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	==External links==		==External links==
	* ~~https:~~/~~/www.~~jstor~~.org/pss/~~311867		* {{cite journal \|last1=Jeffrey \|first1=Robin \|title=The Punjab Boundary Force and the Problem of Order, August 1947 \|journal=Modern Asian Studies \|date=1974 \|volume=8 \|issue=4 \|pages=491–520 \|doi=10.1017/S0026749X0000562X \|jstor=311867 \|s2cid=145786107 }}
	* http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/news-26/		* http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/news-26/
	* ~~http://wih.sagepub~~.~~com/content/~~16/4/~~469.short~~		* {{cite journal \|last1=Marston \|first1=Daniel P. \|title=The Indian Army, Partition, and the Punjab Boundary Force, 1945—1947 \|journal=War in History \|date=November 2009 \|volume=16 \|issue=4 \|pages=469–505 \|doi=10.1177/0968344509343046 \|s2cid=108774387 }}

	[[Category:Military units and formations of British India]]		[[Category:Military units and formations of British India]]
	[[Category:Ad hoc units and formations]]		[[Category:Ad hoc units and formations]]
	[[Category:Partition of India]]		[[Category:Partition of India]]

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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

The '''Punjab Boundary Force''' was an ad hoc military force to restore law and order during the communal carnages of the [[partition of India]] in the Punjab. The force was based on the [[4th Indian Division]] and commanded by [[Thomas Wynford Rees|Maj Gen T.W. Rees]]. The force was unable to execute its task successfully and it was disbanded so that the newly formed dominion armies of India and Pakistan could take charge of the situation.<ref name=Timmy>{{cite book |title=Thimayya: an amazing life |last=Khanduri |first=Chandra B. |year=2006 |publisher=Knowledge World |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-87966-36-4 |pages=394 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWXfAAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 Jul 2010}}</ref>

==Composition==
The Force had approximately 15 Indian and 10 Pakistani battalions, and comprised [[5th Indian Infantry Brigade]], [[11th Indian Infantry Brigade]] of the division and three additional brigades, namely the [[14th Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom)|14 Parachute Brigade]] (which became part of the [[Pakistan Army]]), [[43rd Indian Infantry Brigade (Lorried)]] (ex 1 Armoured Division), and [[114th Indian Infantry Brigade]].<ref>Ravi Rikhye and Mandeep Bajwa, [http://orbat.com/site/cimh/divisions/4th%20Infantry%20Division.htm 4th Infantry Division: An Outline History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614060755/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/divisions/4th%20Infantry%20Division.htm |date=14 June 2011 }}, V3.0, March 25, 2008, www.orbat.com (Centre for Indian Military History), accessed August 1, 2010</ref> The [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Parachute Brigade]] and 77th Parachute Brigade (both formerly with 2nd Airborne Division), as well as the [[123rd Indian Infantry Brigade]], were attached to the Force.

==Formation and disbandment==
The Boundary Force was established on July 17, 1947, with its headquarters at [[Lahore]]. It became operational on August 1, 1947, but was disbanded on September 1 because of its ineffectiveness in controlling the riots breaking out in consequence of Partition.

Maj Gen Rees was provided Brig D.S. Brar and [[Ayub Khan (field marshal)|Brig M. Ayub Khan]] (who later became [[field marshal]] and [[President of Pakistan]]) from India and Pakistan respectively as "Military Advisors". He was later provided [[K.S. Thimayya|Brig K.S. Thimayya]] (India) and Brig Nazir Ahmed (Pakistan) as "Alternate Military Advisors". However, Gen Rees refused to heed advice from his advisors, which led to his being criticised; he rebuked Thimayya that he was not going to take advice from him being ten years his senior.<ref name="Timmy"/>{{rp|106–107}} In addition, Rees was criticised by politicians from both sides.<ref>{{cite book | first=Richard| last=Mead| title=Churchill's Lions: A biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II| year=2007| publisher=Spellmount| location=Stroud (UK)| pages=544 pages| isbn=978-1-86227-431-0}}</ref>{{rp|372}}

In the 25 August meeting of the Joint Defence Council at Lahore, Gen Rees stated that the Boundary Force was fatigued and their mood explosive. The British officers, he said, had done their best and the situation was beyond salvation. He further recommended that the two dominions now take responsibility for the security of refugees on their respective sides of the border.<ref name=Timmy/>{{rp|109}} After Rees handed over, Major General [[K. S. Thimayya]] reportedly took over command of the Boundary Force.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://www.jstor.org/pss/311867
* http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/news-26/
* http://wih.sagepub.com/content/16/4/469.short

[[Category:Military units and formations of British India]]
[[Category:Ad hoc units and formations]]
[[Category:Partition of India]]

Punjab Boundary Force - Revision history

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