Pushan - Revision history

Vilianapcm at 19:27, 10 December 2025

2025-12-10T19:27:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:57, 11 December 2025
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	{{short description\|Hindu god}}		{{short description\|Hindu god}}
			{{about\|Hindu god\|the village in Iran\|Pushan, Iran\|the South Korean port city\|Busan}}
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2015}}
			{{Use Indian English\|date=May 2016}}
	{{Infobox deity		{{Infobox deity
	\| type = hindu		\| type = hindu
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	\| caption =		\| caption =
	}}		}}
	~~{{about\|Hindu god\|the village in Iran\|Pushan, Iran\|the South Korean port city\|Busan}}~~
	~~{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2015}}~~
	~~{{Use Indian English\|date=May 2016}}~~
	~~{{Hindu scriptures}}~~

	'''Pushan''' ({{~~lang-~~sa\|[[~~wiktionary~~:पूषन्\|पूषन्]]\|Pūṣan}}) is a [[Hindu]] [[Historical Vedic religion\|Vedic]] [[solar deity]] and one of the [[Adityas]]. He is the god of meeting. Pushan is responsible for marriages, journeys, roads, and the feeding of cattle. He was a [[psychopomp]] (soul guide), conducting souls to the other world. He protected travelers from bandits and wild beasts, and protected men from being exploited by other men. He was a supportive guide, a "good" god, leading his adherents towards rich pastures and wealth.		'''Pushan''' ({{langx\|sa\|[[wikt:पूषन्\|पूषन्]]}} , {{IAST3\|Pūṣan}}) is a [[Hindu]] [[Historical Vedic religion\|Vedic]] [[solar deity]] and one of the [[Adityas]]. He is the god of meeting. Pushan is responsible for marriages, journeys, roads, and the feeding of cattle. He was a [[psychopomp]] (soul guide), conducting souls to the other world. He protected travelers from bandits and wild beasts, and protected men from being exploited by other men. He was a supportive guide, a "good" god, leading his adherents towards rich pastures and wealth.

	==Etymology==		==Etymology ==
	Traditionally, the name of the deity is said to be derived from [[Sanskrit language\|Sanskrit]] verb, ''pūṣyati'', which means "to cause to thrive".<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Macdonell\|first1=Arthur Anthony\|title=A Vedic Reader for Students\|date=1917\|publisher=Clarendon Press (Oxford)\|location=Oxford, England\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/vedicreaderforst00macd/page/111 111]–115\|url=https://archive.org/details/vedicreaderforst00macd\|access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref> Many modern scholars consider Pushan to be derived from the reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European religion\|Proto-Indo-European god]] ''*Péh₂usōn'',<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Mallory\|first1=J. P.\|last2=Adams\|first2=D. Q.\|title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World\|date=2006\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=Oxford, England\|isbn=978-0-19-929668-2\|page=434}}</ref> which would thereby make Pushan a [[cognate]] of the [[Ancient Greek religion\|Greek god]] [[Pan (deity)\|Pan]]. The connection between Pan and Pushan was first proposed by the German scholar Hermann Collitz in 1924.<ref>H. Collitz, "Wodan, Hermes und Pushan," Festskrift tillägnad Hugo Pipping pȧ hans sextioȧrsdag den 5 November 1924 1924, pp 574–587.</ref>		{{Hinduism}}
			Traditionally, the name of the deity is said to be derived from [[Sanskrit language\|Sanskrit]] verb, ''pūṣyati'', which means "to cause to thrive".<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Macdonell\|first1=Arthur Anthony\|title=A Vedic Reader for Students\|date=1917\|publisher=Clarendon Press (Oxford)\|location=Oxford, England\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/vedicreaderforst00macd/page/111 111]–115\|url=https://archive.org/details/vedicreaderforst00macd\|access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref> Many modern scholars consider Pushan to be derived from the reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European religion\|Proto-Indo-European god]] ''*[[Péh₂usōn]]'',<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Mallory\|first1=J. P.\|last2=Adams\|first2=D. Q.\|title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World\|date=2006\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=Oxford, England\|isbn=978-0-19-929668-2\|page=434}}</ref> which would thereby make Pushan a [[cognate]] of the [[Ancient Greek religion\|Greek god]] [[Pan (deity)\|Pan]]. The connection between Pan and Pushan was first proposed by the German scholar Hermann Collitz in 1924.<ref>H. Collitz, "Wodan, Hermes und Pushan," Festskrift tillägnad Hugo Pipping pȧ hans sextioȧrsdag den 5 November 1924 1924, pp 574–587.</ref>

	==Texts==		==Texts==
	Ten hymns in the [[Rigveda]] are dedicated to Pūṣan (including one jointly to Soma and Pūṣan and another to Indra and Pūṣan).<ref>''Rigveda'' [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01042.htm I.42], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01138.htm I.138], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv02040.htm II.40] (to Soma and Pūṣan), [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06053.htm VI.53], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06054.htm VI.54], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06055.htm VI.55], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06056.htm VI.56], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06057.htm VI.57] (to Indra and Pūṣan), [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06058.htm VI.58] and [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv10026.htm X.26]. Links direct to the 1896 English translation by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]] on sacred-texts.com, which also hosts a Sanskrit version of each hymn.</ref> His chariot is pulled by goats.<ref name = "Dalal14" /><ref name=":1">{{cite book \|last=O'Flaherty \|first=Wendy Doniger \|title=The Rig Veda: An Anthology \|publisher=Penguin Books \|location=New Delhi \|year=2000 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/rigvedapenguincl00anon/page/195 195] \|isbn=0-14-044402-5 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/rigvedapenguincl00anon/page/195 }}</ref> Sometimes he is described as driving the Sun in its course across the sky. He seems to represent the sun as a guardian of flocks and herds. Pushan is also regarded as Kavi, who in turn became an epithet of a number of gods and further a title signifying "king".		Ten hymns in the [[Rigveda]] are dedicated to Pūṣan (including one jointly to Soma and Pūṣan and another to Indra and Pūṣan).<ref>''Rigveda'' [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01042.htm I.42], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01138.htm I.138], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv02040.htm II.40] (to Soma and Pūṣan), [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06053.htm VI.53], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06054.htm VI.54], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06055.htm VI.55], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06056.htm VI.56], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06057.htm VI.57] (to Indra and Pūṣan), [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06058.htm VI.58] and [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv10026.htm X.26]. Links direct to the 1896 English translation by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]] on sacred-texts.com, which also hosts a Sanskrit version of each hymn.</ref> His chariot is pulled by goats.<ref name = "Dalal14" /><ref name=":1">{{cite book \|last=O'Flaherty \|first=Wendy Doniger \|title=The Rig Veda: An Anthology \|publisher=Penguin Books \|location=New Delhi \|year=2000 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/rigvedapenguincl00anon/page/195 195] \|isbn=0-14-044402-5 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/rigvedapenguincl00anon/page/195 }}</ref> Sometimes he is described as driving the Sun in its course across the sky. He seems to represent the sun as a guardian of flocks and herds. Pushan is also regarded as Kavi, who in turn became an epithet of a number of gods and further a title signifying "king".

	He has braided hair and a beard, and carries a golden [[axe]], an [[wikt:awl\|awl]], and a [[goad]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book\|author=Jamison\|first=Stephanie\|url=https://~~www~~.google.com/books~~/edition/The_Rigveda_3_Volume_Set/fgzVAwAAQBAJ~~?hl=~~en&gbpv=0~~\|title=The Rigveda –– Earliest Religious Poetry of India\|last2=Brereton\|first2=Joel\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=2015\|isbn=978-0190633394\|location=\|pages=151, 849–850}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book\|last=Macdonell\|first=Arthur Anthony\|title=Vedic Mythology\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=1897\|pages=35–37}}</ref> He eats gruel, and in the [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] is stated to be toothless. He is married to Sūryā, the daughter of the Sun, whom the gods bestowed on him. He is a knower of paths and a guardian of roads.<ref name = "Dalal14" /> In this role he protects people from various dangers on roads, such as wolves and ambushers. He is also associated with divine paths, and is familiar with the path between earth and heaven, which allows him lead souls to heaven.<ref name=":2" /> He is invoked to guard cattle, horses, and sheep, and is asked to find those cattle that have been lost.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />		He has braided hair and a beard, and carries a golden [[axe]], an [[wikt:awl\|awl]], and a [[goad]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book\|author=Jamison\|first=Stephanie\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ\|title=The Rigveda –– Earliest Religious Poetry of India\|last2=Brereton\|first2=Joel\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=2015\|isbn=978-0190633394\|location=\|pages=151, 849–850}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book\|last=Macdonell\|first=Arthur Anthony\|title=Vedic Mythology\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=1897\|pages=35–37}}</ref> He eats gruel, and in the [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] is stated to be toothless. He is married to Sūryā, the daughter of the Sun, whom the gods bestowed on him. He is a knower of paths and a guardian of roads.<ref name = "Dalal14" /> In this role he protects people from various dangers on roads, such as wolves and ambushers. He is also associated with divine paths, and is familiar with the path between earth and heaven, which allows him lead souls to heaven.<ref name=":2" /> He is invoked to guard cattle, horses, and sheep, and is asked to find those cattle that have been lost.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

	According to a narrative found in the [[Taittiriya Samhita]], [[Rudra]] was excluded from the [[Daksha yajna]], an important sacrifice in honor of various deities. He, in anger, pierced the sacrifice with an arrow and Pushan ~~broke his~~ teeth as he attempted to eat a part of the oblation. The later versions of this narrative are found in the [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], and the [[Puranas]]. In these versions, [[Rudra]] (or [[Shiva]]) was angry because his father-in-law, [[Daksha]], the sacrificer, did not invite him. [[Shiva]], in anger, kicked Pushan and knocked out his teeth as he was eating the oblation.<ref name="dowson">{{cite book \|last=Dowson \|first=John \|title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature \|publisher= Trübner & Co. \|location=London \|year=1888 \|edition=2nd \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/aclassicaldictio00dowsuoft/page/n294 249]–250 \|url=https://archive.org/details/aclassicaldictio00dowsuoft \|quote=Pushan + Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History and John Dowson. \| isbn=978-0-7661-7589-1}}</ref> In the [[Puranic]] versions, [[Virabhadra]], created by [[Shiva]] from a lock of his matted hair, knocked out Pushan's teeth.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Wilkins \|first=W.J. \|title=Hindu Mythology, Vedic, and Puranic \|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co. \|location=Calcutta \|year=1900 \|edition=2nd \|page=270 \|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/hmvp/hmvp33.htm }}</ref>		According to a narrative found in the [[Taittiriya Samhita]], [[Rudra]] was excluded from the [[Daksha yajna]], an important sacrifice in honor of various deities. He, in anger, pierced the sacrifice with an arrow and broke Pushan's teeth as he attempted to eat a part of the oblation. The later versions of this narrative are found in the [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], and the [[Puranas]]. In these versions, [[Rudra]] (or [[Shiva]]) was angry because his father-in-law, [[Daksha]], the sacrificer, did not invite him. [[Shiva]], in anger, kicked Pushan and knocked out his teeth as he was eating the oblation.<ref name="dowson">{{cite book \|last=Dowson \|first=John \|title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature \|publisher= Trübner & Co. \|location=London \|year=1888 \|edition=2nd \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/aclassicaldictio00dowsuoft/page/n294 249]–250 \|url=https://archive.org/details/aclassicaldictio00dowsuoft \|quote=Pushan + Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History and John Dowson. \| isbn=978-0-7661-7589-1}}</ref> In the [[Puranic]] versions, [[Virabhadra]], created by [[Shiva]] from a lock of his matted hair, knocked out Pushan's teeth.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Wilkins \|first=W.J. \|title=Hindu Mythology, Vedic, and Puranic \|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co. \|location=Calcutta \|year=1900 \|edition=2nd \|page=270 \|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/hmvp/hmvp33.htm }}</ref>

	In the ''Mahabharata'' and ''Puranas'', Pushan is described as one of the twelve ''Adityas'' ([[Aditi]]'s sons). Aditi's other eleven sons as listed in the Mahabharata are [[Surya]], [[Aryaman]], [[Tvashta]], [[Savitr]], [[Bhaga]], [[Dhatri\|Dhata]], [[Mitra (Vedic)\|Mitra]], [[Varuna]], [[Amsha]], [[Indra]] and [[Vishnu]] (in the form of [[Vamana]]deva).<ref name = "Dalal14">{{Cite book\|last=Dalal\|first=Roshen\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=Pushan\|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide\|date=2014-04-18\|publisher=Penguin UK\|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9\|language=en}}</ref>		In the ''Mahabharata'' and ''Puranas'', Pushan is described as one of the twelve ''Adityas'' ([[Aditi]]'s sons). Aditi's other eleven sons as listed in the Mahabharata are [[Surya]], [[Aryaman]], [[Tvashta]], [[Savitr]], [[Bhaga]], [[Dhatri\|Dhata]], [[Mitra (Vedic)\|Mitra]], [[Varuna]], [[Amsha]], [[Indra]] and [[Vishnu]] (in the form of [[Vamana]]deva).<ref name = "Dalal14">{{Cite book\|last=Dalal\|first=Roshen\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=Pushan\|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide\|date=2014-04-18\|publisher=Penguin UK\|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9\|language=en}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
			*[[Hindu deities]]
	*[[Hindu mythology]]		*[[Hindu mythology]]
	*[[Hindu deities]]
	*[[List of Hindu deities]]		*[[List of Hindu deities]]

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	[[Category:Pastoral gods]]		[[Category:Pastoral gods]]
	[[Category:Marriage deities]]		[[Category:Marriage deities]]
			[[Category:Liminal gods]]

ImportMaster: robot: Create/update articles in Category:Hindu gods.

2022-11-20T15:28:38Z

robot: Create/update articles in Category:Hindu gods.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:58, 20 November 2022
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	{{short description\|Hindu god}}		{{short description\|Hindu god}}
	~~{{about\|Hindu god\|the village in Iran\|Pushan, Iran\|the South Korean port city\|Busan}}~~
	~~{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2015}}~~
	~~{{Use Indian English\|date=May 2016}}~~
	{{Infobox deity		{{Infobox deity
	\| type = hindu		\| type = hindu
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	\| mount = Chariot driven by goats		\| mount = Chariot driven by goats
	\| affiliation = [[Deva (Hinduism)\|Deva]], [[Adityas]]		\| affiliation = [[Deva (Hinduism)\|Deva]], [[Adityas]]
	\| parents = [[Aditi]]		\| parents = [[Aditi]] and [[Kashyapa]]
	\| equivalent1 = [[Pan (god)\|Pan]]		\| consort = Sūryā
			\| equivalent1 = [[Pan (god)\|Pan]] {{small\|or}} [[Hermes]]
	\| equivalent1_type = Greek		\| equivalent1_type = Greek
	\| equivalent2 = [[Faunus]] {{small\|or}} [[Mercury (mythology)\|Mercury]]		\| equivalent2 = [[Faunus]] {{small\|or}} [[Mercury (mythology)\|Mercury]]
	\| equivalent2_type = Roman		\| equivalent2_type = Roman
	\| planet = [[Sun]]		\| planet = [[Sun]]
	\| ~~consort~~ = ~~Sūryā~~		\| image =
			\| caption =
	}}		}}
			{{about\|Hindu god\|the village in Iran\|Pushan, Iran\|the South Korean port city\|Busan}}
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2015}}
			{{Use Indian English\|date=May 2016}}
	{{Hindu scriptures}}		{{Hindu scriptures}}

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	==Etymology==		==Etymology==
	Traditionally, the name of the deity is said to be derived from [[Sanskrit language\|Sanskrit]] verb, ''pūṣyati'', which means "to cause to thrive".<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Macdonell\|first1=Arthur Anthony\|title=A Vedic Reader for Students\|date=1917\|publisher=Clarendon Press (Oxford)\|location=Oxford, England\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/vedicreaderforst00macd/page/111 111]–115\|url=https://archive.org/details/vedicreaderforst00macd\|access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref> ~~This, however, is probably a [[folk etymology]].~~		Traditionally, the name of the deity is said to be derived from [[Sanskrit language\|Sanskrit]] verb, ''pūṣyati'', which means "to cause to thrive".<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Macdonell\|first1=Arthur Anthony\|title=A Vedic Reader for Students\|date=1917\|publisher=Clarendon Press (Oxford)\|location=Oxford, England\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/vedicreaderforst00macd/page/111 111]–115\|url=https://archive.org/details/vedicreaderforst00macd\|access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref> Many modern scholars consider Pushan to be derived from the reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European religion\|Proto-Indo-European god]] ''*Péh₂usōn'',<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Mallory\|first1=J. P.\|last2=Adams\|first2=D. Q.\|title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World\|date=2006\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=Oxford, England\|isbn=978-0-19-929668-2\|page=434}}</ref> which would thereby make Pushan a [[cognate]] of the [[Ancient Greek religion\|Greek god]] [[Pan (deity)\|Pan]]. The connection between Pan and Pushan was first proposed by the German scholar Hermann Collitz in 1924.<ref>H. Collitz, "Wodan, Hermes und Pushan," Festskrift tillägnad Hugo Pipping pȧ hans sextioȧrsdag den 5 November 1924 1924, pp 574–587.</ref>

	Many modern scholars consider Pushan to be derived from the reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European religion\|Proto-Indo-European god]] ''*Péh₂usōn'',<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Mallory\|first1=J. P.\|last2=Adams\|first2=D. Q.\|title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World\|date=2006\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=Oxford, England\|isbn=978-0-19-929668-2\|page=434}}</ref> which would thereby make Pushan a [[cognate]] of the [[Ancient Greek religion\|Greek god]] [[Pan (deity)\|Pan]]. The connection between Pan and Pushan was first proposed by the German scholar Hermann Collitz in 1924.<ref>H. Collitz, "Wodan, Hermes und Pushan," Festskrift tillägnad Hugo Pipping pȧ hans sextioȧrsdag den 5 November 1924 1924, pp 574–587.</ref>

	==Texts==		==Texts==
	Ten hymns in the [[Rigveda]] are dedicated to Pūṣan (including one jointly to Soma and Pūṣan and another to Indra and Pūṣan).<ref>''Rigveda'' [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01042.htm I.42], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01138.htm I.138], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv02040.htm II.40] (to Soma and Pūṣan), [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06053.htm VI.53], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06054.htm VI.54], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06055.htm VI.55], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06056.htm VI.56], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06057.htm VI.57] (to Indra and Pūṣan), [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06058.htm VI.58] and [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv10026.htm X.26]. Links direct to the 1896 English translation by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]] on sacred-texts.com, which also hosts a Sanskrit version of each hymn.</ref> His chariot is pulled by goats.<ref name = "Dalal14" /><ref name=":1">{{cite book \|last=O'Flaherty \|first=Wendy Doniger \|title=The Rig Veda: An Anthology \|publisher=Penguin Books \|location=New Delhi \|year=2000 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/rigvedapenguincl00anon/page/195 195] \|isbn=0-14-044402-5 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/rigvedapenguincl00anon/page/195 }}</ref> Sometimes he is described as driving the Sun in its course across the sky. He seems to represent the sun as a guardian of flocks and herds. Pushan is also regarded as Kavi, who in turn became an ~~epiphet~~ of a number of gods and further a title signifying "king".		Ten hymns in the [[Rigveda]] are dedicated to Pūṣan (including one jointly to Soma and Pūṣan and another to Indra and Pūṣan).<ref>''Rigveda'' [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01042.htm I.42], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01138.htm I.138], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv02040.htm II.40] (to Soma and Pūṣan), [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06053.htm VI.53], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06054.htm VI.54], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06055.htm VI.55], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06056.htm VI.56], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06057.htm VI.57] (to Indra and Pūṣan), [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06058.htm VI.58] and [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv10026.htm X.26]. Links direct to the 1896 English translation by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]] on sacred-texts.com, which also hosts a Sanskrit version of each hymn.</ref> His chariot is pulled by goats.<ref name = "Dalal14" /><ref name=":1">{{cite book \|last=O'Flaherty \|first=Wendy Doniger \|title=The Rig Veda: An Anthology \|publisher=Penguin Books \|location=New Delhi \|year=2000 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/rigvedapenguincl00anon/page/195 195] \|isbn=0-14-044402-5 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/rigvedapenguincl00anon/page/195 }}</ref> Sometimes he is described as driving the Sun in its course across the sky. He seems to represent the sun as a guardian of flocks and herds. Pushan is also regarded as Kavi, who in turn became an epithet of a number of gods and further a title signifying "king".

	He has braided hair and a beard, and carries a golden [[axe]], an [[wikt:awl\|awl]], and a [[goad]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book\|author=Jamison\|first=Stephanie\|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Rigveda_3_Volume_Set/fgzVAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0\|title=The Rigveda –– Earliest Religious Poetry of India\|last2=Brereton\|first2=Joel\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=2015\|isbn=978-0190633394\|location=\|pages=151, 849–850}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book\|last=Macdonell\|first=Arthur Anthony\|title=Vedic Mythology\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=1897\|pages=35–37}}</ref> He eats gruel, and in the [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] is stated to be toothless. He is married to Sūryā, the daughter of the Sun, whom the gods bestowed on him. He is a knower of paths and a guardian of roads.<ref name = "Dalal14" /> In this role he protects people from various dangers on roads, such as wolves and ambushers. He is also associated with divine paths, and is familiar with the path between earth and heaven, which allows him lead souls to heaven.<ref name=":2" /> He is invoked to guard cattle, horses, and sheep, and is asked to find those cattle that have been lost.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />		He has braided hair and a beard, and carries a golden [[axe]], an [[wikt:awl\|awl]], and a [[goad]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book\|author=Jamison\|first=Stephanie\|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Rigveda_3_Volume_Set/fgzVAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0\|title=The Rigveda –– Earliest Religious Poetry of India\|last2=Brereton\|first2=Joel\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=2015\|isbn=978-0190633394\|location=\|pages=151, 849–850}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book\|last=Macdonell\|first=Arthur Anthony\|title=Vedic Mythology\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=1897\|pages=35–37}}</ref> He eats gruel, and in the [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] is stated to be toothless. He is married to Sūryā, the daughter of the Sun, whom the gods bestowed on him. He is a knower of paths and a guardian of roads.<ref name = "Dalal14" /> In this role he protects people from various dangers on roads, such as wolves and ambushers. He is also associated with divine paths, and is familiar with the path between earth and heaven, which allows him lead souls to heaven.<ref name=":2" /> He is invoked to guard cattle, horses, and sheep, and is asked to find those cattle that have been lost.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
Line 34:		Line 34:
	According to a narrative found in the [[Taittiriya Samhita]], [[Rudra]] was excluded from the [[Daksha yajna]], an important sacrifice in honor of various deities. He, in anger, pierced the sacrifice with an arrow and Pushan broke his teeth as he attempted to eat a part of the oblation. The later versions of this narrative are found in the [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], and the [[Puranas]]. In these versions, [[Rudra]] (or [[Shiva]]) was angry because his father-in-law, [[Daksha]], the sacrificer, did not invite him. [[Shiva]], in anger, kicked Pushan and knocked out his teeth as he was eating the oblation.<ref name="dowson">{{cite book \|last=Dowson \|first=John \|title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature \|publisher= Trübner & Co. \|location=London \|year=1888 \|edition=2nd \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/aclassicaldictio00dowsuoft/page/n294 249]–250 \|url=https://archive.org/details/aclassicaldictio00dowsuoft \|quote=Pushan + Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History and John Dowson. \| isbn=978-0-7661-7589-1}}</ref> In the [[Puranic]] versions, [[Virabhadra]], created by [[Shiva]] from a lock of his matted hair, knocked out Pushan's teeth.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Wilkins \|first=W.J. \|title=Hindu Mythology, Vedic, and Puranic \|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co. \|location=Calcutta \|year=1900 \|edition=2nd \|page=270 \|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/hmvp/hmvp33.htm }}</ref>		According to a narrative found in the [[Taittiriya Samhita]], [[Rudra]] was excluded from the [[Daksha yajna]], an important sacrifice in honor of various deities. He, in anger, pierced the sacrifice with an arrow and Pushan broke his teeth as he attempted to eat a part of the oblation. The later versions of this narrative are found in the [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], and the [[Puranas]]. In these versions, [[Rudra]] (or [[Shiva]]) was angry because his father-in-law, [[Daksha]], the sacrificer, did not invite him. [[Shiva]], in anger, kicked Pushan and knocked out his teeth as he was eating the oblation.<ref name="dowson">{{cite book \|last=Dowson \|first=John \|title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature \|publisher= Trübner & Co. \|location=London \|year=1888 \|edition=2nd \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/aclassicaldictio00dowsuoft/page/n294 249]–250 \|url=https://archive.org/details/aclassicaldictio00dowsuoft \|quote=Pushan + Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History and John Dowson. \| isbn=978-0-7661-7589-1}}</ref> In the [[Puranic]] versions, [[Virabhadra]], created by [[Shiva]] from a lock of his matted hair, knocked out Pushan's teeth.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Wilkins \|first=W.J. \|title=Hindu Mythology, Vedic, and Puranic \|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co. \|location=Calcutta \|year=1900 \|edition=2nd \|page=270 \|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/hmvp/hmvp33.htm }}</ref>

	In the ''Mahabharata'' and ''Puranas'', Pushan is described as one of the twelve ''Adityas'' ([[Aditi]]'s sons). Aditi's other eleven sons as listed in the Mahabharata are [[Surya]], [[Aryaman]], [[Tvashta]], [[Savitr]], [[Bhaga]], [[Dhatri\|Dhata]], [[Mitra (Vedic)\|Mitra]], [[Varuna]], [[Amsha]], [[Indra]] and [[Vishnu]] (in the form of [[Vamana]]deva).<ref name = "Dalal14">{{Cite book\|last=Dalal\|first=Roshen\|url=https://books.google.~~co.in~~/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=Pushan~~&f=false~~\|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide\|date=2014-04-18\|publisher=Penguin UK\|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9\|language=en}}</ref>		In the ''Mahabharata'' and ''Puranas'', Pushan is described as one of the twelve ''Adityas'' ([[Aditi]]'s sons). Aditi's other eleven sons as listed in the Mahabharata are [[Surya]], [[Aryaman]], [[Tvashta]], [[Savitr]], [[Bhaga]], [[Dhatri\|Dhata]], [[Mitra (Vedic)\|Mitra]], [[Varuna]], [[Amsha]], [[Indra]] and [[Vishnu]] (in the form of [[Vamana]]deva).<ref name = "Dalal14">{{Cite book\|last=Dalal\|first=Roshen\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=Pushan\|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide\|date=2014-04-18\|publisher=Penguin UK\|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9\|language=en}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
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	[[Category:Animal gods]]		[[Category:Animal gods]]
	[[Category:Pastoral gods]]		[[Category:Pastoral gods]]
			[[Category:Marriage deities]]

imported>ZI Jony: clean up

2021-08-30T13:54:04Z

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{{short description|Hindu god}}
{{about|Hindu god|the village in Iran|Pushan, Iran|the South Korean port city|Busan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = hindu
| Devanagari = पूषन्
| deity_of = God of meetings, marriages, journeys, roads, cattle
| weapon = Golden [[axe]], awl, goad
| mount = Chariot driven by goats
| affiliation = [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]], [[Adityas]]
| parents = [[Aditi]]
| equivalent1 = [[Pan (god)|Pan]]
| equivalent1_type = Greek
| equivalent2 = [[Faunus]] {{small|or}} [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]]
| equivalent2_type = Roman
| planet = [[Sun]]
| consort = Sūryā
}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}

'''Pushan''' ({{lang-sa|[[wiktionary:पूषन्|पूषन्]]|Pūṣan}}) is a [[Hindu]] [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] [[solar deity]] and one of the [[Adityas]]. He is the god of meeting. Pushan is responsible for marriages, journeys, roads, and the feeding of cattle. He was a [[psychopomp]] (soul guide), conducting souls to the other world. He protected travelers from bandits and wild beasts, and protected men from being exploited by other men. He was a supportive guide, a "good" god, leading his adherents towards rich pastures and wealth.

==Etymology==
Traditionally, the name of the deity is said to be derived from [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] verb, ''pūṣyati'', which means "to cause to thrive".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Macdonell|first1=Arthur Anthony|title=A Vedic Reader for Students|date=1917|publisher=Clarendon Press (Oxford)|location=Oxford, England|pages=[https://archive.org/details/vedicreaderforst00macd/page/111 111]–115|url=https://archive.org/details/vedicreaderforst00macd|access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref> This, however, is probably a [[folk etymology]].

Many modern scholars consider Pushan to be derived from the reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European religion|Proto-Indo-European god]] ''*Péh₂usōn'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mallory|first1=J. P.|last2=Adams|first2=D. Q.|title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=978-0-19-929668-2|page=434}}</ref> which would thereby make Pushan a [[cognate]] of the [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek god]] [[Pan (deity)|Pan]]. The connection between Pan and Pushan was first proposed by the German scholar Hermann Collitz in 1924.<ref>H. Collitz, "Wodan, Hermes und Pushan," Festskrift tillägnad Hugo Pipping pȧ hans sextioȧrsdag den 5 November 1924 1924, pp 574–587.</ref>

==Texts==
Ten hymns in the [[Rigveda]] are dedicated to Pūṣan (including one jointly to Soma and Pūṣan and another to Indra and Pūṣan).<ref>''Rigveda'' [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01042.htm I.42], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01138.htm I.138], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv02040.htm II.40] (to Soma and Pūṣan), [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06053.htm VI.53], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06054.htm VI.54], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06055.htm VI.55], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06056.htm VI.56], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06057.htm VI.57] (to Indra and Pūṣan), [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06058.htm VI.58] and [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv10026.htm X.26]. Links direct to the 1896 English translation by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]] on sacred-texts.com, which also hosts a Sanskrit version of each hymn.</ref> His chariot is pulled by goats.<ref name = "Dalal14" /><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=O'Flaherty |first=Wendy Doniger |title=The Rig Veda: An Anthology |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New Delhi |year=2000 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rigvedapenguincl00anon/page/195 195] |isbn=0-14-044402-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/rigvedapenguincl00anon/page/195 }}</ref> Sometimes he is described as driving the Sun in its course across the sky. He seems to represent the sun as a guardian of flocks and herds. Pushan is also regarded as Kavi, who in turn became an epiphet of a number of gods and further a title signifying "king".

He has braided hair and a beard, and carries a golden [[axe]], an [[wikt:awl|awl]], and a [[goad]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book|author=Jamison|first=Stephanie|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Rigveda_3_Volume_Set/fgzVAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0|title=The Rigveda –– Earliest Religious Poetry of India|last2=Brereton|first2=Joel|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0190633394|location=|pages=151, 849–850}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Macdonell|first=Arthur Anthony|title=Vedic Mythology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1897|pages=35–37}}</ref> He eats gruel, and in the [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] is stated to be toothless. He is married to Sūryā, the daughter of the Sun, whom the gods bestowed on him. He is a knower of paths and a guardian of roads.<ref name = "Dalal14" /> In this role he protects people from various dangers on roads, such as wolves and ambushers. He is also associated with divine paths, and is familiar with the path between earth and heaven, which allows him lead souls to heaven.<ref name=":2" /> He is invoked to guard cattle, horses, and sheep, and is asked to find those cattle that have been lost.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

According to a narrative found in the [[Taittiriya Samhita]], [[Rudra]] was excluded from the [[Daksha yajna]], an important sacrifice in honor of various deities. He, in anger, pierced the sacrifice with an arrow and Pushan broke his teeth as he attempted to eat a part of the oblation. The later versions of this narrative are found in the [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], and the [[Puranas]]. In these versions, [[Rudra]] (or [[Shiva]]) was angry because his father-in-law, [[Daksha]], the sacrificer, did not invite him. [[Shiva]], in anger, kicked Pushan and knocked out his teeth as he was eating the oblation.<ref name="dowson">{{cite book |last=Dowson |first=John |title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature |publisher= Trübner & Co. |location=London |year=1888 |edition=2nd |pages=[https://archive.org/details/aclassicaldictio00dowsuoft/page/n294 249]–250 |url=https://archive.org/details/aclassicaldictio00dowsuoft |quote=Pushan + Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History and John Dowson. | isbn=978-0-7661-7589-1}}</ref> In the [[Puranic]] versions, [[Virabhadra]], created by [[Shiva]] from a lock of his matted hair, knocked out Pushan's teeth.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilkins |first=W.J. |title=Hindu Mythology, Vedic, and Puranic |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co. |location=Calcutta |year=1900 |edition=2nd |page=270 |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/hmvp/hmvp33.htm }}</ref>

In the ''Mahabharata'' and ''Puranas'', Pushan is described as one of the twelve ''Adityas'' ([[Aditi]]'s sons). Aditi's other eleven sons as listed in the Mahabharata are [[Surya]], [[Aryaman]], [[Tvashta]], [[Savitr]], [[Bhaga]], [[Dhatri|Dhata]], [[Mitra (Vedic)|Mitra]], [[Varuna]], [[Amsha]], [[Indra]] and [[Vishnu]] (in the form of [[Vamana]]deva).<ref name = "Dalal14">{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=Pushan&f=false|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2014-04-18|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hindu mythology]]
*[[Hindu deities]]
*[[List of Hindu deities]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Solar gods]]
[[Category:Adityas]]
[[Category:Rigvedic deities]]
[[Category:Animal gods]]
[[Category:Pastoral gods]]