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	The '''Punjabi dialects and languages''' are a [[dialect chain\|series of dialects]] and languages spoken in the [[Punjab]] region of Pakistan and India with varying degrees of official recognition. They have sometimes been referred to as ''Greater Punjabi''.<ref>For the use of the term "Greater Panjabi", see {{harvtxt\|Rensch\|1992\|p=87}} and {{harvtxt\|Rahman\|1996\|p=175}}.</ref>		The '''Punjabi dialects and languages''' are a [[dialect chain\|series of dialects]] and languages spoken in the [[Punjab]] region of Pakistan and India with varying degrees of official recognition. They have sometimes been referred to as ''Greater Punjabi''.<ref>For the use of the term "Greater Panjabi", see {{harvtxt\|Rensch\|1992\|p=87}} and {{harvtxt\|Rahman\|1996\|p=175}}.</ref>

	The literary languages that have developed on the basis of dialects of this area are Standard [[Punjabi language\|Punjabi]] in eastern and central Punjab, [[Saraiki language\|Saraiki]] in the southwest, [[Hindko]] in the northwest, [[Pahari-Pothwari]] in the north.		The literary languages that have developed on the basis of dialects of this area are Standard [[Punjabi language\|Punjabi]] in eastern and central Punjab, [[Saraiki language\|Saraiki]] in the southwest, [[Hindko]] in the northwest, [[Pahari-Pothwari or Panjistani]] in the north.

	A distinction is usually made between [[Punjabi language\|Punjabi]] in the east and the diverse group of "[[Lahnda]]" in the west. "Lahnda" typically subsumes the Saraiki and Hindko varieties, with Pahari–Pothwari, [[Shahpuri dialect\|Shahpuri]] and [[Jhangvi dialect\|Jhangvi]] intermediate between the two groups.<ref>Pothwari has previously been regarded as part of "Lahnda", but {{harvtxt\|Shackle\|1979\|pp=201}} argues that it shares features with both groups. Jhangvi {{harv\|Wagha\|1997\|p=229}} and Shahpuri {{harv\|Shackle\|1979\|pp=201}} are transitional between Saraiki and Punjabi.</ref> Commonly recognised Eastern Punjabi dialects include [[Doabi dialect\|Doabi]], [[Majhi dialect\|Majhi]] (the standard), [[Malwai dialect\|Malwai]], and [[Puadhi dialect\|Puadhi]]. The [[Bagri language]] in the southeast is transitional to Haryanvi,{{Citation needed\|date=September 2020}} whereas the "Lahnda" variety of [[Khetrani language\|Khetrani]] in the far west may be intermediate between Saraiki and Sindhi.{{sfn\|Birmani\|Ahmed\|2017}}		A distinction is usually made between [[Punjabi language\|Punjabi]] in the east and the diverse group of "[[Lahnda]]" in the west. "Lahnda" typically subsumes the Saraiki and Hindko varieties, with Pahari–Pothwari, [[Shahpuri dialect\|Shahpuri]] and [[Jhangvi dialect\|Jhangvi]] intermediate between the two groups.<ref>Pothwari has previously been regarded as part of "Lahnda", but {{harvtxt\|Shackle\|1979\|pp=201}} argues that it shares features with both groups. Jhangvi {{harv\|Wagha\|1997\|p=229}} and Shahpuri {{harv\|Shackle\|1979\|pp=201}} are transitional between Saraiki and Punjabi.</ref> Commonly recognised Eastern Punjabi dialects include [[Doabi dialect\|Doabi]], [[Majhi dialect\|Majhi]] (the standard), [[Malwai dialect\|Malwai]], and [[Puadhi dialect\|Puadhi]]. The [[Bagri language]] in the southeast is transitional to Haryanvi,{{Citation needed\|date=September 2020}} whereas the "Lahnda" variety of [[Khetrani language\|Khetrani]] in the far west may be intermediate between Saraiki and Sindhi.{{sfn\|Birmani\|Ahmed\|2017}}

imported>Kashmiri: Undid revision 1032632689 by 103.228.158.99 (talk) Incorrect. Neither is Punjabi "derived from Sanskrit" nor was Sanskrit spoken by the Indus Valley Civilisation.

2021-07-08T17:25:58Z

Undid revision 1032632689 by 103.228.158.99 (talk) Incorrect. Neither is Punjabi "derived from Sanskrit" nor was Sanskrit spoken by the Indus Valley Civilisation.

New page

{{short description|Dialects and languages spoken in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2013}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Punjabi languages
| ethnicity =
| region = [[Punjab]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = North-Western or Central
| child3 =
| glotto = none
| map = Dialects Of Punjabi.jpg
}}
{{Punjabis}}
The '''Punjabi dialects and languages''' are a [[dialect chain|series of dialects]] and languages spoken in the [[Punjab]] region of Pakistan and India with varying degrees of official recognition. They have sometimes been referred to as ''Greater Punjabi''.<ref>For the use of the term "Greater Panjabi", see {{harvtxt|Rensch|1992|p=87}} and {{harvtxt|Rahman|1996|p=175}}.</ref>

The literary languages that have developed on the basis of dialects of this area are Standard [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] in eastern and central Punjab, [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] in the southwest, [[Hindko]] in the northwest, [[Pahari-Pothwari]] in the north.

A distinction is usually made between [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] in the east and the diverse group of "[[Lahnda]]" in the west. "Lahnda" typically subsumes the Saraiki and Hindko varieties, with Pahari–Pothwari, [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]] and [[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangvi]] intermediate between the two groups.<ref>Pothwari has previously been regarded as part of "Lahnda", but {{harvtxt|Shackle|1979|pp=201}} argues that it shares features with both groups. Jhangvi {{harv|Wagha|1997|p=229}} and Shahpuri {{harv|Shackle|1979|pp=201}} are transitional between Saraiki and Punjabi.</ref> Commonly recognised Eastern Punjabi dialects include [[Doabi dialect|Doabi]], [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]] (the standard), [[Malwai dialect|Malwai]], and [[Puadhi dialect|Puadhi]]. The [[Bagri language]] in the southeast is transitional to Haryanvi,{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} whereas the "Lahnda" variety of [[Khetrani language|Khetrani]] in the far west may be intermediate between Saraiki and Sindhi.{{sfn|Birmani|Ahmed|2017}}

The varieties of "Greater Punjabi" have a number of characteristics in common, for example the preservation of the [[Prakrit]] double consonants in stressed syllables.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=591}} Nevertheless, there is disagreement on whether they form part of a single [[language group]], with some proposed classifications placing them all within the Northwestern zone of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]], while others reserving this only for the western varieties, and assigning the eastern ones to the Central zone alongside [[Hindi]].{{sfn|Masica|1991|pp=446–63}}

==Standard Punjabi==
[[File:Punjabi_dialects.png|thumb|Main Punjabi Dialects]]
''Standard Punjabi,'' sometimes referred to as Majhi in India or simply Punjabi, is the most widespread and largest dialect of Punjabi. It first developed in the 12th century and gained prominence when Sufi poets such as [[Shah Hussain]], [[Bulleh Shah]] among others began to use the Lahore/Amritsar spoken dialect with infused Persian vocabulary in their works in the Shahmukhi script.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Mohan |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |date=1992 |publisher=Sahitya Academy |page=4208}}</ref> Later the Gurmukhi script was developed based on Standard Punjabi by the Sikh Gurus.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhatt|first=Shankarlal|title=Punjab|date=2006|publisher=Kalpaz publ|others=Bhargava, Gopal K.|year=2006|isbn=81-7835-378-4|location=Delhi|pages=141|oclc=255107273}}</ref>

Standard Punjabi is spoken by the majority of the people in [[Faisalabad]], [[Lahore]], [[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]], [[Sheikhupura District|Sheikhupura]], [[Kasur District|Kasur]], [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]], [[Narowal District|Narowal]], [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]], [[Mandi Bahauddin District|Mandi Bahauddin]], [[Okara, Pakistan|Okara]], [[Pakpattan District|Pakpattan]], [[Sahiwal District|Sahiwal]], [[Hafizabad District|Hafizabad]], [[Nankana Sahib District|Nankana Sahib]] districts of Pakistan's Punjab Province. It also has a large presence in every district in the rest of Pakistani Punjab, and in all large cities in Pakistan's other provinces.

In India it is spoken in [[Amritsar]], [[Tarn Taran Sahib]], [[Pathankot]] and [[Gurdaspur]] Districts of the State of Punjab and sizable population also in major cities of the States of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi and Mumbai India.

In Pakistan Standard Punjabi dialect is not called Majhi which is Indian terminology, in Pakistan it is simply called Standard Punjabi. This dialect is used for both Punjabi Films, TV and Theater industry to make Punjabi language content in Lahore.

==See also==
* [[Dogri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite journal| last1 = Birmani| first1 = Ali H.| last2 = Ahmed| first2 = Fasih| date = 2017| title = Language of the Khetrans of Barkhan of Pakistani Balochistan: A preliminary description| journal = Lingua| volume = 191-192| pages = 3–21| issn = 0024-3841| doi = 10.1016/j.lingua.2016.12.003}}
*Burling, Robbins. 1970. ''Man's many voices''. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
*Ethnologue. [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_family.asp?subid=90032 Indo-Aryan] Classification of 219 languages that have been assigned to the Indo-Aryan grouping of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages.
*Ethnologue. [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=IN Languages of India]
*Ethnologue. [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=PK Languages of Pakistan]
*{{Linguistic Survey of India}} [http://www.joao-roiz.jp/LSI/ Online database ]
*{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7}}
*{{Cite book| last = Rahman| first = Tariq| author-link = Tariq Rahman| title = Language and politics in Pakistan| date = 1996| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-577692-8}}
*Rahman, Tariq. 2006. The role of English in Pakistan with special reference to tolerance and militancy. In Amy Tsui et al., ''Language, policy, culture and identity in Asian contexts''. Routledge. 219-240.
*{{Cite book| last1 = Rensch| first1 = Calvin R.| editor-last1 = O'Leary| editor-first1 = Clare F.| editor-last2 = Rensch| editor-first2 = Calvin R.| editor-last3 = Hallberg| editor-first3 = Calinda E.| date = 1992| title = Hindko and Gujari| chapter = The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People| isbn = 969-8023-13-5| publisher = National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics| location = Islamabad| series = Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan| url = http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/38573}}
*Shackle, C. 1970. Punjabi in Lahore. ''Modern Asian Studies'', 4(3):239-267. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/311495 Available online] at [[JSTOR]].
* {{Cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab| journal = Transactions of the Philological Society| date = 1979| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x| issn = 0079-1636| volume = 77| issue = 1| pages = 191–210}}
*{{Cite book| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| date = 2003| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| chapter = Panjabi| editor-last1 = Cardona| editor-first1 = George| editor-last2 = Jain| editor-first2 = Dhanesh| location = London| publisher = Routledge| series = Routledge language family series. Y| isbn = 978-0-7007-1130-7| pages = 581–621}}
*{{cite thesis |last= Wagha|first= Muhammad Ahsan|date= 1997|title= The development of Siraiki language in Pakistan|type= Ph.D.|publisher= School of Oriental and African Studies|url= http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267685}} (requires registration)
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://llmap.org/assets/maps/LinguisticSurveyIndia/punjabi.tif Map of Punjabi dialects] from [[G.A. Grierson|Grierson's]] early 20th-century [[Linguistic Survey of India]]

{{Punjabi dialects}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}

[[Category:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Punjabi language]]

Punjabi dialects and languages - Revision history

172.70.90.210 at 23:57, 13 August 2022

imported>Kashmiri: Undid revision 1032632689 by 103.228.158.99 (talk) Incorrect. Neither is Punjabi "derived from Sanskrit" nor was Sanskrit spoken by the Indus Valley Civilisation.