Punjabi Hindus - Revision history

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	{{Short description\|Ethnoreligious group ~~of Punjab, India~~}}		{{Short description\|Ethnoreligious group}}
	{{pp-protected\|small=yes}}		{{pp-protected\|small=yes}}
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	{{infobox ethnic group		{{infobox ethnic group
	\| group = Punjabi Hindus		\| group = Punjabi Hindus
	\| native_name = ~~पंजाबी हिंदू {{·}}~~ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਹਿੰਦੂ {{·}} {{Uninastaliq\|پنجابی ہندو}} <br />''Panjābī Hindū''		\| native_name = ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਹਿੰਦੂ {{·}} {{Uninastaliq\|پنجابی ہندو}} <br />''Panjābī Hindū''
	\| native_name_lang = pa		\| native_name_lang = pa
	\| image = Durgiana Temple, Amritsar.jpg		\| image = Durgiana Temple, Amritsar.jpg
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	{{Hinduism}}		{{Hinduism}}
	{{Punjabis}}		{{Punjabis}}
	'''Punjabi Hindus''' are ~~adherents of~~ [[~~Hinduism~~]] who ~~identify~~ [[~~Ethnicity\|ethnically]], [[Natural language\|linguistically]], [[Culture\|culturally~~]], ~~and [[Genealogy\|genealogically]] as [[Punjabis]]~~ and are natives of the [[Punjab region]] ~~of the~~ [[~~Indian subcontinent~~]]. ~~Punjabi~~ Hindus are the third-largest religious group of the Punjabi ~~community~~, after ~~the~~ [[Punjabi Muslims]] and ~~the~~ [[Punjabi Sikhs]]. Punjabi Hindus mostly inhabit the Indian state of [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]], as well as [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], and [[Chandigarh]] today, but many have ancestry across the greater Punjab region, which was [[Partition of India\|partitioned]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in 1947.		'''Punjabi Hindus''' are ethnic [[Punjabis]] who adhere to [[Hinduism]], and are natives of the [[Punjab region]] in [[South Asia]]. Hindus are the third-largest religious group within the Punjabi people, after [[Punjabi Muslims\|Muslims]] and [[Punjabi Sikhs\|Sikhs]]. Punjabi Hindus mostly inhabit the Indian state of [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]], as well as [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], and [[Chandigarh]] today, but many have ancestry across the greater Punjab region, which was [[Partition of India\|partitioned]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in 1947.

	Punjabi Hindus comprise a diverse range of [[Caste system in India\|castes]], with the urban upper castes, particularly [[Khatri\|Khatris]] and [[Arora\|Aroras]], having historically played a dominant role in the region's trade, commerce, and industry. According to available demographic data, out of the Punjab state's total Hindu population of 38.5% ([[2011 census of India\|2011 census]]), [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|Scheduled Castes]] constitute approximately 11%, while [[Other Backward Class\|Other Backward Classes]] account for around 8.3%.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Abbi \|first=Kumool \|date=2 March 2022 \|title=Sharpening Caste and Religious Identity Politics in the Punjab Elections \|url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/sikh-formations-podcast/2022/03/02/sharpening-caste-and-religious-identity-politics-in-the-punjab-elections/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620133612/https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/sikh-formations-podcast/2022/03/02/sharpening-caste-and-religious-identity-politics-in-the-punjab-elections/ \|archive-date=20 June 2025 \|access-date= \|website=Sikh Formations Podcast \|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]}}</ref>		Punjabi Hindus comprise a diverse range of [[Caste system in India\|castes]], with the urban upper castes, particularly [[Khatri\|Khatris]] and [[Arora\|Aroras]], having historically played a dominant role in the region's trade, commerce, and industry. According to available demographic data, out of the Punjab state's total Hindu population of 38.5% ([[2011 census of India\|2011 census]]), [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|Scheduled Castes]] constitute approximately 11%, while [[Other Backward Class\|Other Backward Classes]] account for around 8.3%.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Abbi \|first=Kumool \|date=2 March 2022 \|title=Sharpening Caste and Religious Identity Politics in the Punjab Elections \|url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/sikh-formations-podcast/2022/03/02/sharpening-caste-and-religious-identity-politics-in-the-punjab-elections/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620133612/https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/sikh-formations-podcast/2022/03/02/sharpening-caste-and-religious-identity-politics-in-the-punjab-elections/ \|archive-date=20 June 2025 \|access-date= \|website=Sikh Formations Podcast \|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]}}</ref>

	== History ==		== History ==

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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	~~{{Portal\|Hinduism\|Punjab~~
	}}
	* [[Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan]]		* [[Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan]]
	* [[Hinduism and Sikhism]]		* [[Hinduism and Sikhism]]

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External links

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	[[Category:Hinduism in India]]		[[Category:Hinduism in India]]
	[[Category:Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan]]		[[Category:Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan]]
	[[Category:~~Hindus by language~~]]		[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]

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	[[Category:Hinduism in India]]		[[Category:Hinduism in India]]
	[[Category:Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan]]		[[Category:Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan]]
			[[Category:Hindus by language]]

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Undid revision 1039835272 by 149.86.89.108 (talk)rv, punjabi hindu population in punjab, pakistan is over 200,000 as of 2017 census.

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{{Short description|Adherents of Hinduism who identify linguistically, culturally, and genealogically as Punjabis}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Punjabi Hindus
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = pa
| image = Aum Om red.svg
| population = 11 million
| popplace = [[Punjab, India|East Punjab]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]], [[Jammu Division]]
| langs = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Punjabi dialects]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], and [[English language|English]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]]<br>(incld. [[Udasi]] syncretic sect)
| related = [[Sikhs|Punjabi Sikhs]], [[Punjabi Muslims]], [[Punjabi Christians]]
}}{{Hinduism in India}}

'''Punjabi Hindus''' are an [[Indo-Aryan people|Indo-Aryan]] group. Adherents of [[Hinduism]], they identify [[Natural language|linguistically]], [[Culture|culturally]], and [[Genealogy|genealogically]] as [[Punjabis]]. While Punjabi Hindus are mostly found in [[India]] today, many have ancestry in the entire Punjab region, split between India and Pakistan.

In Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], they makeup approximately 38.5% of the state's population and are a majority in the [[Doaba]] region.

Presently, there is a small Punjabi Hindu community that remains in Pakistan, concentrated in cities such as [[Lahore]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1842865/1-hindu-community-celebrates-diwali-across-punjab|title=Hindu community celebrates Diwali across Punjab|work=The Express Tribune|date=8 November 2018|access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/978422/victory-over-evil-dussehra-celebrated-at-krishna-mandir|title=Dussehra celebrated at Krishna Mandir|work=The Express Tribune|date=23 October 2015|access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref> and in rural districts across southern Punjab such as [[Bahawalpur]] and [[Rahim Yar Khan District|Rahim Yar Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/120531/pakistani-hindus-celebrate-janmashtami-with-fervour/|title=Pakistani Hindus celebrate Janmashtami with fervour |author=Dharmindar Balach|newspaper=Daily Times|date=17 August 2017|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> There is also large [[Punjabi diaspora|diaspora]] communities in many countries including in [[Canada]], [[Australia]], the [[United States]], and the [[United Kingdom]].

==Punjabi Hindu community==
Prominent [[Indian independence movement|Indian nationalists]] from Punjab, such as [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], belonged to the Punjabi Hindu community. Religious reform groups such as the [[Arya Samaj]] sect were active in propagating their message in Punjab.<ref name="Kumar2004">{{cite book|author=Raj Kumar|title=Essays on Social Reform Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7SQW69LLSIC&pg=PA1|year=2004|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-792-6|pages=3–5}}</ref>
During the early part of the 20th century, the Samaj and organisations inspired by it, such as Jat Pat Todak Mandal, were active in campaigning against caste discrimination.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajivlochan |first1=M. |year=2014 |title=Coping with Exclusions the Non-Political Way. Mapping Social Exclusion in India: Caste, Religion and Borderlands |pages=82–83}}</ref> Other activities in which the Samaj engaged included campaigning for the acceptance of [[widow remarriage]] and [[women's education]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kishwar|first1=Madhu|title=Arya Samaj and Women's Education: Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Jalandhar|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|date=26 April 1986|volume=21|issue=17|pages=WS9–WS24|jstor=4375593}}</ref>

==History==
=== Ancient and Medieval ===
[[File:IVC-major-sites-2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Map showing the sites and extent of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]. [[Punjab region|Punjab]] was the center of one of the core regions of the Indus Valley Civilization, located in Northern [[Indian subcontinent]]. ]][[File:Map of Vedic India.png|250px|thumb|left|Punjab was part of the [[Vedic Civilization]].]]
Punjab during [[Mahabharat]]a times was known as Panchanada.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?ei=uG2RTb3xCYXQcZeeuUA&ct=result&id=0bkMAAAAIAAJ&dq=abhira+yadav&q=abhiras Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ... – Google Books]</ref><ref>Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ..., Volume 1, Part 1-page-11</ref> Punjab was part of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]], a culture which is more than 5000 years old.<ref name="whereincity.com">[http://www.whereincity.com/india/punjab/punjab-history.php Punjab History – history of Punjab]</ref>
The main site in Punjab was the city of [[Harrapa]]. The Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of what is today India and Pakistan and eventually evolved into the [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] civilization. The arrival of the Indo-Aryans led to the flourishing of the [[Vedic civilization]] along the length of the [[Indus River]]. This civilization shaped subsequent cultures in [[South Asia]] and [[Afghanistan]]. Punjab was part of the great ancient empires including the [[Gandhara]] [[Mahajanapadas]], [[Achaemenids]], [[Macedonian Empire|Macedonians]], [[Mauryas]], [[Kushans]], [[Guptas]], [[Hindu Shahi]], [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] and old [[Rajputana]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=McGregor|first=Ronald Stuart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGsOGT8Xej8C&q=gurjara-pratihara+punjab&pg=PA3|title=Hindi Literature from Its Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century|date=1984|publisher=Harrassowitz|isbn=978-3-447-02413-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gokhale|first=Balkrishna Govind|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOiBLjroszoC&q=gurjara-pratihara+punjab&pg=PA84|title=Ancient India: History and Culture|date=1995|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-694-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bharadwaj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeJ-8Xhj17MC&q=gurjara-pratihara+punjab&pg=SL2-PA19|title=Study Package For Clat|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-069937-3|language=en}}</ref> Agriculture flourished and trading cities (such as [[Multan]], [[Lahore]], [[Jalandhar]], and [[Rupnagar]]) grew in wealth.

Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and influence from the west and witnessed centuries of foreign invasions by the [[Greeks]], [[Kushans]], [[Scythians]], [[Turkic peoples|Turks]], [[Arabs]], and [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghans]]. The city of [[Taxila (modern)|Taxila]], claimed to have been founded by Taksh the son of [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharat]] who was the brother of [[Rama|Ram]]. It was reputed to house the oldest university in the world,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Raman|first=J. Sri|date=2011-07-19|title=Punjabi Hindus and Partition|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/punjabi-hindus-and-partition/article2255637.ece|access-date=2021-06-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Takshashila University]]. One of the teachers was the great [[Vedic period|Vedic]] thinker and politician [[Chanakya]]. Taxila was a great centre of learning and intellectual discussion during the [[Maurya Empire]]. It is a UN [[World Heritage site]], valued for its archaeological and religious history.{{Sfn|Jalal|1998|p=34}}

=== 1947 Partition ===
An estimated 2.7 million Punjabi Hindus migrated from [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]] and [[North-West Frontier Province]] (present-day Pakistan) to [[Punjab, India|East Punjab]] & [[Delhi]] (present-day India) during the [[Partition of India|Partition]].<ref name="washedu">{{cite web|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf|title=The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes|access-date=19 December 2006}}</ref>

This split the former British province of Punjab between the [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. The mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan's [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]]; the mostly Sikh and Hindu eastern part became India's East Punjab state (later divided into the new states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]). Many Hindus and Sikhs lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and the fears of all such minorities were so great that the Partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence. Some have described the violence in Punjab as a retributive genocide.{{Sfn|Brass|1974|p=326}}

The newly formed governments had not anticipated, and were completely unequipped for, a two-way migration of such staggering magnitude, and massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the new India-Pakistan border. Estimates of the number of deaths vary, with low estimates at 200,000 and high estimates at 2,000,000. The worst case of violence among all regions is concluded to have taken place in Punjab.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|title=Partition of India: The Human Dimension|journal=Cultural and Social History|date=2009|volume=6|issue=4|pages=403–410|quote=The number of casualties remains a matter of dispute, with figures being claimed that range from 200,000 to 2 million victims.|doi=10.2752/147800409X466254|s2cid=147110854}}</ref><ref name="D'Costa 2011 53">{{Cite book|title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia|last=D'Costa|first=Bina|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=9780415565660|page=53}}</ref><ref name="Butalia 2000">{{Cite book|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html|title=The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India|last=Butalia|first=Urvashi|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations|last=Sikand|first=Yoginder|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=9781134378258|page=5}}</ref>

=== Punjabi Suba and trifurcation of Punjab ===
{{main|Punjabi Suba movement}}
After Partition, Sikh leaders and political parties demanded a [[Punjabi Suba movement|"Punjabi Suba"]] (Punjabi Province) where Punjabi language written in the Sikh [[Gurumukhi]] script would be the language of the state in North India.

At the instigation of the [[Arya Samaj]], many Punjabi Hindus in present-day Ambala, Una and Sirsa stated [[Hindi]] as their mother tongue in the censuses of 1951 and 1961. Some areas of the erstwhile East Punjab state where [[Hindi]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] and [[Western Pahari]] speaking Hindus formed the majority became part of the newly created states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh where Hindi was declared the state language. This was in contrast with the primarily Punjabi-speaking locals in some regions of the newly created states.<ref name="google2">Chopra R. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=U_ODfrFOd8AC&pg=PA9072 ''Love Is The Ultimate Winner''] Partridge, India 2013. p. 9072. {{ISBN|9781482800050}} Accessed 3 February 2017.</ref> A direct result of the trifurcation of East Punjab into three states made Punjab a Sikh-majority state in India. Today, Punjabi Hindus makeup approximately 38.5% population of present Punjab State of India.<ref name="google">Lamba K. G. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aSzbGKyLqicC&pg=PA90 ''Dynamics of Punjabi Suba Movement''] Deep and Deep 1999. p. 90 {{ISBN|9788176291293}} Accessed 3 February 2017.</ref><ref name="google3">Grewal J. S. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA187 ''The Sikhs of the Punjab''] Cambridge University Press 1998. p. 187 {{ISBN|9780521637640}} Accessed 3 February 2017.</ref>

== Culture and Religion ==
[[File:Durgiana Temple, Amritsar.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Durgiana Temple]] in Amritsar, Punjab, India.]]
Hinduism in Punjab, as in many other parts of India, has adapted over time and has become a synthesis of culture and history. It centres on using [[Dharma]] to purify the soul (''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]]'') and to connect with a greater "eternal energy" (''[[Paramātmā]]'').{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} Hindus do this while acknowledging the concept of ''[[Brahman]]'' or "external energy", which is metaphysically believed to be the single binding energy behind the diversity that exists in the universe. In Punjab, like in many other regions of [[Northern India]], Hindus revere ancient texts that narrate stories of deities ([[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] and [[Devī|Devis]]) that had reached their highest Paramātmā. Deities in Hinduism are honoured for their roles in ancient Indian history, as they were the upholders of the principles of Dharma in the past. Hindus believe that an [[Ishvara]] (supreme) ''[[Bhagavan]]'' (God) manifests itself through these Devas and Devis. Major deities worshiped include [[Rama]] and [[Sita]] from the ''[[Ramayana]]'', [[Krishna]] and [[Radha]] from the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', as well as the [[Trimurti]] and [[Tridevi]] of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi]], and [[Brahma]] and [[Sarasvati]], along with other prominent deities such as [[Durga]] Mata Ji, [[Ganesha]] and [[Hanuman]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tuteja|first=K.L.|date=2019-06-01|title='Hindi–Hindu' discourse in late colonial Punjab|journal=Studies in People's History|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=33–51|doi=10.1177/2348448919834776|issn=2348-4489|doi-access=free}}</ref> Though, boundaries between major sects of Hinduism are extremely fluid, however Hindus of Punjab mostly follow [[Shaktism]] and [[Vaishnavism]].{{Sfn|Brass|1974|p=67}}

As [[Hindus]] believe that [[Dharma]] is universal and evolves with time, many Hindus also value other spiritual paths and religious traditions. They believe that any traditions that are equally able to nurture one's ''Atman'' should be accepted and taught. [[Hinduism]] itself encourages any being to reach their own self-realization in their own unique way either through [[Bhagavan]] or through other means of devotion and meditation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikhism {{!}} History, Doctrines, Practice, & Literature|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism|access-date=2021-06-11|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

=== Udasis ===
[[Udasi]] is a religious sect of ascetic [[sadhu]]s centred in Punjab Region. The [[Udasi]]s were key interpreters of the [[Sikhs|Sikh]] philosophy and the custodians of important Sikh shrines until the [[Akali movement]]. They brought many converts into the [[Sikhs|Sikh]] fold during the 18th and the early 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pashaura Singh. Fenech, Louis E.|title=The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies|date=March 2014|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|oclc=874522334}}</ref> However, their religious practices border on a syncretism of [[Sikhism]] and Hinduism. When the [[Singh Sabha]], dominated by [[Khalsa]] Sikhs, redefined the Sikh identity in the early 20th century, the Udasi [[mahant]]s were expelled from the Sikh shrines. Since then, the Udasis have increasingly regarded themselves as Hindus rather than Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oberoi, Harjot.|title=The Construction of religious boundaries : culture, identity, and diversity in the Sikh tradition|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-563780-1|location=Delhi|oclc=39001441}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Punjab
}}
* [[Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan]]
* [[Hinduism and Sikhism]]
* [[Bhabra|Jainism in Punjab]]
* [[List of Hindu festivals in Punjab]]
* [[East Punjab]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Talib|first=Gurbachan|author-link=Gurbachan Singh Talib|title= Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947|year=1950|publisher=[[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]]|location=India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fQLAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |author-link=Paul Brass |year=1974 |title=Language, Religion and Politics in North India |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|author-link=Ayesha Jalal|date=1998|title=Nation, Reason and Religion: Punjab's Role in the Partition of India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4407076|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=33|issue=32|pages=2183–2190|jstor=4407076|issn=0012-9976}}

== External links ==
* [http://webpunjab.com/culture/main.htm The Punjab—An Overview]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060423232940/http://punjabgovt.nic.in/CULTURE/Historical.htm Punjab History]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060506005341/http://www.pcschicago.org/Punjab/historical.htm Punjab Historical Background]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060613191214/http://durgianatirath.com/ Shri Durgiana Tirath]
{{Hinduism in India by region}}{{Religion in India topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinduism In Punjab}}
[[Category:Hinduism in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan]]