ragamala (form)|raga mala]]'' form.<ref name="liner">{{cite AV media notes |title=Rag Shankara, Rag Mala in Jogia |others=[[Ram Narayan]] |year=1990 |first=Joep |last=Bor |type=CD booklet |publisher=[[Nimbus Records]] |id=NI 5245 |location=[[England]] |accessdate=20 March 2010}}</ref>

''Shankara'' is considered a solemn and dignified ''raga'' that is difficult to master.<ref name="Bor144">{{cite book |title=The Raga Guide |last=Bor |first=Joep |author2=Rao, Suvarnalata |author3=Van der Meer, Wim |author4=Harvey, Jane |year=1999 |publisher=[[Nimbus Records]] |isbn=0-9543976-0-6 | page=144|title-link=The Raga Guide }}</ref> It has been described by [[Vamanrao Deshpande]] as representing the "heroic mood".<ref>{{cite book |title=Between two tanpuras |last=Deshapande |first=Vamanrao H. |author-link=Vamanrao Deshpande |year=1989 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=0-86132-226-6 |page=132}}</ref> Luiz Martinez José argued that the ''raga'' was named for a gentle and guarding incarnation of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity [[Shiva]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Semiosis in Hindustani music |last=Martinez |first=José Luiz |year=2001 |origyear=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |location=Delhi |isbn=81-208-1801-6 |page=283}}</ref> ''Shankara'' is performed in the late night and distinguished by an emphasis on the third (Ga) and seventh (Ni) notes, the upper [[tetrachord]], and several characteristic phrases and slow glides in descend.<ref name="Bor144" /> It has similarities to the South Indian ''raga'' ''[[Hansadhvani]]''.<ref name="Bor144" />

''Jogiya'' is considered an introspective ''raga'' named for the ''[[yogi]]'' practice, and is often performed in devotional music and the light classical genre ''[[thumri]]''.<ref name="Bor92">Bor 1999, p. 92</ref> Peter Manuel described it as the most important ''raga'' of the ''[[Bhairav (raga)|Bhairav]]'' [[That (music)|''that'']] (''raga'' class based on the ''Bhairav'' scale type).<ref name="Manuel">{{cite book |title=Ṭhumrī in historical and stylistic perspectives |last=Manuel |first=Peter |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |location=Delhi |isbn=81-208-0673-5 |page=205}}</ref> ''Jogiya'' is performed at daybreak and emphasizes the tonic (Sa) and the fifth (Pa).<ref name="Bor92" /> It has several characteristic phrases and, like ''Shankara'', is suited for the upper tetrachord.<ref name="Manuel" /> Joep Bor argued that the ''raga'' appears to be related to ''raga'' ''[[Asavari]]''.<ref name="Bor92" /> ''Jogiya'' is one of Narayan's favorite ''ragas''.<ref name="liner" />

A ''raga mala'' ("garland of ragas") allows for the introduction of other ''ragas'', which can be from any time of the day.<ref name="Bor181">Bor 1999, p. 181</ref><ref name="ragamala">{{cite book |title=Indian Music in Performance: a practical introduction |last=Sorrell |first=Neil |author2=Narayan, Ram |year=1980 | publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] | isbn=0-7190-0756-9 |pages=100, 114}}</ref> The change from ''Jogiya'' into another ''raga'' and back must be smooth as there is no break in the music, making a ''raga mala'' difficult to perform.<ref name="ragamala" />

==Recording and artwork==
{{Listen |filename = Ram Narayan - Shankara excerpt.ogg |title = "Rāg Shankara" | pos = left |description = The ''tabla'' join the ''sarangi'' for the composition.}}
''Rag Shankara, Rag Mala in Jogia'' was recorded on 15 and 16 November 1989 in Wyastone Leys near [[Monmouth]], [[Wales]].<ref name="liner" /> Narayan begins the performances by playing a long ''[[alap]]'' (non-metrical introduction) and ''[[jor (music)|jor]]'' (performance with pulse).<ref name="liner" /> The ''[[tabla]]'' player then joins Narayan in performing a composition, repeating the rhythmic cycle on which the composition is based and playing occasional improvisations.<ref name="liner" />

The album cover features a painting made ca. 1760 in [[Murshidabad]] in the provincial [[Mughal painting|Mughal style]] of [[Bengal]].<ref name="cover">{{cite web|title=Gujari Ragini|publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]]|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O17467/gujari-ragini-painting-unknown/|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> It depicts a young woman sitting next to a lake, playing on a ''[[rudra veena]]'' to a [[parakeet]], which symbolizes her absent lover.<ref name="cover" /> A picture of Narayan with his ''sarangi'', taken by Joseph Stieger, is on the back of the album.<ref name="liner" />

==Reception==
{{Album ratings
| rev1 =[[Allmusic]]
| rev1Score ={{Rating|3|5}}<ref name="AMG">{{cite web |first=Ken |last=Hunt |title= Ræg Shankara/Ræg Mala in Jogia|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r98534|pure_url=yes}} |publisher=[[Allmusic]] |accessdate=20 March 2010}}</ref>
| rev2 =''[[New Straits Times]]''
| rev2Score =(favorable)<ref name="NST">{{cite news|last=Murthi|first=R. S.|title=Rhythm of the universe|publisher=[[New Straits Times]]|date=7 June 1992|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ILoTAAAAIBAJ&pg=4875,2944507 |page=11}}</ref>
}}

[[Allmusic]] critic Ken Hunt described Narayan's performance of "Rag Shankara" as "ideal for the night hours"<ref name="AMG" /> and R. S. Murthi of the ''[[New Straits Times]]'' argued that the album showcased the "delicate tone" of the ''sarangi'' and its capacity for "seductive lyricism".<ref name="NST" />

==Track listing==
# "Rāg Shankara" – 39:11
# "Rāg Mala in Jogia" – 31:50

==Personnel==
* [[Ram Narayan]] – ''[[sarangi]]''
* [[Anindo Chatterjee]] – ''[[tabla]]''
* Uma Mehta – ''[[Tanpura (instrument)|tambura]]''
* Uma Phalke – ''tambura''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|title=Rag Shankara, Rag Mala in Jogia|publisher=[[Nimbus Records]]|url=http://www.wyastone.co.uk/rag-shankara-and-rag-mala-in-jogia.html}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1990 albums]]
[[Category:Ram Narayan albums]]

Rag Shankara, Rag Mala in Jogia - Revision history

imported>ShubhanTelang: /* Origin */Adding