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{{Short description|Arab tribal confederation of Mecca, Arabia}}
{{About||the chapter in the Qur'an|Quraysh (sura)|other uses|}}
{{Infobox tribe
|name = Quraysh
|local name = {{Nobold|{{lang|ar|قُرَيْشٌ}}}}
|type = Settled [[Adnanite]] Arab tribe
|image =
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|nisba = Qurashī
|location = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]] (western [[Saudi Arabia]])
|descended = [[Fihr ibn Malik]]
|parent_tribe = [[Banu Kinanah|Kinana]]
|branches = *Banu al-Harith
*[[Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib|Banu Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib]]
**Banu 'Amir
**[[Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy|Banu Ka'b]]
***[[Banu Adi]]
***[[Murrah ibn Ka'b|Banu Murra]]
****[[Banu Taym]]
****Banu Yaqaza
*****[[Banu Makhzum]]
****[[Kilab ibn Murrah|Banu Kilab]]
*****[[Banu Zuhra]]
*****[[Qusai ibn Kilab|Banu Qusayy]]
******[[Banu Abd al-Dar|Banu 'Abd al-Dar]]
******[[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|Banu 'Abd Manaf]]
*******[[Banu Abd Shams]]
*******[[Banu Nawfal]]
*******[[Banu Hashim]]
*******[[Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf|Banu Mutallib]]
******Banu 'Abd al-Uzza
*******[[Banu Asad]]
***Banu Husays
****Banu 'Amr
*****[[Banu Sahm]]
*****[[Banu Jumah]]
|religion = [[Arabian mythology|Polytheism]] (230–630) [[Islam]] (630 – present)
|ethnicity=[[Arab]]
|language=[[Arabic]]}}
{{Muhammad}}

The '''Quraysh''' ({{lang-ar|قُرَيْشٌ}}) were a grouping of Arab clans that historically inhabited and controlled the city of [[Mecca]] and its [[Kaaba]]. The [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] was born into the [[Banu Hashim|Hashim]] clan of the tribe.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&q=What+Did+the+Biblical+Writers+Know+and+When+Did+They+Know+It%3F%3A+What+... | title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know and when Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel | isbn=9780802821263 | last1=Dever | first1=William G. | date=10 May 2001 }}</ref> By 600 CE, the tribe were affluent merchants who dominated commerce between the [[Indian Ocean]] and [[East Africa]] on one side and the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] on the other.{{Sfn|Bosworth|Lewis|Pellat|Donzel|1998|p=434}} They organized caravans that traveled to [[Gaza City|Gaza]] and [[Damascus]] in the summer and to [[Yemen]] in the winter. On those routes, they were also engaged in mining and other enterprises. They were known for their ''hilm'', or "absence of hotheadedness," because, despite their rivalries, they put commercial interests and unity first.{{Sfn|Bosworth|Lewis|Pellat|Donzel|1998|p=435}}

When Muhammad spread his new religion, [[Islam]] in Mecca, they were unconcerned and offered no serious opposition until he began to attack their polytheistic beliefs.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=364}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-24 |title=Muhammad {{!}} Biography, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Lewis|2002|p=35–36}} As relations with the Quraysh progressively deteriorated, Muhammad took his followers to [[Medina]] after successful negotiations with [[Banu Aws]] and [[Banu Khazraj|Khazraj]] to mediate their tribal conflict. This migration event is known as the [[hijrah]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=364-367}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aws and Khazraj |url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/islamicarch2011/14180.html |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=www.brown.edu}}</ref> In Medina, Muhammad had a strong interest in attacking Quraysh caravans and plundering their goods.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=Francis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OrCo4VyvGkC |title=Muhammad and the Origins of Islam |date=1994-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-1875-8 |pages=211–214 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=269}} This consequently led to armed conflicts between them, some of which included the battles of [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]], and the [[Battle of the Trench|Trench]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=369-370}} Sometime after the latter battle and after Muhammad had successfully eliminated the three major [[Jews|Jewish]] tribes from Medina, he reportedly stopped attacking Quraysh caravans, at which time he focused more on the north, raiding [[Banu Lahyan|Banu Lihyam]] and [[Banu Mustaliq]], to name a few.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=370}}

Over time, as Muhammad's position in Medina became more established, the attitude of the people in his hometown toward him became more approving. The [[Treaty of Hudaybiyya]] was then concluded, which provided for a ten-year truce with the Meccans, and Muhammad was able to perform [[Umrah]] the following year in the city. While in Mecca for the Umrah, Muhammad managed to reconcile with his family, the Hashim clan, which was sealed through marriage with [[Maymunah bint al-Harith|Maymuna bint al-Harith]]. A number of Meccan notables, such as [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] and [[Amr ibn al-As]], eventually recognized him as the man of the future in Arabia and converted to Islam.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=371}}

At the end of 629, a belligerent party—against the advice of [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], who was the Quraysh chief at the time—supported one of their client clans against the Khuza'a, who were allies of Muhammad. This could automatically be viewed by both parties as a violation of the aforementioned agreement. As Muhammad brought his army to besiege Mecca, Abu Sufyan, along with a few others, including Muhammad's friend Khuza'i Budayl ibn Warqa, went to meet him to ask for amnesty for all Quraysh who did not put up armed resistance. Muhammad thus managed to enter Mecca unopposed, and almost all of its inhabitants converted to Islam.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=372}} Afterwards, leadership of the Muslim community traditionally passed to a member of the Quraysh, as was the case with the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]], [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]], [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] [[Caliphate]]s, and purportedly the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]]s.

==Name==
Sources differ as to the etymology of Quraysh, with one theory holding that it was the diminutive form of ''qirsh'' (shark).<ref name="Watt435">Watt 1986, p. 435.</ref> The 9th-century genealogist [[Hisham ibn al-Kalbi]] asserted that there was no eponymous founder of Quraysh;<ref name="Peters14">Peters 1994, p. 14.</ref> rather, the name stemmed from ''taqarrush'', an [[Arabic]] word meaning "a coming together" or "association". The Quraysh gained their name when [[Qusayy ibn Kilab]], a sixth-generation descendant of Fihr ibn Malik, gathered together his kinsmen and took control of the Ka'aba. Prior to this, Fihr's offspring lived in scattered, nomadic groups among their Kinana relatives.<ref name="Watt434"/>{{#tag:ref|Qusayy's [[genealogy]]: Quṣayy ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilāb]] ibn [[Murrah ibn Ka'b|Murra]] ibn [[Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy|Kaʿb]] ibn [[Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib|Luʾayy]] ibn Ghālib ibn [[Fihr ibn Malik|Fihr]]<ref name="Watt434"/>|group=note}} The ''[[Nisba (onomastics)|nisba]]'' or surname of the Quraysh is ''Qurashī'', though in the early centuries of the Islamic ''[[Ummah]]'', most Qurayshi tribesmen were denoted by their specific clan instead of the tribe. Later, particularly after the 13th century, claimants of Qurayshi descent used the ''Qurashī'' surname.<ref name="Watt435"/>

==History==

===Origins===
The Quraysh's [[progenitor]] was [[Fihr ibn Malik]], whose full genealogy, according to traditional Arab sources, was the following: Fihr ibn Mālik ibn al-Naḍr ibn Kināna ibn Khuzayma ibn Mudrika ibn Ilyās ibn Muḍar ibn Nizār ibn Maʿadd ibn ʿAdnān.<ref name="Watt434">Watt 1986, p. 434.</ref> Thus, Fihr belonged to the [[Kinanah|Kinana]] tribe and his descent is traced to [[Adnan]] the [[Ishmaelites|Ishmaelite]], the semi-legendary father of the "[[Adnanites|northern Arabs]]". According to the traditional sources, Fihr led the warriors of Kinana and [[Khuzayma]] in defense of the Ka'ba, at the time a major pagan sanctuary in Mecca, against tribes from [[Yemen]]; however, the sanctuary and the privileges associated with it continued to be in the hands of the Yemeni [[Banu Khuza'a|Khuza'a]] tribe. The Quraysh gained their name when [[Qusayy ibn Kilab]], a sixth-generation descendant of Fihr ibn Malik, gathered together his kinsmen and took control of the Ka'ba. Prior to this, Fihr's offspring lived in scattered, nomadic groups among their Kinana relatives.<ref name="Watt434"/>

===Establishment in Mecca===
All medieval Muslim sources agree that Qusayy unified Fihr's descendants, and established the Quraysh as the dominant power in Mecca.<ref>Peters 1994, pp. 14–15.</ref> After conquering Mecca, Qusayy assigned quarters to different Qurayshi clans. Those settled around the Ka'ba were known ''Quraysh al-Biṭāḥ'' ({{lang-ar|قُرَيْش ٱلْبِطَاح|lit=Quraysh of the Hollow}}), and included all of the descendants of [[Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy]] and others. The clans settled in the outskirts of the sanctuary were known as ''Quraysh al-Ẓawāhīr'' ({{lang-ar|قُرَيْش ٱلظَّوَاهِر|lit=Quraysh of the Outskirts}}). According to historian [[Ibn Ishaq]], Qusayy's younger son, [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|Abd Manaf]], had grown prominent during his father's lifetime and was chosen by Qusayy to be his successor as the guardian of the Ka'ba. He also gave other responsibilities related to the Ka'ba to his other sons [[Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai|Abd al-'Uzza]] and Abd, while ensuring that all decisions by the Quraysh had to be made in the presence of his eldest son [[Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai|Abd al-Dar]]; the latter was also designated ceremonial privileges such as keeper of the Qurayshi war banner and supervisor of water and provisions to the pilgrims visiting the Ka'ba.<ref name="Peters15">Peters 1994, p. 15.</ref>

According to historian [[F. E. Peters]], Ibn Ishaq's account reveals that Mecca in the time of Qusayy and his immediate offspring was not yet a commercial center; rather, the city's economy was based on pilgrimage to the Ka'ba, and "what pass[ed] for municipal offices [designated by Qusayy] have to do only with military operations and with control of the shrine".<ref>Peters 1994, pp. 15–16.</ref> During that time, the tribesmen of Quraysh were not traders; instead, they were entrusted with religious services, from which they significantly profited. They also profited from taxes collected from incoming pilgrims. Though Qusayy appeared to be the strongman of Quraysh, he was not officially a king of the tribe, but one of many leading [[sheikh]]s (tribal chieftains).<ref name="Peters16">Peters 1994, p. 16.</ref>

According to historian [[Gerald R. Hawting]], if the traditional sources are to be believed, Qusayy's children, "must have lived in the second half of the fifth century".<ref name="Hawting22">Hawting 2000, p. 22.</ref> However, historian [[W. Montgomery Watt]] asserts that Qusayy himself likely died in the second half of the 6th century. The issue of succession between Qusayy's natural successor, Abd al-Dar, and his chosen successor, Abd Manaf, led to the division of Quraysh into two factions; those who backed the [[Banu Abd ad-Dar|Abd al-Dar clan]], including the clans of [[Banu Sahm]], [[Banu Adi]], [[Banu Makhzum]] and [[Banu Jumah]], became known as ''al-Aḥlāf'' (the Confederates), while those who backed the [[Banu Abd al-Manaf|Abd Manaf clan]], including the [[Banu Taym]], [[Banu Asad]], [[Banu Zuhra]] and [[Banu al-Harith ibn Fihr]], were known as ''al-Muṭayyabūn'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْمُطَيَّبُوْن|lit=the Perfumed}}).<ref name="Watt435"/>

===Control of Meccan trade===
Toward the end of the 6th century, the [[Fijar War]] broke out between the Quraysh and the [[Kinana]] on one side and various [[Qays]]i tribes on the other, including the [[Hawazin]], [[Banu Thaqif]], [[Banu Amir]] and [[Banu Sulaym]]. The war broke out when a Kinani tribesman killed an Amiri tribesman escorting a [[Lakhmid]] caravan to the Hejaz. The attack took place during the holy season when fighting was typically forbidden. The Kinani tribesman's patron was [[Harb ibn Umayyah|Harb ibn Umayya]], a Qurayshi chief. This patron and other chiefs were ambushed by the Hawazin at Nakhla, but were able to escape. In the battles that occurred in the following two years, the Qays were victorious, but in the fourth year, the tide turned in favor of the Quraysh and Kinana. After a few more clashes, peace was reestablished.<ref name="Fück883">Fück 1965, p. 883.</ref> According to Watt, the actual aim in the Fijar War was control of the trade routes of [[Najd]]. Despite particularly tough resistance by the Quraysh's main trade rivals, the Thaqif of [[Ta'if]], and the Banu Nasr clan of Hawazin, the Quraysh ultimately held sway over western Arabian trade.<ref name="Fück884">Fück 1965, p. 884.</ref> The Quraysh gained control over Ta'if's trade, and many Qurayshi individuals purchased estates in Ta'if, where the climate was cooler.<ref name="Watt434"/>

The sanctuary village of Mecca developed into a major Arabian trade hub. According to Watt, by 600 CE, the leaders of Quraysh "were prosperous merchants who had obtained something like a monopoly of the trade between the Indian Ocean and East Africa on the one hand and the Mediterranean on the other".<ref name="Watt434"/> Furthermore, the Quraysh commissioned trade caravans to Yemen in the winter and caravans to [[Gaza City|Gaza]], [[Bosra]], [[Damascus]] and [[al-Arish]] in the summer.<ref name="Watt434"/><ref name="Donner51">Donner 1981, p. 51.</ref> The Quraysh established networks with merchants in these Syrian cities. They also formed political or economic alliances with many of the [[Bedouin]] (nomadic Arab) tribes in the northern and central Arabian deserts to ensure the safety of their trade caravans. The Quraysh invested their revenues in building their trading ventures, and shared profits with tribal allies to translate financial fortune into significant political power in the [[Hejaz]] (western Arabia).<ref name="Donner51"/> In the words of [[Fred Donner]]:

<blockquote>[By the end of the 6th century,] Meccan commerce was flourishing as never before, and the leaders in this trade [the Quraysh] had developed from mere merchants into true financiers. They were no longer interested in "buying cheap and selling dear," but also with organizing money and men to realize their commercial objectives. There was emerging, in short, a class of men with well-developed managerial and organizational skills. It was a development unheralded, and almost unique, in central Arabia.<ref>Donner 1981, p. 52.</ref></blockquote>

The Banu Makhzum and [[Banu Umayya]], in particular, acquired vast wealth from trade and held the most influence among the Quraysh in Meccan politics.<ref name="Donner51"/> The Banu Umayya and the [[Banu Nawfal]], another clan descending from Abd Manaf that had become wealthy from their commercial enterprise, split from the ''Muṭayyabūn'' faction in 605 and engaged in business with the ''Aḥlāf''.<ref name="Watt435"/> Their financial fortunes had enabled them to become a force of their own.<ref name="Watt435"/> During a commercial incident where a Yemenite merchant was robbed of his trade by al-As ibn Wa'il al-Sahmi, the ''Muṭayyabūn'' reformed in the [[Hilf al-Fudul]], which consisted of the [[Banu Hashim]] and [[Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf|Banu Muttalib]], which, like the Banu Umayya, were descendants of Abd Manaf, and the Taym, Asad, Zuhra and al-Harith ibn Fihr clans.<ref name="Watt435"/> The Banu Hashim held the hereditary rights surrounding the pilgrimage to the Ka'ba, though the Banu Umayya were ultimately the strongest Qurayshi clan.<ref name="Hawting22"/> According to Watt, "In all the stories of the [[pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic period]] there is admittedly a legendary element, but the main outline of events appears to be roughly correct, even if most of the dating is uncertain."<ref name="Watt435"/>

===Conflict with Muhammad===
{{See also|List of expeditions of Muhammad}}

The Quraysh, who were natives of [[Mecca]], did not present any opposition when Muhammad first began to propagate [[Islam|his new faith]] in the city. Rather, they seemed unconcerned by his activity, as they did not appear to be particularly interested in devotional meetings. Up until a point when Muhammad started attacking their beliefs.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=364}}{{sfn|Lewis|2002|p=35–36}} As relations with the Quraysh worsened, Muhammad led his followers to emigrate to [[Medina]] after he had successfully negotiated with the Arabs from the city to mediate their tribal conflicts. In Medina, Muhammad received a divine revelation authorizing Muslims to attack the polytheists without being attacked first, and thus he targeted Quraysh trade caravans.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=364-369}}

After obtaining abundant booty following his [[Raid on Nakhla|attack on a caravan at Nakhla]], Muhammad heard that a large caravan of Quraish was on its way back from [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. He sent his troops to intercept it,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLN2hNidLw4C |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |date=1961 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |pages=119 |language=en}}</ref> but it turned out that [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], who led the caravan had already caught wind of his plans and rerouted the caravan. Instead of finding a vulnerable caravan, Muhammad found the troops of [[Amr ibn Hisham]], whom Abu Sufyan had asked for help.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=364-369}} Despite fighting against a reportedly much larger army, Muhammad managed to get his troops to win the battle, and gain prestige. More and more people supported him and participated in his raids as a result.<ref name=":0">Watt (1974) pp. 124—127</ref>

The defeat at Badr was catastrophic for the Quraysh; a number of their influential and experienced men were killed, their prestige plummeted, and their old enemies set their sights on them again.<ref name=":03">Watt (1974) pp. 124—127</ref> Tired of having their caravans endlessly attacked by Muhammad and to restore their honor for the defeat at Badr, the Quraysh decided to take more decisive measures. Led by Abu Sufyan, some 3,000 troops set out for Medina to confront Muhammad, and the [[Battle of Uhud]] ensued. Initially, Muhammad had the upper hand, but it was reversed when the Muslim archers abandoned their positions and pursued the fleeing Meccan soldiers. The Meccan military strategist [[Khalid ibn al-Walid|Khalid ibn Walid]] took advantage of this situation and gained a favorable position on the slopes of Uhud. Muhammad fled. Quraysh did not pursue him and finish him off, as they considered it enough to deter him and restore their honor.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=370}}

Upon returning to Medina, some of the [[Jews]] there who had not participated in the battle made no effort to conceal their delight at Muhammad's defeat. Feeling the need to make an example, Muhammad targeted the [[Banu Nadir]] and drove them to [[Khaybar]] and other Jewish settlements, with their property becoming booty for the Muslims. Some time later, the Quraysh, with their caravans still under attack by Muhammad and after being urged by the Jews in Khaybar, learned that Muhammad's defeat at Uhud had not necessarily weakened his position; thus, they recognized the importance of occupying Medina. Aware of their small military capabilities, given the fact that they were originally only city merchants, the Quraysh negotiated vigorously with various [[Bedouin]] tribes and managed to raise 10,000 troops.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=370}}

To deal with the Quraysh troops, Muhammad was advised by one of his followers to dig a trench, for which the [[Battle of the Trench|battle was later named]]. With the advance of the Quraysh troops hampered by the trench, Muhammad used the time to conduct secret negotiations with the [[Ghatafan]] and cleverly induce distrust among his enemies. When the weather became unfavorable, the besiegers lost morale and slowly began to retire. Not long after, Muhammad attacked the [[Banu Qurayza]], the last major Jewish tribe in Medina. Their men were beheaded, while the women and children were divided among the Muslims. With the elimination of the three major Jewish tribes in Medina, this became a turning point in Muhammad's life and the rise of the Islamic community. Muhammad no longer continued his constant attacks on the trade caravans of Mecca; instead, his attention turned more to the north, where he attacked the [[Banu Lahyan|Banu Lihyan]] and [[Banu Mustaliq]], among others.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=371}}

Over time, tensions between Muhammad and the people of Mecca eased, and a ten-year armistice agreement called the [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah]] was signed. Muhammad and his followers were then allowed to perform [[Umrah]] next year in Mecca. A short time later, Muhammad attacked the Jewish-inhabited Khaybar, where he instituted a practice that set a precedent for Muslims later on towards Jews and Christians, namely [[jizya]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=371}} He did not slaughter those who surrendered but let them stay and tend their fields, with half the produce going to him and his followers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zeitlin |first=Irving M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbhJJ7AOLL4C |title=The Historical Muhammad |date=2007-03-19 |publisher=Polity |isbn=978-0-7456-3999-4 |pages=135 |language=en}}</ref> The Jewish colony of [[Wadi al-Qura]] also came into his possession with this expedition, making the Muslim community rich.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=371}}

In early 627, Muhammad, who had become lord in Medina, undertook the Umrah known as the 'fulfilled pilgrimage' in Mecca, during which time he reconciled with his family, the [[Banu Hashim]], which was sealed by marrying [[Maymunah bint al-Harith|Maymuna bint al-Harith]]. Some important people of Mecca, such as Khalid ibn Walid and [[Amr ibn al-As]], recognized Muhammad as a man of the future in Arabia and converted to Islam. In December 629, after the belligerent party in Mecca, against the advice of Abu Sufyan, decided to support one of their client clans against the Khuzaa, who were allied with Muhammad, resulting in a violation of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, Muhammad then set out with his army to Mecca. With those willing to fight from the Mecca side becoming fewer and fewer, Abu Sufyan set out with several others, including Muhammad's friend, Khuza’i Budayl ibn Warqa, to ask for amnesty for all the Quraysh who abandoned armed resistance. Muhammad thus managed to enter Mecca unopposed, and almost all the inhabitants adopted Islam.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=372}}

===Islamic leadership===
[[File:Quraysh Flag.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|The purported flag of the Quraysh during the [[Battle of Siffin]] in 657]]
In 630, Muhammad [[Conquest of Mecca|entered Mecca victoriously]], prompting the rest of Quraysh to embrace Islam. Muhammad sought to consolidate the unity of his expanding Muslim community by "winning over this powerful group [the Quraysh]", according to Donner; to that end he guaranteed Qurayshi participation and influence in the nascent Islamic state. Thus, despite their long enmity with Muhammad, the Quraysh were brought in as political and economic partners and became a key component in the Muslim elite. Many leading Qurayshi tribesmen were installed in key government positions and in Muhammad's policy-making circle.<ref name="Donner77">Donner 1981, p. 77.</ref> According to Donner, the inclusion of Quraysh "in the ruling elite of the Islamic state was very probably responsible for what appears to be the more carefully organized and systematic approach to statesmanship practiced by Muhammad in the closing years of his life, as the organizational skills of the Quraysh were put to use in the service of Islam".<ref>Donner 1981, pp. 77–78.</ref>

With Muhammad's death in 632, rivalry emerged between the Quraysh and the two other components of the Muslim elite, the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] and the Thaqif, over influence in state matters.<ref name="Donner273">Donner 1981, p. 273.</ref> The Ansar wanted one of their own to succeed the prophet as [[caliph]], but were persuaded by [[Umar]] to agree to Abu Bakr.<ref name="Watt435"/> During the reigns of Abu Bakr (632–634) and Umar (r. 634–644), some of the Ansar were concerned about their political stake.<ref>Donner 1981, pp. 273–274.</ref> The Quraysh apparently held real power during this period marked by the [[early Muslim conquests]]. During the [[First Fitna|First Muslim Civil War]], the Ansar, who backed Caliph [[Ali]] of the Banu Hashim against two factions representing rival Qurayshi clans, were defeated. They were subsequently left out of the political elite, while the [[Banu Thaqif|Thaqif]] maintained a measure of influence by dint of their long relationship with the Quraysh.<ref name="Donner274">Donner 1981, p. 274.</ref>

A ''[[hadith]]'' holding that the caliph must be from Quraysh became almost universally accepted by the Muslims, with the exception of the [[Kharijites]].<ref name="Watt435"/> Indeed, control of the Islamic state essentially devolved into a struggle between various factions of the Quraysh.<ref name="Donner274"/> In the first civil war, these factions included the Banu Umayya represented by [[Mu'awiyah I|Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan]], the Banu Hashim represented by Ali, and other Qurayshi leaders such as [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]] of the Banu Asad and [[Talha ibn Ubayd Allah]] of the Banu Taym.<ref>Donner 1981, pp. 274–275.</ref> Later, during the [[Second Fitna|Second Muslim Civil War]], these same factions again fought for control of the [[caliphate]], with the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]]s victorious at the war's conclusion in 692/93. In 750, the issue of which Qurayshi clan would hold the reins of power was again raised but this time, the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]]s, a branch of the Banu Hashim, were victorious and slew much of the Banu Umayya. Afterward, Islamic leadership was contested between different branches of the Banu Hashim.<ref name="Donner275">Donner 1981, p. 275.</ref>

==Clans==
{| class="wikitable"
!Clan
! Généalogie
! Alliances
! Membres notables
|-
| [[Banu Abd al-Dar]]
| Abd al-Dar ibn Qusayy ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.{{sfn|Watt|1986|p=434}}
| Ahlafs
| [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]]
|-
| [[Banu Makhzum]]
| Makhzum ibn Yaqaza ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.{{sfn|Watt|1986|p=434}}
| Ahlafs
| [[Abu Jahl|Abou Jahl]], Walid ibn Al-Mughira, Abu Hudhaifah ibn al-Mughirah [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]],
|-
| [[Banu Adi]]
| Adi ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.{{sfn|Watt|1986|p=434}}
| Ahlafs
| Al-Khattâb ibn Nufayl [[Umar ibn Al-Khattab]], [[Zayd ibn Amr]], [[Al-Shifa' bint Abdullah]] [[Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab|Abdullah ibn Umar]]
|-
| [[Banu Sahm]]
| Sahm ibn Amr ibn Husays ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.{{sfn|Watt|1986|p=434}}
| Ahlafs
| al-As ibn Wa'il, [[Amr ibn al-As]]
|-
| [[Banu Jumah]]
| Jumah ibn Amr ibn Husays ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.{{sfn|Watt|1986|p=434}}
| Ahlafs
| Umayya ibn Khalaf, Soufwan ibn Umayya
|-
| [[Banu Abd-Shams|Banu Abd Shams]] (then [[Banu Umayya]])
| Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.{{sfn|Watt|1986|p=434}}
| Muttayabun then Ahlaf
| [[Umayya ibn Abd Shams]], [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb]], [[Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt]] [[Uthman ibn Affan]], [[Umm Habiba]] [[Mu'awiya I]]
|-
| [[Banu Nawfal]]
| Nawfal ibn Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.{{sfn|Watt|1986|p=434}}
| Muttayabun then Ahlaf
| [[Jubayr ibn Muṭʽim]]
|-
| [[Banu Émir]]
| Amir ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.{{sfn|Watt|1986|p=434}}
|
| Suhayl ibn Amr, Abdullah ibn Suhayl
|-
| [[Banu Hashim]] (then [[Abd al-Muttalib|Banu Abd al-Muttalib]])
| Hashim ibn Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.{{sfn|Watt|1986|p=434}}
| Muttayabun then Fudul
| '''[[Muhammad]]''' [[Abd al-Muttalib]],[[Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib]], [[Abu Talib ibn Abdul Muttalib]], [[Al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib]] [[Ali]]
|-
| [[Banu Zuhrah]]
| Zuhra ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.{{sfn|Watt|1986|p=434}}
| Muttayabun then Fudul
| 'Abd Manaf ibn Zuhra, [[Wahb ibn 'Abd Manaf]], [[Amina bint Wahb|Aminah]] [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf]], [[Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas|Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]]
|-
| [[Banu Taym]]
| Taym ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.{{sfn|Watt|1986|p=434}}
| Muttayabun then Fudul
| [[Abu Bakr]] [[Talha ibn Ubayd Allah]], [[Aisha|Aisha bint Abi Bakr]], [[Asmaa bint Abu Bakr|Asma bint Abi Bakr]]
|-
| [[Banu Asad]]
| Asad ibn Abd al-Uzza ibn Qusayy ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.{{sfn|Watt|1986|p=434}}
| Muttayabun then Fudul
| [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]], [[Waraqah ibn Nawfal]] [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]] [[Abd Allah ibn az-Zubayr|Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]]
|-
| [[Banu al-Harith ibn Fihr]]
| Al-Harith ibn Fihr.{{sfn|Watt|1986|p=434}}
| Muttayabun then Fudul
| [[Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah]]
|-
| [[Banu Mutallib]]
| Al-Mutallib ibn Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.{{sfn|Watt|1986|p=434}}
| Fudul
| [[Al-Shafiʽi]] (célèbre érudit)
|}

==Quraysh relationship tree==
{{Quraysh tree}}

==See also==
* [[Alaouite dynasty]]
* [[Ba 'Alawiyya]]
* [[Ba 'Alawi sada]]
* [[Hawk of Quraish]]
* [[Bannu|Bannu District]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |date=2002 |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-arabs-in-history-9780192803108?cc=us&lang=en& |title=The Arabs in History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280310-8 |location=Oxford, New York}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Bosworth |first1=C. E. |last2=Lewis |last3=Pellat |last4=Donzel |first4=E. J. van |date=1998 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume V (Khe-Mahi): [Fasc. 79-98, 98a] |url=https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/1484 | publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-07819-2}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Buhl |first1=F. |last2=Welch |first2=A.T. |date=1993 |title=Muḥammad |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muhammad-COM_0780 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |volume=7 |isbn=978-90-04-09419-2 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Donner|first1=Fred M.|author-link=Fred M. Donner|title=The Early Islamic Conquests|date=1981|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=9781400847877|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l5__AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Fück|first1=J. W.|editor1=Lewis, B |editor2=Pellat, Ch |editor3=Schacht, J.|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Islam]] |volume=2 ''C–G''|edition=2nd|date=1965|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=90-04-07026-5|title=Fidjār|pages=883–884}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hawting|first1=G. R.|author-link=Gerald R. Hawting|title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750|date=2000|orig-year=1986|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=0-415-24073-5|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9J2CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21}}
* {{cite book|last1=Peters|first1=F. E.|author-link=Francis Edward Peters|title=Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land|date=1994|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=0-691-03267-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdb6F1qVDhkC&pg=PA13}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|article=Kuraysh|last=Watt|first=W. Montgomery|author-link=W. Montgomery Watt|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Islam]] |volume=V: ''Khe–Mahi'' |edition=New |publisher=Brill|location=Leiden and New York|year=1986|isbn=90-04-07819-3|pages=434–435}}
{{Refend}}

{{Qur'anic people}}
{{Historical Arab tribes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Quraysh| ]]
[[Category:Tribes]]
[[Category:Life of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Tribes of Arabia]]
[[Category:Tribes of Saudi Arabia]]

Quraysh - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article