Pulakeshin II - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 09:14, 22 July 2023
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	{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2016}}
	{{Infobox royalty		{{Infobox royalty
	\| name = Pulakeshin		\| name = Pulakeshin II
	\| title = Satyashraya, Shri-prithvi-vallabha, Bhattaraka, Maharajadhiraja, Parameshvara, Karnateshwara{{sfn\|Rimjhim Sharma, Anish Kumar\|2012\|p=134}}		\| title = Satyashraya, Shri-prithvi-vallabha, Bhattaraka, Maharajadhiraja, Parameshvara, Karnateshwara{{sfn\|Rimjhim Sharma, Anish Kumar\|2012\|p=134}}
	\| succession = Chalukya king		\| succession = Chalukya king
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	\| house-type = Dynasty		\| house-type = Dynasty
	\| father = [[Kirttivarman I]]		\| father = [[Kirttivarman I]]
	~~\| spouse-type = Queens~~
	~~\| spouse = A daughter of [[Durvinita]], Princess [[Tarinidevi]]~~
	}}		}}

	{{Chalukyas\|Vatapi}}		{{Chalukyas\|Vatapi}}
	'''Pulakeshin II''' ([[IAST]]: Pulakeśin, r. ~~c. 610–642~~ CE) was the most famous ruler of the [[Chalukya dynasty]] of [[Vatapi]] (present-day Badami in [[Karnataka]], India). During his reign, the Chalukya kingdom expanded to cover most of the [[Deccan]] region in peninsular India.		'''Pulakeshin II''' ([[IAST]]: Pulakeśin, r. {{Circa\|610}}–642 CE) was the most famous ruler of the [[Chalukya dynasty]] of [[Vatapi]] (present-day Badami in [[Karnataka]], India). During his reign, the Chalukya kingdom expanded to cover most of the [[Deccan]] region in peninsular India.

	A son of the Chalukya king [[Kirttivarman I]], Pulakeshin overthrew his uncle [[Mangalesha]] to gain control of the throne. He suppressed a rebellion by Appayika and Govinda, and decisively defeated the [[Kadamba dynasty\|Kadambas]] of [[Banavasi]] in the south. The [[Alupa dynasty\|Alupas]] and the [[Western Ganga dynasty\|Gangas]] of [[Talakadu]] recognized his suzerainty. He consolidated the Chalukya control over the western coast by subjugating the Mauryas of [[Konkan]]a. His [[Aihole inscription]] also credits him with subjugating the [[Lata (region)\|Latas]], the [[Malavas]], and the [[Gurjaras of Nandipuri\|Gurjaras]] in the north.		A son of the Chalukya king [[Kirttivarman I]], Pulakeshin overthrew his uncle [[Mangalesha]] to gain control of the throne. He suppressed a rebellion by Appayika and Govinda, and decisively defeated the [[Kadamba dynasty\|Kadambas]] of [[Banavasi]] in the south. The [[Alupa dynasty\|Alupas]] and the [[Western Ganga dynasty\|Gangas]] of [[Talakadu]] recognized his suzerainty. He consolidated the Chalukya control over the western coast by subjugating the Mauryas of [[Konkan]]a. His [[Aihole inscription]] also credits him with subjugating the [[Lata (region)\|Latas]], the [[Malavas]], and the [[Gurjaras of Nandipuri\|Gurjaras]] in the north.
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	=== Date of ascension ===		=== Date of ascension ===
	Pulakeshin's [[Hyderabad]] inscription is dated 613 CE ([[Shaka era\|Shaka]] year 534), and was issued during the third year of his reign, which suggests that he must have ascended the throne in ~~c. 610–611~~ CE.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=48, 51}}		Pulakeshin's [[Hyderabad]] inscription is dated 613 CE ([[Shaka era\|Shaka]] year 534), and was issued during the third year of his reign, which suggests that he must have ascended the throne in {{Circa\|610}}–611 CE.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=48, 51}}

	The exact year of his ascension is debated among modern scholars.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=71}} The 610–611 CE [[Goa]] grant inscription, which refers to an unnamed Chalukya overlord titled ''Shri-prithvi-vallabha Maharaja'', was probably issued during the reign of Pulakeshin's predecessor Mangalesha.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=48–49}} It is dated to the Shaka year 532: assuming it was issued after 532 years of the Shaka era had expired, the date of issue was 4 January 611 CE.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=51}} However, if we assume that it was issued when the 532rd year of the Shaka era was current, it can be dated to 5 July 610 CE.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=71}} Based on this inscription, the end of Mangalesha's reign is variously dated to 610 CE or 611 CE.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=71}}		The exact year of his ascension is debated among modern scholars.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=71}} The 610–611 CE [[Goa]] grant inscription, which refers to an unnamed Chalukya overlord titled ''Shri-prithvi-vallabha Maharaja'', was probably issued during the reign of Pulakeshin's predecessor Mangalesha.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=48–49}} It is dated to the Shaka year 532: assuming it was issued after 532 years of the Shaka era had expired, the date of issue was 4 January 611 CE.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=51}} However, if we assume that it was issued when the 532rd year of the Shaka era was current, it can be dated to 5 July 610 CE.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=71}} Based on this inscription, the end of Mangalesha's reign is variously dated to 610 CE or 611 CE.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=71}}
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	The Aihole inscription credits Pulakeshin with subjugating the [[Western Ganga dynasty\|Gangas]] of [[Talakadu\|Talakad]], who had matrimonial ties with the Kadambas. The Mahakuta pillar inscription of his predecessor Mangalesha states his father Kirttivarman also subjugated the Gangas. It is possible that the Gangas accepted the Chalukya suzerainty during Kirttivarman's reign, but subsequently gave up this allegiance taking advantage of the war of succession between Mangalesha and Pulakeshin. After Pulakeshin's victory over the Kadambas, the Gangas again accepted the Chalukya suzerainty, possibly without any military conflict.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=76}}		The Aihole inscription credits Pulakeshin with subjugating the [[Western Ganga dynasty\|Gangas]] of [[Talakadu\|Talakad]], who had matrimonial ties with the Kadambas. The Mahakuta pillar inscription of his predecessor Mangalesha states his father Kirttivarman also subjugated the Gangas. It is possible that the Gangas accepted the Chalukya suzerainty during Kirttivarman's reign, but subsequently gave up this allegiance taking advantage of the war of succession between Mangalesha and Pulakeshin. After Pulakeshin's victory over the Kadambas, the Gangas again accepted the Chalukya suzerainty, possibly without any military conflict.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=76}}

	The Ganga ruler [[Durvinita]] married his daughter to Pulakeshin;{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=76}} she was the mother of Pulakeshin's son [[Vikramaditya I]]. ~~And another ruler named Kulabhadra married his daughter, Tarinidevi to Pulakeshi. She was the mother of [[Chandraditya]]~~{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=77}} The Gangas probably hoped to gain Chalukya support against the [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallavas]], who had captured the [[Kongunadu]] region from them. The Gangas subsequently defeated the Pallava ruler Kaduvetti of Kanchi.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=77}}		The Ganga ruler [[Durvinita]] married his daughter to Pulakeshin;{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=76}} she was the mother of Pulakeshin's son [[Vikramaditya I]].{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=77}} The Gangas probably hoped to gain Chalukya support against the [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallavas]], who had captured the [[Kongunadu]] region from them. The Gangas subsequently defeated the Pallava ruler Kaduvetti of Kanchi.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=77}} In return, Shilabhattarika, a daughter of Pulakeshin II was married to Dadiga, a son of Mokkara (Mushkara) and grandson of Durvinita, as attested by a copperplate charter of Chalukya Vijayaditya dated January-February 717 CE. Shreenand L. Bapat of [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], who deciphered this inscription, identifies her with the renowned Sanskrit poetess [[Shilabhattarika]].<ref>{{cite journal \| url=https://www.academia.edu/99893306 \| title=Vijayaditya's charter showing that the Sanskrit poetess Shilabhattarika was a Chalukya princess, and three more copperplate charters \| journal=Tarun Bharat, Mumbai \| date=January 2023 \| last1=Bapat \| first1=Shreenand }}</ref>

	=== Mauryas of Konkana===		=== Mauryas of Konkana===
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	==== Date ====		==== Date ====
	The date of the war between Harsha and Pulakeshin has been debated by modern scholars.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=83–84}} The Kandalgaon copper-plate inscription, dated to Pulakeshin's fifth regnal year (c. 615 CE), mentions the conflict, but this inscription is regarded as spurious by modern scholars.{{sfn\|P. S. Sohoni\|S. L. Bapat\|2017\|p=207}}		The date of the war between Harsha and Pulakeshin has been debated by modern scholars.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=83–84}} The Kandalgaon copper-plate inscription, dated to Pulakeshin's fifth regnal year ({{Circa\|615 CE}}), mentions the conflict, but this inscription is regarded as spurious by modern scholars.{{sfn\|P. S. Sohoni\|S. L. Bapat\|2017\|p=207}}

	Some scholars, such as [[K. V. Ramesh (archaeologist)\|K. V. Ramesh]] and [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]], date the battle to c. 612 CE or before, based on the 612–613 CE Hyderabad inscription of Pulakeshin.{{sfn\|P. S. Sohoni\|S. L. Bapat\|2017\|p=208}}{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1960\|p=214}} This inscription boasts that Pulakeshin defeated a king who had fought a hundred battles (presumably Harsha).{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=83}} The later Chalukya inscriptions, dating from the reign of [[Vikramaditya I]] onwards, mention Pulakeshin's victory over Harsha using similar expressions.{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1960\|p=214}} This early date for the war is also supported by the writings of Xuanzang, who states that Harsha fought wars for six years, and then ruled in peace for thirty years.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=83–84}}		Some scholars, such as [[K. V. Ramesh (archaeologist)\|K. V. Ramesh]] and [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]], date the battle to {{Circa\|612 CE}} or before, based on the 612–613 CE Hyderabad inscription of Pulakeshin.{{sfn\|P. S. Sohoni\|S. L. Bapat\|2017\|p=208}}{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1960\|p=214}} This inscription boasts that Pulakeshin defeated a king who had fought a hundred battles (presumably Harsha).{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=83}} The later Chalukya inscriptions, dating from the reign of [[Vikramaditya I]] onwards, mention Pulakeshin's victory over Harsha using similar expressions.{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1960\|p=214}} This early date for the war is also supported by the writings of Xuanzang, who states that Harsha fought wars for six years, and then ruled in peace for thirty years.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=83–84}}

	Scholars Shreenand L. Bapat and Pradeep S. Sohoni date the battle to the winter of 618–619 CE. These scholars note that the Bijapur-Mumbai grant inscription, dated to 4 April 619 CE, mentions Pulakeshin's victory over Harsha, which proves that the conflict definitely took place sometime before this date. The earlier Satara inscription of Pulakeshin's brother [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana\|Vishnu-vardhana]], issued during his eighth regnal year (c. 618 CE) does not mention the conflict. Based on this, Bapat and Sohoni theorize that the conflict took place between November 618 CE and February 619 CE.{{sfn\|P. S. Sohoni\|S. L. Bapat\|2017\|p=208}}		Scholars Shreenand L. Bapat and Pradeep S. Sohoni date the battle to the winter of 618–619 CE. These scholars note that the Bijapur-Mumbai grant inscription, dated to 4 April 619 CE, mentions Pulakeshin's victory over Harsha, which proves that the conflict definitely took place sometime before this date. The earlier Satara inscription of Pulakeshin's brother [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana\|Vishnu-vardhana]], issued during his eighth regnal year ({{Circa\|618 CE}}) does not mention the conflict. Based on this, Bapat and Sohoni theorize that the conflict took place between November 618 CE and February 619 CE.{{sfn\|P. S. Sohoni\|S. L. Bapat\|2017\|p=208}}

	Some earlier scholars, such as D. Devahuti dated the conflict to 630s CE, but this is no longer considered correct after the publication of the Bijapur-Mumbai inscription in 2017.{{sfn\|P. S. Sohoni\|S. L. Bapat\|2017\|p=208}}		Some earlier scholars, such as D. Devahuti dated the conflict to 630s CE, but this is no longer considered correct after the publication of the Bijapur-Mumbai inscription in 2017.{{sfn\|P. S. Sohoni\|S. L. Bapat\|2017\|p=208}}
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	== Xuanzang's visit ==		== Xuanzang's visit ==
	The Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] visited Pulakeshin's kingdom in 641–642 CE.{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1960\|p=218}} He calls the Chalukya kingdom "Mo-ho-la-cha" (the Chinese transcription of "Maharashtra"), and corroborates Pulakeshin's success against Harsha ([[#Result\|see above]]).{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=80–81}} He had visited the Pallava kingdom before arriving in the Chalukya kingdom, but he ~~doesn't~~ mention any conflict between the two kingdoms, presumably because he was not aware of major political changes or because his main interest was Buddhism rather than politics.{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1960\|p=218}}		The Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] visited Pulakeshin's kingdom in 641–642 CE.{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1960\|p=218}} He calls the Chalukya kingdom "Mo-ho-la-cha" (the Chinese transcription of "Maharashtra"), and corroborates Pulakeshin's success against Harsha ([[#Result\|see above]]).{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=80–81}} He had visited the Pallava kingdom before arriving in the Chalukya kingdom, but he does not mention any conflict between the two kingdoms, presumably because he was not aware of major political changes or because his main interest was Buddhism rather than politics.{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1960\|p=218}}

	Xuanzang describes Pulakeshin ("Po-le-ke-she") as "a man of farsighted resource and astuteness who extends kindness to all". The king's subjects were "tall and sturdy in nature and... proud and carefree by nature... grateful for kindness and revengeful for injustice".{{sfn\|Tsai Chiashan\|2006\|p=428}} They preferred death to disloyalty,{{sfn\|Sandhya Jain\|2011\|p=266}} and called for a [[duel]] if they or their families were insulted.{{sfn\|Tsai Chiashan\|2006\|p=428}}		Xuanzang describes Pulakeshin ("Po-le-ke-she") as "a man of farsighted resource and astuteness who extends kindness to all". The king's subjects were "tall and sturdy in nature and... proud and carefree by nature... grateful for kindness and revengeful for injustice".{{sfn\|Tsai Chiashan\|2006\|p=428}} They preferred death to disloyalty,{{sfn\|Sandhya Jain\|2011\|p=266}} and called for a [[duel]] if they or their families were insulted.{{sfn\|Tsai Chiashan\|2006\|p=428}}
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	==In popular culture==		==In popular culture==
	Several Kannada groups demanded the installation of Pulakeshin statue at Badami, Karnataka, to celebrate the great Kannada ruler of past who is being ignored by ~~present government~~<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/seeing-beyond-shivaji-activists-push-for-pulikeshi-ii-1055994.html \| title=Seeing beyond Shivaji: Activists push for Pulikeshi II. Learn More. \| date=30 Nov 2021}}</ref>		* Several Kannada groups demanded the installation of Pulakeshin statue at Badami, Karnataka, to celebrate the great Kannada ruler of past who is being ignored by the Government.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/seeing-beyond-shivaji-activists-push-for-pulikeshi-ii-1055994.html \| title=Seeing beyond Shivaji: Activists push for Pulikeshi II. Learn More. \| date=30 Nov 2021}}</ref>
			* The 1967 [[Kannada cinema\|Kannada film ]] ''[[Immadi Pulikeshi (film)\|Immadi Pulikeshi]]'' starring [[Dr. Rajkumar]] was based on the life of Pulakeshin II.

	[[File:Pulakeshin statue, badami.png\|thumb\|Statue of Pulakeshin II in Badami]]		[[File:Pulakeshin statue, badami.png\|thumb\|Statue of Pulakeshin II in Badami]]
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	=== Bibliography ===		=== Bibliography ===
	~~{{commons category\|Pulakeshin II}}~~
	{{refbegin}}		{{refbegin}}
	* {{cite book \|author=Rimjhim Sharma, Anish Kumar \|title=History: BA (Hons) Semester II Course Pack, University of Delhi \|url=https://~~www~~.google.~~co.in~~/books~~/edition/History_BA_Hons_Semester_II_Course_Pack/cyI8BAAAQBAJ~~?hl=~~en&gbpv=0~~ \|year=2012 \|publisher=Pearson Education India \|isbn=978-93-325-1157-6 }}		* {{cite book \|author=Rimjhim Sharma, Anish Kumar \|title=History: BA (Hons) Semester II Course Pack, University of Delhi \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyI8BAAAQBAJ \|year=2012 \|publisher=Pearson Education India \|isbn=978-93-325-1157-6 }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Abraham Eraly \|author-link=Abraham Eraly \|title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA58 \|year=2011 \|publisher=Penguin Books India \|isbn=978-0-670-08478-4 }}		* {{cite book \|author=Abraham Eraly \|author-link=Abraham Eraly \|title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA58 \|year=2011 \|publisher=Penguin Books India \|isbn=978-0-670-08478-4 }}
	* {{cite book \|editor=B. Chaitanya Deva \|title=Musical instruments in sculpture in Karnataka \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2gIAQAAMAAJ \|year=1989 \|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study / Motilal Banarsidass \|location=Delhi \|isbn=978-81-208-0641-2 }}		* {{cite book \|editor=B. Chaitanya Deva \|title=Musical instruments in sculpture in Karnataka \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2gIAQAAMAAJ \|year=1989 \|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study / Motilal Banarsidass \|location=Delhi \|isbn=978-81-208-0641-2 }}

Gomateshwari at 10:17, 22 February 2023

2023-02-22T10:17:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:47, 22 February 2023
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	\| house-type = Dynasty		\| house-type = Dynasty
	\| father = [[Kirttivarman I]]		\| father = [[Kirttivarman I]]
			\| spouse-type = Queens
			\| spouse = A daughter of [[Durvinita]], Princess [[Tarinidevi]]
	}}		}}

	{{Chalukyas\|Vatapi}}		{{Chalukyas\|Vatapi}}
	'''Pulakeshin II''' ([[IAST]]: Pulakeśin, r. c. 610–642 CE) was the most famous ruler of the [[Chalukya dynasty]] of [[Vatapi]] (present-day Badami in [[Karnataka]], India). During his reign, the Chalukya kingdom expanded to cover most of the [[Deccan]] region in peninsular India.		'''Pulakeshin II''' ([[IAST]]: Pulakeśin, r. c. 610–642 CE) was the most famous ruler of the [[Chalukya dynasty]] of [[Vatapi]] (present-day Badami in [[Karnataka]], India). During his reign, the Chalukya kingdom expanded to cover most of the [[Deccan]] region in peninsular India.

Gomateshwari: /* Gangas of Talakad */

2023-02-22T10:12:44Z

Gangas of Talakad

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:42, 22 February 2023
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	The Aihole inscription credits Pulakeshin with subjugating the [[Western Ganga dynasty\|Gangas]] of [[Talakadu\|Talakad]], who had matrimonial ties with the Kadambas. The Mahakuta pillar inscription of his predecessor Mangalesha states his father Kirttivarman also subjugated the Gangas. It is possible that the Gangas accepted the Chalukya suzerainty during Kirttivarman's reign, but subsequently gave up this allegiance taking advantage of the war of succession between Mangalesha and Pulakeshin. After Pulakeshin's victory over the Kadambas, the Gangas again accepted the Chalukya suzerainty, possibly without any military conflict.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=76}}		The Aihole inscription credits Pulakeshin with subjugating the [[Western Ganga dynasty\|Gangas]] of [[Talakadu\|Talakad]], who had matrimonial ties with the Kadambas. The Mahakuta pillar inscription of his predecessor Mangalesha states his father Kirttivarman also subjugated the Gangas. It is possible that the Gangas accepted the Chalukya suzerainty during Kirttivarman's reign, but subsequently gave up this allegiance taking advantage of the war of succession between Mangalesha and Pulakeshin. After Pulakeshin's victory over the Kadambas, the Gangas again accepted the Chalukya suzerainty, possibly without any military conflict.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=76}}

	The Ganga ruler [[Durvinita]] married his daughter to Pulakeshin;{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=76}} she was the mother of Pulakeshin's son [[Vikramaditya I]].{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=77}} The Gangas probably hoped to gain Chalukya support against the [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallavas]], who had captured the [[Kongunadu]] region from them. The Gangas subsequently defeated the Pallava ruler Kaduvetti of Kanchi.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=77}}		The Ganga ruler [[Durvinita]] married his daughter to Pulakeshin;{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=76}} she was the mother of Pulakeshin's son [[Vikramaditya I]]. And another ruler named Kulabhadra married his daughter, Tarinidevi to Pulakeshi. She was the mother of [[Chandraditya]]{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=77}} The Gangas probably hoped to gain Chalukya support against the [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallavas]], who had captured the [[Kongunadu]] region from them. The Gangas subsequently defeated the Pallava ruler Kaduvetti of Kanchi.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=77}}

	=== Mauryas of Konkana===		=== Mauryas of Konkana===

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← Older revision		Revision as of 21:31, 21 June 2022
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	{{~~short~~ description\|610–642 ruler ~~of the Chalukya dynasty~~ of Vatapi, ~~present-day~~ India}}		{{Short description\|610–642 ruler of Vatapi (Badami, India)}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=~~January 2016~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2021}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2016}}
	{{Redirect\|Immadi Pulikeshi\|the 1967 Indian film\|Immadi Pulikeshi (film)}}{{Infobox royalty		{{Redirect\|Immadi Pulikeshi\|the 1967 Indian film\|Immadi Pulikeshi (film)}}{{Infobox royalty
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	== Military conquests ==		== Military conquests ==

	After Mangalesha's death, Pulakeshin appears to have faced opposition from multiple rivals, including those who were loyal to Mangalesha and those who wanted to take advantage of the turmoil resulting from the Chalukya war of succession.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=72}} The [[Aihole inscription]] declares that "the whole world was enveloped in the darkness that was the enemies". Pulakeshin subjugated these enemies, and established the Chalukyas as the dominant power in the Indian peninsula.{{sfn\|Abraham Eraly\|2011\|p=58}}		After [[Mangalesha]]'s death, Pulakeshin appears to have faced opposition from multiple rivals, including those who were loyal to Mangalesha and those who wanted to take advantage of the turmoil resulting from the Chalukya war of succession.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=72}} The [[Aihole inscription]] declares that "the whole world was enveloped in the darkness that was the enemies". Pulakeshin subjugated these enemies, and established the Chalukyas as the dominant power in the Indian peninsula.{{sfn\|Abraham Eraly\|2011\|p=58}}

	=== Appayika and Govinda ===		=== Appayika and Govinda ===
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	The Aihole inscription credits Pulakeshin with subjugating the [[Western Ganga dynasty\|Gangas]] of [[Talakadu\|Talakad]], who had matrimonial ties with the Kadambas. The Mahakuta pillar inscription of his predecessor Mangalesha states his father Kirttivarman also subjugated the Gangas. It is possible that the Gangas accepted the Chalukya suzerainty during Kirttivarman's reign, but subsequently gave up this allegiance taking advantage of the war of succession between Mangalesha and Pulakeshin. After Pulakeshin's victory over the Kadambas, the Gangas again accepted the Chalukya suzerainty, possibly without any military conflict.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=76}}		The Aihole inscription credits Pulakeshin with subjugating the [[Western Ganga dynasty\|Gangas]] of [[Talakadu\|Talakad]], who had matrimonial ties with the Kadambas. The Mahakuta pillar inscription of his predecessor Mangalesha states his father Kirttivarman also subjugated the Gangas. It is possible that the Gangas accepted the Chalukya suzerainty during Kirttivarman's reign, but subsequently gave up this allegiance taking advantage of the war of succession between Mangalesha and Pulakeshin. After Pulakeshin's victory over the Kadambas, the Gangas again accepted the Chalukya suzerainty, possibly without any military conflict.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=76}}

	The Ganga ruler [[Durvinita]] married his daughter to Pulakeshin;{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=76}} she was the mother of Pulakeshin's son [[Vikramaditya I]].{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=77}} The Gangas probably hoped to gain Chalukya support against the [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallavas]], who had captured the Kongunadu region from them. The Gangas subsequently defeated the Pallava ruler Kaduvetti of Kanchi.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=77}}		The Ganga ruler [[Durvinita]] married his daughter to Pulakeshin;{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=76}} she was the mother of Pulakeshin's son [[Vikramaditya I]].{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=77}} The Gangas probably hoped to gain Chalukya support against the [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallavas]], who had captured the [[Kongunadu]] region from them. The Gangas subsequently defeated the Pallava ruler Kaduvetti of Kanchi.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=77}}

	=== Mauryas of Konkana===		=== Mauryas of Konkana===
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	== War with the Pallavas and death ==		== War with the Pallavas and death ==
	{{see also\|Battle of Pullalur\|Battle of Vatapi}}		{{see also\|Battle of Pullalur\|Battle of Vatapi}}
	[[File:The defeat of Pulikesin II, the Chalukhya, byMahamalla Pallava at Badami.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|''"The defeat of Pulakeshin II, the ~~Chalukhya~~, by Mahamalla Pallava at Badami''", an artistic depiction of Pulakeshin's death]]		[[File:The defeat of Pulikesin II, the Chalukhya, byMahamalla Pallava at Badami.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|''"The defeat of Pulakeshin II, the Chalukya, by Mahamalla Pallava at Badami''", an artistic depiction of Pulakeshin's death]]

	The [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallavas]] were the southern neighbours of the Chalukyas. The Vishnukundins were their allies at the time, and Pulakeshin's subjugation of the Vishnukundins brought him in conflict with the Pallava king. The Chalukyas and the Pallavas fought several battles without conclusive results.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=93}}		The [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallavas]] were the southern neighbours of the Chalukyas. The Vishnukundins were their allies at the time, and Pulakeshin's subjugation of the Vishnukundins brought him in conflict with the Pallava king. The Chalukyas and the Pallavas fought several battles without conclusive results.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=93}}
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	By 641 CE, during Pulakeshin's lifetime, his brother [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana\|Vishnu-vardhana]] had carved out an independent kingdom in the eastern part of the Chalukya empire, resulting in the establishment of the [[Chalukyas of Vengi\|Chalukya dynasty of Vengi]].{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1960\|pp=216–217}}{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=95}} According to one theory, this arrangement may have happened with the approval of Pulakeshin, who did not want his brother to wage a war of succession like Mangalesha.{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1960\|p=217}}		By 641 CE, during Pulakeshin's lifetime, his brother [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana\|Vishnu-vardhana]] had carved out an independent kingdom in the eastern part of the Chalukya empire, resulting in the establishment of the [[Chalukyas of Vengi\|Chalukya dynasty of Vengi]].{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1960\|pp=216–217}}{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=95}} According to one theory, this arrangement may have happened with the approval of Pulakeshin, who did not want his brother to wage a war of succession like Mangalesha.{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1960\|p=217}}

	Pulakeshin had ~~multiple~~ sons, and the order of succession after him is not clear from the available historical evidence:		Pulakeshin had seven sons, and the order of succession after him is not clear from the available historical evidence:

	* [[Adityavarman (Chalukya dynasty)\|Adityavarman]] is attested by his [[Kurnool]] inscription, which describes him as a powerful ruler and gives him imperial titles. Historian [[T. V. Mahalingam]] theorizes that Adityavarman was simply a former name of Vikramaditya I.{{sfn\|T. V. Mahalingam\|1977\|pp=75–76}} However, historian D. P. Dikshit disputes this identification, and believes that Adityavarman succeeded Pulakeshin, and in turn, was succeeded by his son [[Abhinavaditya]].{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=114–116}}		* [[Adityavarman (Chalukya dynasty)\|Adityavarman]] (c.643-645?) is attested by his [[Kurnool]] inscription, which describes him as a powerful ruler and gives him imperial titles. Historian [[T. V. Mahalingam]] theorizes that Adityavarman was simply a former name of Vikramaditya I.{{sfn\|T. V. Mahalingam\|1977\|pp=75–76}} However, historian D. P. Dikshit disputes this identification, and believes that Adityavarman succeeded Pulakeshin, and in turn, was succeeded by his son [[Abhinavaditya]] (c.645-646?).{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=114–116}}
	* [[Chandraditya (Chalukya dynasty)\|Chandraditya]] is attested by the Nerur and Kochre grant inscriptions of his wife [[Vijaya-Bhattarika]], which accord him imperial titles, but are dated in the regnal years of his wife. It is possible that Chandraditya held the throne after Abhinavaditya, and after his death, his wife acted as a regent for their minor son. His brother Vikramaditya I, appears to have restored Chalukya power as the supreme commander of the Chalukya army during this period, becoming the de facto ruler in the process.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=116-119}}		* [[Chandraditya (Chalukya dynasty)\|Chandraditya]] (c.646-649?) attested by the Nerur and Kochre grant inscriptions of his wife [[Vijaya-Bhattarika]], which accord him imperial titles, but are dated in the regnal years of his wife. It is possible that Chandraditya held the throne after Abhinavaditya, and after his death, his wife acted as a regent for their minor son (c.649-655). His brother Vikramaditya I, appears to have restored Chalukya power as the supreme commander of the Chalukya army during this period, becoming the de facto ruler in the process.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=116-119}}
	* Ranaragha-varman is attested by the Honnur inscription dated to the 16th regnal year of his younger brother Vikramaditya. The inscription states that Ranaragha-varman's daughter was the wife of the Ganga prince Madhava, a subordinate of Vikramaditya.{{sfn\|T. V. Mahalingam\|1977\|p=73}}		* Ranaragha-varman is attested by the Honnur inscription dated to the 16th regnal year of his younger brother Vikramaditya. The inscription states that Ranaragha-varman's daughter was the wife of the Ganga prince Madhava, a subordinate of Vikramaditya.{{sfn\|T. V. Mahalingam\|1977\|p=73}}
	* [[Vikramaditya I]] restored the Chalukya power,{{sfn\|T. V. Mahalingam\|1977\|p=73}} and recaptured Vatapi from the Pallavas.{{sfn\|Abraham Eraly\|2011\|p=59}}		* [[Vikramaditya I]] (655-680) restored the Chalukya power,{{sfn\|T. V. Mahalingam\|1977\|p=73}} and recaptured Vatapi from the Pallavas.{{sfn\|Abraham Eraly\|2011\|p=59}}
	* [[Chalukyas of Navasarika#Dharashraya Jayasimhavarman\|Dharashraya Jayasimha-varman]], a younger brother of Vikramaditya, is attested by the 671 CE Navsari grant inscription.{{sfn\|T. V. Mahalingam\|1977\|p=73}}		* [[Chalukyas of Navasarika#Dharashraya Jayasimhavarman\|Dharashraya Jayasimha-varman]], a younger brother of Vikramaditya, is attested by the 671 CE Navsari grant inscription.{{sfn\|T. V. Mahalingam\|1977\|p=73}}

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	In the 1870s, architectural historian [[James Fergusson (architect)\|James Fergusson]] theorized that a painting at the [[Ajanta Caves\|Ajanta Cave 1]] depicted a Sasanian embassy to Pulakeshin's court. The painting depicts several figures in foreign dress: Fergusson identified the dress as Sasanian, and proposed that the Sasanian king sent a return embassy to the Chalukya kingdom.{{sfn\|Walter M. Spink\|2005\|p=181}} This theory was widely accepted by other scholars, but is no longer considered correct:{{sfn\|Walter M. Spink\|2005\|p=182}} the painting, which does indeed include the visit of foreigners in Persian or Sassanian dress, actually depicts a scene from the Maha-sudarsana [[Jataka tales\|Jataka]], in which the enthroned king can be identified as the [[Buddha]] in one of his previous births as a King.{{sfn\|Walter M. Spink\|2005\|p=183}} The inclusions of numerous men in Sassanian clothing in the caves of Ajanta seems to reflect the great number of Sassanian traders or workers in Central India at that time, and the fact that they were an object of intense interest by the Indians.{{sfn\|Walter M. Spink\|2005\|p=183}}		In the 1870s, architectural historian [[James Fergusson (architect)\|James Fergusson]] theorized that a painting at the [[Ajanta Caves\|Ajanta Cave 1]] depicted a Sasanian embassy to Pulakeshin's court. The painting depicts several figures in foreign dress: Fergusson identified the dress as Sasanian, and proposed that the Sasanian king sent a return embassy to the Chalukya kingdom.{{sfn\|Walter M. Spink\|2005\|p=181}} This theory was widely accepted by other scholars, but is no longer considered correct:{{sfn\|Walter M. Spink\|2005\|p=182}} the painting, which does indeed include the visit of foreigners in Persian or Sassanian dress, actually depicts a scene from the Maha-sudarsana [[Jataka tales\|Jataka]], in which the enthroned king can be identified as the [[Buddha]] in one of his previous births as a King.{{sfn\|Walter M. Spink\|2005\|p=183}} The inclusions of numerous men in Sassanian clothing in the caves of Ajanta seems to reflect the great number of Sassanian traders or workers in Central India at that time, and the fact that they were an object of intense interest by the Indians.{{sfn\|Walter M. Spink\|2005\|p=183}}

			The good relations between Indian and the [[Sasanian Empire]] encouraged the migration to India of [[Zoroastrians]], who were persecuted by the rise of [[Islam]]. They settled on the West coast of the Deccan and established the [[Parsi Community]].<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Publishing \|first1=Britannica Educational \|title=The History of India \|date=1 April 2010 \|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing \|isbn=978-1-61530-201-7 \|page=96 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdmcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 \|language=en}}</ref>

	== Religion ==		== Religion ==
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	Pulakeshin was a [[Vaishnavite]], as attested by the Lohner copper-plate inscription which calls him a Parama-bhagavata ("devotee of Vishnu"), and the Pimpalner copper-plate inscription which states that he belonged to the line of Vishnu. Several of his inscriptions begin with salutations to Vishnu, and bear seals with emblems that feature [[varaha]], an incarnation of Vishnu.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=68}}		Pulakeshin was a [[Vaishnavite]], as attested by the Lohner copper-plate inscription which calls him a Parama-bhagavata ("devotee of Vishnu"), and the Pimpalner copper-plate inscription which states that he belonged to the line of Vishnu. Several of his inscriptions begin with salutations to Vishnu, and bear seals with emblems that feature [[varaha]], an incarnation of Vishnu.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=68}}

	He was tolerant of other faiths: The construction of the [[Shaivite]] shrines now called the Upper Shivalaya, the Lower Shivalaya, and Malegitti Shivalaya, started during his reign.{{sfn\|B. Chaitanya Deva\|1989\|p=3}} The Chinese Buddhist pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] mentions that there were over 100 [[Buddhism\|Buddhist]] monasteries in his kingdom; over 5,000 monks - both Mahayana and Hinayana - lived in these monasteries.{{sfn\|Lal Mani Joshi\|1987\|p=40}} The Meguti [[Jainism\|Jain]] temple at ~~Vatapi~~ was also built during his reign, by Ravikirrti, who composed the [[Aihole inscription]] engraved on the wall of this temple.{{sfn\|B. Chaitanya Deva\|1989\|p=3}}{{sfn\|K. V. Ramesh\|1984\|p=90}}		He was tolerant of other faiths: The construction of the [[Shaivite]] shrines now called the Upper Shivalaya, the Lower Shivalaya, and Malegitti Shivalaya, started during his reign.{{sfn\|B. Chaitanya Deva\|1989\|p=3}} The Chinese Buddhist pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] mentions that there were over 100 [[Buddhism\|Buddhist]] monasteries in his kingdom; over 5,000 monks - both Mahayana and Hinayana - lived in these monasteries.{{sfn\|Lal Mani Joshi\|1987\|p=40}} The Meguti [[Jainism\|Jain]] temple at Aihole was also built during his reign, by Ravikirrti, who composed the [[Aihole inscription]] engraved on the wall of this temple.{{sfn\|B. Chaitanya Deva\|1989\|p=3}}{{sfn\|K. V. Ramesh\|1984\|p=90}}

	== Cultural activities ==		== Cultural activities ==
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	=== Bibliography ===		=== Bibliography ===
	{{commons category\|~~Pulakesi~~ II}}		{{commons category\|Pulakeshin II}}
	{{ref begin}}		{{ref begin}}
	* {{cite book \|author=Abraham Eraly \|author-link=Abraham Eraly \|title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA58 \|year=2011 \|publisher=Penguin Books India \|isbn=978-0-670-08478-4 }}		* {{cite book \|author=Abraham Eraly \|author-link=Abraham Eraly \|title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA58 \|year=2011 \|publisher=Penguin Books India \|isbn=978-0-670-08478-4 }}
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	* {{cite book \|author=K. V. Ramesh \|title=Chalukyas of Vātāpi \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAwhAAAAMAAJ \|year=1984 \|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan \|oclc=567370037 }}		* {{cite book \|author=K. V. Ramesh \|title=Chalukyas of Vātāpi \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAwhAAAAMAAJ \|year=1984 \|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan \|oclc=567370037 }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Lal Mani Joshi \|title=Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the Seventh and Eighth Centuries A.D. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-epU7NHNCOQC&pg=PA40 \|year=1987 \|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass \|isbn=978-81-208-0281-0 }}		* {{cite book \|author=Lal Mani Joshi \|title=Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the Seventh and Eighth Centuries A.D. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-epU7NHNCOQC&pg=PA40 \|year=1987 \|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass \|isbn=978-81-208-0281-0 }}
	* {{cite journal \|author1=Shreenand L. Bapat \|author2=Pradeep S. Sohoni \|title=The Bijapur-Mumbai copperplate grant of Călukya ruler Pulakeśin II, dated April 04, 619 CE, mentioning his triumph over emperor Harṣavardhana \|editor1=S. S. Bahulkar \|editor2=Shilpa Sumant \|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute ~~2012~~ \|volume=XCIII \|year=2017 \|pages=205–209 \|url=https://www.academia.edu/34011338 \|ref={{harvid\|P. S. Sohoni\|S. L. Bapat\|2017}} }}		* {{cite journal \|author1=Shreenand L. Bapat \|author2=Pradeep S. Sohoni \|title=The Bijapur-Mumbai copperplate grant of Călukya ruler Pulakeśin II, dated April 04, 619 CE, mentioning his triumph over emperor Harṣavardhana \|editor1=S. S. Bahulkar \|editor2=Shilpa Sumant \|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute \|volume=XCIII \|year=2017 \|pages=205–209 \|url=https://www.academia.edu/34011338 \|ref={{harvid\|P. S. Sohoni\|S. L. Bapat\|2017}} }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Sally Wriggins \|title=The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSYKO5zLgZkC&pg=PT132 \|year=2008 \|publisher=Basic Books \|isbn=978-0-7867-2544-1 }}		* {{cite book \|author=Sally Wriggins \|title=The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSYKO5zLgZkC&pg=PT132 \|year=2008 \|publisher=Basic Books \|isbn=978-0-7867-2544-1 }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Sandhya Jain \|title=The India They Saw \|volume=1 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1EkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA266 \|year=2011 \|publisher=Ocean Books \|isbn=978-81-8430-106-9 }}		* {{cite book \|author=Sandhya Jain \|title=The India They Saw \|volume=1 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1EkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA266 \|year=2011 \|publisher=Ocean Books \|isbn=978-81-8430-106-9 }}

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← Older revision		Revision as of 21:31, 21 June 2022
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	{{~~short~~ description\|610–642 ruler ~~of the Chalukya dynasty~~ of Vatapi, ~~present-day~~ India}}		{{Short description\|610–642 ruler of Vatapi (Badami, India)}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=~~January 2016~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2021}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2016}}
	{{Redirect\|Immadi Pulikeshi\|the 1967 Indian film\|Immadi Pulikeshi (film)}}{{Infobox royalty		{{Redirect\|Immadi Pulikeshi\|the 1967 Indian film\|Immadi Pulikeshi (film)}}{{Infobox royalty
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	== Military conquests ==		== Military conquests ==

	After Mangalesha's death, Pulakeshin appears to have faced opposition from multiple rivals, including those who were loyal to Mangalesha and those who wanted to take advantage of the turmoil resulting from the Chalukya war of succession.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=72}} The [[Aihole inscription]] declares that "the whole world was enveloped in the darkness that was the enemies". Pulakeshin subjugated these enemies, and established the Chalukyas as the dominant power in the Indian peninsula.{{sfn\|Abraham Eraly\|2011\|p=58}}		After [[Mangalesha]]'s death, Pulakeshin appears to have faced opposition from multiple rivals, including those who were loyal to Mangalesha and those who wanted to take advantage of the turmoil resulting from the Chalukya war of succession.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=72}} The [[Aihole inscription]] declares that "the whole world was enveloped in the darkness that was the enemies". Pulakeshin subjugated these enemies, and established the Chalukyas as the dominant power in the Indian peninsula.{{sfn\|Abraham Eraly\|2011\|p=58}}

	=== Appayika and Govinda ===		=== Appayika and Govinda ===
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	The Aihole inscription credits Pulakeshin with subjugating the [[Western Ganga dynasty\|Gangas]] of [[Talakadu\|Talakad]], who had matrimonial ties with the Kadambas. The Mahakuta pillar inscription of his predecessor Mangalesha states his father Kirttivarman also subjugated the Gangas. It is possible that the Gangas accepted the Chalukya suzerainty during Kirttivarman's reign, but subsequently gave up this allegiance taking advantage of the war of succession between Mangalesha and Pulakeshin. After Pulakeshin's victory over the Kadambas, the Gangas again accepted the Chalukya suzerainty, possibly without any military conflict.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=76}}		The Aihole inscription credits Pulakeshin with subjugating the [[Western Ganga dynasty\|Gangas]] of [[Talakadu\|Talakad]], who had matrimonial ties with the Kadambas. The Mahakuta pillar inscription of his predecessor Mangalesha states his father Kirttivarman also subjugated the Gangas. It is possible that the Gangas accepted the Chalukya suzerainty during Kirttivarman's reign, but subsequently gave up this allegiance taking advantage of the war of succession between Mangalesha and Pulakeshin. After Pulakeshin's victory over the Kadambas, the Gangas again accepted the Chalukya suzerainty, possibly without any military conflict.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=76}}

	The Ganga ruler [[Durvinita]] married his daughter to Pulakeshin;{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=76}} she was the mother of Pulakeshin's son [[Vikramaditya I]].{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=77}} The Gangas probably hoped to gain Chalukya support against the [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallavas]], who had captured the Kongunadu region from them. The Gangas subsequently defeated the Pallava ruler Kaduvetti of Kanchi.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=77}}		The Ganga ruler [[Durvinita]] married his daughter to Pulakeshin;{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=76}} she was the mother of Pulakeshin's son [[Vikramaditya I]].{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=77}} The Gangas probably hoped to gain Chalukya support against the [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallavas]], who had captured the [[Kongunadu]] region from them. The Gangas subsequently defeated the Pallava ruler Kaduvetti of Kanchi.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=77}}

	=== Mauryas of Konkana===		=== Mauryas of Konkana===
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	== War with the Pallavas and death ==		== War with the Pallavas and death ==
	{{see also\|Battle of Pullalur\|Battle of Vatapi}}		{{see also\|Battle of Pullalur\|Battle of Vatapi}}
	[[File:The defeat of Pulikesin II, the Chalukhya, byMahamalla Pallava at Badami.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|''"The defeat of Pulakeshin II, the ~~Chalukhya~~, by Mahamalla Pallava at Badami''", an artistic depiction of Pulakeshin's death]]		[[File:The defeat of Pulikesin II, the Chalukhya, byMahamalla Pallava at Badami.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|''"The defeat of Pulakeshin II, the Chalukya, by Mahamalla Pallava at Badami''", an artistic depiction of Pulakeshin's death]]

	The [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallavas]] were the southern neighbours of the Chalukyas. The Vishnukundins were their allies at the time, and Pulakeshin's subjugation of the Vishnukundins brought him in conflict with the Pallava king. The Chalukyas and the Pallavas fought several battles without conclusive results.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=93}}		The [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallavas]] were the southern neighbours of the Chalukyas. The Vishnukundins were their allies at the time, and Pulakeshin's subjugation of the Vishnukundins brought him in conflict with the Pallava king. The Chalukyas and the Pallavas fought several battles without conclusive results.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=93}}
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	By 641 CE, during Pulakeshin's lifetime, his brother [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana\|Vishnu-vardhana]] had carved out an independent kingdom in the eastern part of the Chalukya empire, resulting in the establishment of the [[Chalukyas of Vengi\|Chalukya dynasty of Vengi]].{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1960\|pp=216–217}}{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=95}} According to one theory, this arrangement may have happened with the approval of Pulakeshin, who did not want his brother to wage a war of succession like Mangalesha.{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1960\|p=217}}		By 641 CE, during Pulakeshin's lifetime, his brother [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana\|Vishnu-vardhana]] had carved out an independent kingdom in the eastern part of the Chalukya empire, resulting in the establishment of the [[Chalukyas of Vengi\|Chalukya dynasty of Vengi]].{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1960\|pp=216–217}}{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=95}} According to one theory, this arrangement may have happened with the approval of Pulakeshin, who did not want his brother to wage a war of succession like Mangalesha.{{sfn\|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri\|1960\|p=217}}

	Pulakeshin had ~~multiple~~ sons, and the order of succession after him is not clear from the available historical evidence:		Pulakeshin had seven sons, and the order of succession after him is not clear from the available historical evidence:

	* [[Adityavarman (Chalukya dynasty)\|Adityavarman]] is attested by his [[Kurnool]] inscription, which describes him as a powerful ruler and gives him imperial titles. Historian [[T. V. Mahalingam]] theorizes that Adityavarman was simply a former name of Vikramaditya I.{{sfn\|T. V. Mahalingam\|1977\|pp=75–76}} However, historian D. P. Dikshit disputes this identification, and believes that Adityavarman succeeded Pulakeshin, and in turn, was succeeded by his son [[Abhinavaditya]].{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=114–116}}		* [[Adityavarman (Chalukya dynasty)\|Adityavarman]] (c.643-645?) is attested by his [[Kurnool]] inscription, which describes him as a powerful ruler and gives him imperial titles. Historian [[T. V. Mahalingam]] theorizes that Adityavarman was simply a former name of Vikramaditya I.{{sfn\|T. V. Mahalingam\|1977\|pp=75–76}} However, historian D. P. Dikshit disputes this identification, and believes that Adityavarman succeeded Pulakeshin, and in turn, was succeeded by his son [[Abhinavaditya]] (c.645-646?).{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=114–116}}
	* [[Chandraditya (Chalukya dynasty)\|Chandraditya]] is attested by the Nerur and Kochre grant inscriptions of his wife [[Vijaya-Bhattarika]], which accord him imperial titles, but are dated in the regnal years of his wife. It is possible that Chandraditya held the throne after Abhinavaditya, and after his death, his wife acted as a regent for their minor son. His brother Vikramaditya I, appears to have restored Chalukya power as the supreme commander of the Chalukya army during this period, becoming the de facto ruler in the process.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=116-119}}		* [[Chandraditya (Chalukya dynasty)\|Chandraditya]] (c.646-649?) attested by the Nerur and Kochre grant inscriptions of his wife [[Vijaya-Bhattarika]], which accord him imperial titles, but are dated in the regnal years of his wife. It is possible that Chandraditya held the throne after Abhinavaditya, and after his death, his wife acted as a regent for their minor son (c.649-655). His brother Vikramaditya I, appears to have restored Chalukya power as the supreme commander of the Chalukya army during this period, becoming the de facto ruler in the process.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|pp=116-119}}
	* Ranaragha-varman is attested by the Honnur inscription dated to the 16th regnal year of his younger brother Vikramaditya. The inscription states that Ranaragha-varman's daughter was the wife of the Ganga prince Madhava, a subordinate of Vikramaditya.{{sfn\|T. V. Mahalingam\|1977\|p=73}}		* Ranaragha-varman is attested by the Honnur inscription dated to the 16th regnal year of his younger brother Vikramaditya. The inscription states that Ranaragha-varman's daughter was the wife of the Ganga prince Madhava, a subordinate of Vikramaditya.{{sfn\|T. V. Mahalingam\|1977\|p=73}}
	* [[Vikramaditya I]] restored the Chalukya power,{{sfn\|T. V. Mahalingam\|1977\|p=73}} and recaptured Vatapi from the Pallavas.{{sfn\|Abraham Eraly\|2011\|p=59}}		* [[Vikramaditya I]] (655-680) restored the Chalukya power,{{sfn\|T. V. Mahalingam\|1977\|p=73}} and recaptured Vatapi from the Pallavas.{{sfn\|Abraham Eraly\|2011\|p=59}}
	* [[Chalukyas of Navasarika#Dharashraya Jayasimhavarman\|Dharashraya Jayasimha-varman]], a younger brother of Vikramaditya, is attested by the 671 CE Navsari grant inscription.{{sfn\|T. V. Mahalingam\|1977\|p=73}}		* [[Chalukyas of Navasarika#Dharashraya Jayasimhavarman\|Dharashraya Jayasimha-varman]], a younger brother of Vikramaditya, is attested by the 671 CE Navsari grant inscription.{{sfn\|T. V. Mahalingam\|1977\|p=73}}

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	In the 1870s, architectural historian [[James Fergusson (architect)\|James Fergusson]] theorized that a painting at the [[Ajanta Caves\|Ajanta Cave 1]] depicted a Sasanian embassy to Pulakeshin's court. The painting depicts several figures in foreign dress: Fergusson identified the dress as Sasanian, and proposed that the Sasanian king sent a return embassy to the Chalukya kingdom.{{sfn\|Walter M. Spink\|2005\|p=181}} This theory was widely accepted by other scholars, but is no longer considered correct:{{sfn\|Walter M. Spink\|2005\|p=182}} the painting, which does indeed include the visit of foreigners in Persian or Sassanian dress, actually depicts a scene from the Maha-sudarsana [[Jataka tales\|Jataka]], in which the enthroned king can be identified as the [[Buddha]] in one of his previous births as a King.{{sfn\|Walter M. Spink\|2005\|p=183}} The inclusions of numerous men in Sassanian clothing in the caves of Ajanta seems to reflect the great number of Sassanian traders or workers in Central India at that time, and the fact that they were an object of intense interest by the Indians.{{sfn\|Walter M. Spink\|2005\|p=183}}		In the 1870s, architectural historian [[James Fergusson (architect)\|James Fergusson]] theorized that a painting at the [[Ajanta Caves\|Ajanta Cave 1]] depicted a Sasanian embassy to Pulakeshin's court. The painting depicts several figures in foreign dress: Fergusson identified the dress as Sasanian, and proposed that the Sasanian king sent a return embassy to the Chalukya kingdom.{{sfn\|Walter M. Spink\|2005\|p=181}} This theory was widely accepted by other scholars, but is no longer considered correct:{{sfn\|Walter M. Spink\|2005\|p=182}} the painting, which does indeed include the visit of foreigners in Persian or Sassanian dress, actually depicts a scene from the Maha-sudarsana [[Jataka tales\|Jataka]], in which the enthroned king can be identified as the [[Buddha]] in one of his previous births as a King.{{sfn\|Walter M. Spink\|2005\|p=183}} The inclusions of numerous men in Sassanian clothing in the caves of Ajanta seems to reflect the great number of Sassanian traders or workers in Central India at that time, and the fact that they were an object of intense interest by the Indians.{{sfn\|Walter M. Spink\|2005\|p=183}}

			The good relations between Indian and the [[Sasanian Empire]] encouraged the migration to India of [[Zoroastrians]], who were persecuted by the rise of [[Islam]]. They settled on the West coast of the Deccan and established the [[Parsi Community]].<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Publishing \|first1=Britannica Educational \|title=The History of India \|date=1 April 2010 \|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing \|isbn=978-1-61530-201-7 \|page=96 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdmcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 \|language=en}}</ref>

	== Religion ==		== Religion ==
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	Pulakeshin was a [[Vaishnavite]], as attested by the Lohner copper-plate inscription which calls him a Parama-bhagavata ("devotee of Vishnu"), and the Pimpalner copper-plate inscription which states that he belonged to the line of Vishnu. Several of his inscriptions begin with salutations to Vishnu, and bear seals with emblems that feature [[varaha]], an incarnation of Vishnu.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=68}}		Pulakeshin was a [[Vaishnavite]], as attested by the Lohner copper-plate inscription which calls him a Parama-bhagavata ("devotee of Vishnu"), and the Pimpalner copper-plate inscription which states that he belonged to the line of Vishnu. Several of his inscriptions begin with salutations to Vishnu, and bear seals with emblems that feature [[varaha]], an incarnation of Vishnu.{{sfn\|Durga Prasad Dikshit\|1980\|p=68}}

	He was tolerant of other faiths: The construction of the [[Shaivite]] shrines now called the Upper Shivalaya, the Lower Shivalaya, and Malegitti Shivalaya, started during his reign.{{sfn\|B. Chaitanya Deva\|1989\|p=3}} The Chinese Buddhist pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] mentions that there were over 100 [[Buddhism\|Buddhist]] monasteries in his kingdom; over 5,000 monks - both Mahayana and Hinayana - lived in these monasteries.{{sfn\|Lal Mani Joshi\|1987\|p=40}} The Meguti [[Jainism\|Jain]] temple at ~~Vatapi~~ was also built during his reign, by Ravikirrti, who composed the [[Aihole inscription]] engraved on the wall of this temple.{{sfn\|B. Chaitanya Deva\|1989\|p=3}}{{sfn\|K. V. Ramesh\|1984\|p=90}}		He was tolerant of other faiths: The construction of the [[Shaivite]] shrines now called the Upper Shivalaya, the Lower Shivalaya, and Malegitti Shivalaya, started during his reign.{{sfn\|B. Chaitanya Deva\|1989\|p=3}} The Chinese Buddhist pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] mentions that there were over 100 [[Buddhism\|Buddhist]] monasteries in his kingdom; over 5,000 monks - both Mahayana and Hinayana - lived in these monasteries.{{sfn\|Lal Mani Joshi\|1987\|p=40}} The Meguti [[Jainism\|Jain]] temple at Aihole was also built during his reign, by Ravikirrti, who composed the [[Aihole inscription]] engraved on the wall of this temple.{{sfn\|B. Chaitanya Deva\|1989\|p=3}}{{sfn\|K. V. Ramesh\|1984\|p=90}}

	== Cultural activities ==		== Cultural activities ==
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	=== Bibliography ===		=== Bibliography ===
	{{commons category\|~~Pulakesi~~ II}}		{{commons category\|Pulakeshin II}}
	{{ref begin}}		{{ref begin}}
	* {{cite book \|author=Abraham Eraly \|author-link=Abraham Eraly \|title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA58 \|year=2011 \|publisher=Penguin Books India \|isbn=978-0-670-08478-4 }}		* {{cite book \|author=Abraham Eraly \|author-link=Abraham Eraly \|title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA58 \|year=2011 \|publisher=Penguin Books India \|isbn=978-0-670-08478-4 }}
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	* {{cite book \|author=K. V. Ramesh \|title=Chalukyas of Vātāpi \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAwhAAAAMAAJ \|year=1984 \|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan \|oclc=567370037 }}		* {{cite book \|author=K. V. Ramesh \|title=Chalukyas of Vātāpi \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAwhAAAAMAAJ \|year=1984 \|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan \|oclc=567370037 }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Lal Mani Joshi \|title=Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the Seventh and Eighth Centuries A.D. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-epU7NHNCOQC&pg=PA40 \|year=1987 \|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass \|isbn=978-81-208-0281-0 }}		* {{cite book \|author=Lal Mani Joshi \|title=Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the Seventh and Eighth Centuries A.D. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-epU7NHNCOQC&pg=PA40 \|year=1987 \|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass \|isbn=978-81-208-0281-0 }}
	* {{cite journal \|author1=Shreenand L. Bapat \|author2=Pradeep S. Sohoni \|title=The Bijapur-Mumbai copperplate grant of Călukya ruler Pulakeśin II, dated April 04, 619 CE, mentioning his triumph over emperor Harṣavardhana \|editor1=S. S. Bahulkar \|editor2=Shilpa Sumant \|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute ~~2012~~ \|volume=XCIII \|year=2017 \|pages=205–209 \|url=https://www.academia.edu/34011338 \|ref={{harvid\|P. S. Sohoni\|S. L. Bapat\|2017}} }}		* {{cite journal \|author1=Shreenand L. Bapat \|author2=Pradeep S. Sohoni \|title=The Bijapur-Mumbai copperplate grant of Călukya ruler Pulakeśin II, dated April 04, 619 CE, mentioning his triumph over emperor Harṣavardhana \|editor1=S. S. Bahulkar \|editor2=Shilpa Sumant \|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute \|volume=XCIII \|year=2017 \|pages=205–209 \|url=https://www.academia.edu/34011338 \|ref={{harvid\|P. S. Sohoni\|S. L. Bapat\|2017}} }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Sally Wriggins \|title=The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSYKO5zLgZkC&pg=PT132 \|year=2008 \|publisher=Basic Books \|isbn=978-0-7867-2544-1 }}		* {{cite book \|author=Sally Wriggins \|title=The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSYKO5zLgZkC&pg=PT132 \|year=2008 \|publisher=Basic Books \|isbn=978-0-7867-2544-1 }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Sandhya Jain \|title=The India They Saw \|volume=1 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1EkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA266 \|year=2011 \|publisher=Ocean Books \|isbn=978-81-8430-106-9 }}		* {{cite book \|author=Sandhya Jain \|title=The India They Saw \|volume=1 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1EkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA266 \|year=2011 \|publisher=Ocean Books \|isbn=978-81-8430-106-9 }}