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{{Short description|Basmati rice variety}}
[[File:Pusa Basmati 1121.jpg|thumb|Field view of Pusa Basmati 1121. Cooked grains are shown inset]]
'''Pusa Basmati 1121''' is an independently derived [[Basmati]] rice variety, evolved through the process of [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] over a long [[Plant breeding|breeding]] process. This variety of [[basmati rice]] was developed by [[Padma Shri]] awardee [[Dr Vijaipal Singh]] at [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] (IARI), New Delhi. It was released for commercial cultivation in ''[[Kharif]]'' season of 2003 as Pusa 1121 (Pusa Sugandh 4). By 2007, the variety has become widely popular with farmers, and was renamed as Pusa Basmati 1121 in 2008. It holds the world record for highest kernel elongation on cooking.

==Breeding history==
[[File:Pb1121 pedigree.jpg|thumb|Pedigree of Pusa Basmati 1121]]
During the 1990s Indian Agricultural Research Institute was actively pursuing the Basmati varietal development programme with several hybridisations under evaluation. One among these was a cross, Pusa 614 derived from several intermediate crosses made between Basmati 370 and Type 3, two traditional cultivars. With the objective of improving grain length and linear cooked kernel elongation among the progenies of Pusa 614, another hybridisation was done using two sister lines, Pusa 614–1-2 and Pusa 614–2–4-3. Selections made during ''[[Kharif]]'' 1992, from the F<small>2</small> population of this cross, resulted in one line that showed exceptionally long milled rice kernels and high linear cooked kernel elongation. Further selections in the ensuing generations resulted in a superior line, Pusa 1121–92–8-13-3.<ref name= "Pusa Basmati 1121">{{cite journal | title="Pusa Basmati 1121 – a rice variety with exceptional kernel elongation and volume expansion after cooking" |author1=Vijaipal Singh |author-link1=Vijaipal Singh|author2=Ashok Kumar Singh |author-link2=Ashok K Singh|author3=Trilochan Mohapatra |author-link3=Trilochan Mohapatra|author4=Gopala Krishnan S |author5=Ranjith Kumar Ellur|journal=Rice |volume=11 |issue=19 |year=2018 |page=19 |doi=10.1186/s12284-018-0213-6|pmid=29629488 |pmc=5890003 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018Rice...11...19S }}</ref> It was evaluated with the number IET 18004 in the National Basmati Trials under the All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project<ref>Babu VR, Padmavathi Ch, Neeraja CN, Krishnaveni D, Balakrishnan D, Rao LVS, Rao PR, Prasad GSV, Katti G, Ram T, Subrahmanya D, Kumar RM, Prasad ASH, Surekha K, Prasad MS, and Chaitanya U. 2016. [http://aicrip-intranet.in/Documents/AicripSite/50%20Years%20Book%20.pdf 50 years of AICRIP - Way forward]. Technical Bulletin No. 92/2016.
Rajendranagar: ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 292 pp.</ref> in 2002. The variety was identified for release for commercial cultivation in 2003 as Pusa 1121 (Pusa Sugandh 4) and notified vide Gazette of India S.O. 1566(E) dated 5 November 2005<ref>Government of India Gazette Extraordinary No.1162 dated November 5, 2005 [https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2005/E_1162_2012_007.pdf]</ref> by the Ministry of Agriculture, [[Government of India]]. Initially it was released for the national capital region of Delhi. Following the redefinition of Basmati, the cultivar was renamed as Pusa Basmati 1121 and released for the states of [[Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] in 2008, vide gazette notification no. S.O. 2547(E), dated 29 October 2008.<ref>Government of India Gazette Extraordinary No.1514 dated October 29, 2008 [https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2008/E_1514_2010_001.pdf]</ref>

==Special features==
[[File:Pusa Basmati 1121 Limca Book of Reords 2018.png|thumb|The entry showing the world record for Pusa Basmati 1121 in the 2018 Edition of Limca Book of Records]]
Pusa Basmati 1121 is a photo-insensitive cultivar, that yields 19–20 [[quintal]]s of paddy per acre as compared to 9–10 quintals for traditional tall basmati. It requires relatively less water and matures earlier than traditional Basmati cultivars. Well known for its extraordinary kernel (grain) length, which can be as much as {{convert|9|mm}} for a single grain, Pusa Basmati 1121 has very high kernel elongation ratio ranging from 2 to 2.5. Kernel elongation ratio is calculated as the ratio between length of cooked rice kernel and length of uncooked milled kernel. When cooked, the rice does not turn sticky, and possesses minimum breadth-wise expansion. Cooked rice is aromatic and has a fluffy white appearance. The grains have alkali-spreading value of 7.0 and intermediate [[amylose]] content of 22%.<ref>{{cite web |title=1121-Pusa Basmati Rice in India |url=https://ricemasterglobal.co.uk/1121-basmati-rice-exporters-in-india/ |website=ricemasterglobal |date=18 May 2023}}</ref>

As per [[Limca Book of Records]] of 2018, Pusa Basmati 1121 holds the world record for longest kernel elongation of cooking, that is 2.7 times of the raw kernel attaining a cooked length of 21.5mm.<ref>[https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Limca_Book_of_Records/c79aDwAAQBAJ|Limca Book of Records: India at Her Best (2018)], Team LBR</ref>

==Popularity and international trade==
As of 2019, Pusa Basmati 1121 had spread over 69% of the total basmati area in Punjab, 35% in Western Uttar Pradesh, 46% in Haryana, 24% in Uttarakhand, 14% in Jammu and Kashmir and 20% in the hill state of Himachal Pradesh.<ref name="apeda">{{cite web|url=https://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/Announcements/Basmati_Crop_survey_Report_1_Season_2019.pdf|author=Kamna Malhotra/TCIG/Corp/NCML|date=2019-09-07|title=Basmati Crop Survey Report Kharif 2019|publisher=National Collateral Management Services Limited|location=Gurugram, Haryana|access-date=2023-01-05}}</ref> Because of its immense popularity across the world, Pusa Basmati 1121 is an important export commodity. Its export has enhanced India's annual basmati foreign exchange earning from ₹50000 million in 2009 to ₹264165.382 million (US$3,540.4 million) in 2021–22<ref name="apeda2">{{cite web|url=https://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/|website=agriexchange.apeda.gov.in|title= APEDA AgriXchange |access-date=2023-01-05}}</ref> Pusa 1121 has major export share of ~70%.
Pusa Basmati 1121 is widely recognised as the world's longest grain rice and is grown and traded widely in the neighbouring Pakistan.<ref name="www">{{cite web|url=https://www.pc.gov.pk/uploads/report/Basmati_Rice_Cluster_Report.pdf/Basmati|website=pc.gov.pk|title=Rice Cluster Feasibility and Transformation StudyCluster Development Based Agriculture Transformation Plan Vision-2025 "Basmati Rice Cluster Feasibility and Transformation Study|access-date=2023-01-05}}</ref>

==Modified varieties==
Pusa Basmati 1121 is susceptible to major rice diseases such as [[Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae|bacterial blight]] and [[blast disease]]. It also has poor weed competitiveness. Improved essentially derived varieties of Pusa Basmati 1121 to address its weaknesses were developed and released by [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], New Delhi recently. All these varieties are [[Marker-assisted selection|near isogeneic lines]] of Pusa Basmati 1121 developed through [[Molecular breeding|marker assisted backcross breeding]] and show total agronomic similarity to Pusa Basmati 1121, coupled with its superior grain quality.

=== Pusa Basmati 1718 (IET 24565) ===
Pusa Basmati 1718 (PB 1718-14-2-150) is a [[Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae|bacterial blight]] resistant variety, possessing two resistant genes for [[Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae|bacterial blight]] namely, ''xa13'' and ''Xa21''. It is released and notified for the Basmati growing states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi by the Govt. of India Gazette notification no. S.O.2805(E) dated 25.08.2017.<ref>Government of India Gazette Extraordinary No. 2458 dated 29 August 2017 [https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/178372.pdf]</ref> It has a seed-to-seed maturity of 136–138 days and produces an average yield of 4.64 t/ ha but has shown potential to yield up to 6.04 t/ha. It has shown high resistant to [[Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae|bacterial blight]] disease on cultivation, and significantly reducing the use of [[streptocyclin]], an antibiotic formulation used to control [[Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae]].
<ref>Singh AK, Ellur RK, Gopala Krishnan S, et al. (2018) [https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijgpb&volume=78&issue=1&article=020 Basmati rice variety Pusa Basmati 1718]. Indian J. Genet. 78(1): 151.</ref>

=== Pusa Basmati 1885 (IET 28807) ===
Pusa Basmati 1885 (Pusa 1885-13-125-20-6) is a dual disease resistant version of Pusa Basmati 1121 carrying two resistant genes, ''xa13'' and ''Xa21'', for [[Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae|bacterial blight]]; and two resistant genes, ''Pi54'' and ''Pi2'', for [[Magnaporthe grisea|blast]]. At field level, Pusa Basmati 1885 has shown high level of resistance to both the diseases with 5.5% yield superiority over Pusa Basmati 1121. It has a seed-to-seed maturity of 135–140 days and average yield of 4.68 t/ ha. This variety it has been released and notified by Government of India Gazette notification S.O. 8(E) dated 24 December 2021<ref name="gazette2">{{cite web|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/232406.pdf|date=2022-01-04|title=रजजरस्ट् ी सं. डी.एल .- 33004/99 REGD. No. D. L.-33004/99 {{pipe}} Government of India Gazette Extraordinary No.8 dated January 3, 2022 |access-date=2023-01-05}}</ref> for cultivation in the Basmati growing regions of the Delhi-NCR, Haryana and Punjab.<ref name="AICRIP2021">[http://aicrip-intranet.in/Documents/AicripSite/Progress%20Report%202021%20Vol.I%20-Varietal%20Improvement.pdf AICRIP Progress Report 2021], ICAR-IIRR, Hyderabad</ref>

=== Pusa Basmati 1979 (IET 28812) ===
Pusa Basmati 1979 (Pusa 1979-14-7-33-99-66) is a non-GM herbicide tolerant Basmati rice variety suitable for dry [[direct seeded rice]] (DSR) cultivation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/planting/ | title=Planting - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank }}</ref> The variety shows complete tolerance to the spraying of [[Imidazolidinone|Imazethapyr]], an herbicide that kills all the common garden land weeds.<ref name="AICRIP2021"/> Owing to this character, Pusa Basmati 1979 is ideal for DSR cultivation, wherein weed competition is a major problem. It possesses a mutant allele of ''AHAS'' gene. It is released and notified by the Government of India Gazette notification S.O. 8(E) dated 24 December 2021.<ref name="gazette2" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Varieties of rice}}

[[Category:Rice varieties]]
[[Category:Rice production in India]]

Pusa Basmati 1121 - Revision history

Peter120: Created Data - done