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</table>WikiDwarfhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_calendar&diff=38958&oldid=prev>Imranqazi90: /* Months (solar) */Correction Gurmukhi2021-04-09T23:27:36Z<p><span class="autocomment">Months (solar): </span>Correction Gurmukhi</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
The '''Punjabi calendar''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: {{Lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਕੈਲੰਡਰ}}, {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|پنجابی کیلنڈر}}}}) is a [[luni-solar calendar]] used by the [[Punjabi people]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]], but varies by religions. Historically, the [[Punjabi Sikhs]] and [[Punjabi Hindus]] have used the [[Nanakshahi calendar]] and ancient Indian [[Bikrami]] (Vikrami) calendar respectively. [[Punjabi Muslims]] use the Arabic [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] calendar.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tej Bhatia|title=Punjabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA210|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-89460-2|page=210}}</ref> Some festivals in [[Punjab, Pakistan]] are determined by the Punjabi calendar,<ref>Pakistan Pictorial, Volume 10 (1986) Pakistan Publications [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CSRuAAAAMAAJ&q=punjabi+calendar+pakistan&dq=punjabi+calendar+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6jNrHyp_TAhWBIsAKHUqtDW4Q6AEIMzAE]</ref> such as [[Muharram]] which is celebrated twice, once according to the Muslim year and again on the 10th of harh/18th of Jeth.<ref>Jacobsen, Knut A. (ed) (2008) South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA107&dq=punjabi+desi+hindu+calendar+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVzYyKvKbTAhUkLsAKHeKqDdsQ6AEIIjAA#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20desi%20hindu%20calendar%20pakistan&f=false]</ref> The Bikrami calendar is the one the rural (agrarian) population follows in Punjab, Pakistan.<ref>Mirzā, Shafqat Tanvīr (1992) Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature. Sang-e-Meel Publications s[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YCMeAAAAIAAJ&dq=agriculture+punjab+bikrami&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=agrarian]</ref>{{refn|group=note|The Punjabi periodicals published in Pakistan print Punjabi calendar figures.<ref>Organiser, Volume 46 (1994) Bharat Prakashan [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hsc-AQAAIAAJ&q=punjabi+calendar+periodicals+pakistan&dq=punjabi+calendar+periodicals+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirwvio5qvTAhUMJsAKHUPQB0kQ6AEIIjAA]</ref>}}<br />
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In Punjab though the solar calendar is generally followed, the lunar calendar used is purnimanta.<ref name="autogenerated1">S. Balachandra Rao (2000) Indian Astronomy: An Introduction. Universities Press [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PGXgssv08PgC&pg=PA44&dq=punjabi+lunisolar+calendar&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGycbL3J_TAhVpAsAKHQ12CT4Q6AEIKzAC#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20lunisolar%20calendar&f=false]</ref> The lunar month is calculated from the ending moment of the full moon: the beginning of the dark fortnight.<ref>Krishnamurthi Ramasubramanian, M. S. Sriram (2011) Tantrasaṅgraha of Nīlakaṇṭha Somayājī. Springer Science & Business Media [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGYxXjZXIGwC&pg=PA13&dq=purnimanta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2nNis3p_TAhVGLMAKHYbfC9o4ChDoAQgtMAM#v=onepage&q=purnimanta&f=false]</ref> Chaitra is considered to be the first month of the lunar year.<ref>Salvadori, Cynthia (1989) Through open doors: a view of Asian cultures in Kenya. Kenway Publications [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4xIRAQAAIAAJ&dq=punjab++chaitra+new+moon&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=punjab++consider]</ref> The lunar year begins on Chet Sudi: the first day after the new moon in [[Chet (month)|Chet]].<ref>Singh, Gursharan (1996) Page 262 Punjab history conference. Punjabi University [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rkluAAAAMAAJ&q=sunrise+to+sunrise+lunar+day+punjab&dq=sunrise+to+sunrise+lunar+day+punjab&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ8ZetxaTTAhVJDcAKHRUgBTgQ6AEIIjAA]</ref> This means that the first half of the purnimanta month of Chaitra goes to the previous year, while the second half belongs to the new Lunar year.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><br />
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The regional new year is observed on [[Vaisakhi]] which is determined by the solar calendar.<ref>World Encyclopaedia of Interfaith Studies: World religions (2009) Jnanada Prakashan [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fFwi7qRRgosC&dq=punjabi+new+year+solar+calendar&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=solar++vaisalhi]</ref> The day is considered from sunrise to next sunrise and for the first day of the solar months, the Orissa rule is observed: day 1 of the month occurs on the day of the sankranti<ref>Journal of Religious Studies, Volume 34 (2003) Punjabi University [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FPUnAAAAYAAJ&dq=oriss+ane+punjab+rule+day+sunrise+to+sunrise&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=orissa]</ref> (known as sangrand in Punjabi).<ref>Dilagīra, Harajindara Siṅgha (1997) The Sikh Reference Book. Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mRpuAAAAMAAJ&dq=punjabi++sangrand&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=++sangrand]</ref><br />
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==Months (solar)==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!No. || Name || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[Gurmukhī alphabet|Gurmukhi]] ||[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]|| Western months<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || [[Vaisakh]] || {{Lang|pa|ਵਿਸਾਖ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|وساکھ}}}}|| Mid April – Mid May<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || [[Jeth]] || {{Lang|pa|ਜੇਠ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|جیٹھ}}}}|| Mid May – Mid June<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || [[Harh]] || {{Lang|pa|ਹਾੜ੍ਹ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|ہاڑھ}}}}|| Mid June – Mid July<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || [[Sawan]] || {{Lang|pa|ਸਾਓਣ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|ساؤݨ}}}}|| Mid July – Mid August<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || [[Bhadon]] || {{Lang|pa|ਭਾਦੋਂ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|بھادوں}}}}|| Mid August – Mid September<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || [[Assu]] || {{Lang|pa|ਅੱਸੂ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|اسو}}}}|| Mid September – Mid October<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || [[Katak]] || {{Lang|pa|ਕੱਤਕ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|کتک}}}}|| Mid October – Mid November<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || [[Maghar (month)|Maghar]] || {{Lang|pa|ਮੱਘਰ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|مگھر}}}}|| Mid November – Mid December<br />
|-<br />
| 9 || [[Poh]] || {{Lang|pa|ਪੋਹ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|پوہ}}}}|| Mid December – Mid January<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || [[Magh (Sikh calendar)|Magh]] || {{Lang|pa|ਮਾਘ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|ماگھ}}}}|| Mid January – Mid February<br />
|-<br />
| 11 || [[Phagun]] || {{Lang|pa|ਫੱਗਣ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|پھگݨ}}}}|| Mid February – Mid March<br />
|-<br />
| 12 || [[Chet (month)|Chet]] || {{Lang|pa|ਚੇਤ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|چیت}}}}|| Mid March – Mid April<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Buddhist calendar]]<br />
* [[Hindu calendar]]<br />
* [[Indian national calendar]]<br />
* [[Islamic calendar]]<br />
* [[Nanakshahi calendar]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Punjab, India}}<br />
{{Calendars}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Punjabi culture]]<br />
[[Category:Time in India]]<br />
[[Category:Lunisolar calendars]]<br />
<br />
{{measurement-stub}}<br />
{{India-stub}}<br />
{{Pakistan-stub}}</div>>Imranqazi90