Pug - Revision history

https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Pug Pug - Revision history 2026-11-14T15:40:13Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pug&diff=90564&oldid=prev WikiDwarfBOT: clean up, replaced: Wikipedia: → Bharatpedia: 2021-05-31T11:13:51Z

<p>clean up, replaced: Wikipedia: → Bharatpedia:</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:43, 31 May 2021</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Infobox Dogbreed</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Infobox Dogbreed</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> for full explanation of the syntax used in this template. --></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| altname = Chinese pug</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| altname = Chinese pug</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l76">Line 76:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 76:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since pugs lack longer snouts and prominent [[Supraorbital ridge|skeletal brow ridges]], they are susceptible to eye injuries such as [[proptosis]], scratched [[cornea]]s, and painful [[entropion]].<ref name="Pugs in public" /> They also have compact breathing passageways, leaving many prone to breathing difficulties or unable to efficiently regulate their temperature through [[evaporation]] from the [[tongue]] by [[Thermoregulation|panting]]. A Pug's normal body temperature is between {{convert|101|°F|°C}} and {{convert|102|°F|°C}}. If this temperature rises to {{convert|105|°F|°C}}, oxygen demand is greatly increased and immediate cooling is required. If body temperature reaches {{convert|108|°F|°C}}, organ failure can occur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ownedbypugs.com/index.php/articles/archives/keeping_your_pug_cool_during_the_dog_days_of_summer/ |title=Keeping your Pug cool during the dog days of summer |date=18 July 2005 |work=OwnedByPugs.com |access-date=26 December 2009}}</ref> Their breathing problems can be worsened by the stresses of travelling in air cargo, which may involve high temperatures. Following the deaths of pugs and other [[brachycephalic]] breeds, several airlines either banned their transport in cargo or enacted seasonal restrictions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.avma.org/public/PetCare/Pages/Short-nosed-Dogs-and-Air-Travel-FAQs.aspx |publisher=[[American Veterinary Medical Association]] |title=Air Travel and Short-Nosed Dogs FAQ |access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/nyregion/banned-by-many-airlines-these-bulldogs-fly-private.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Christine |last=Haughney |title=Banned by Many Airlines, These Bulldogs Fly Private |access-date=7 July 2014 |date=26 October 2011}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since pugs lack longer snouts and prominent [[Supraorbital ridge|skeletal brow ridges]], they are susceptible to eye injuries such as [[proptosis]], scratched [[cornea]]s, and painful [[entropion]].<ref name="Pugs in public" /> They also have compact breathing passageways, leaving many prone to breathing difficulties or unable to efficiently regulate their temperature through [[evaporation]] from the [[tongue]] by [[Thermoregulation|panting]]. A Pug's normal body temperature is between {{convert|101|°F|°C}} and {{convert|102|°F|°C}}. If this temperature rises to {{convert|105|°F|°C}}, oxygen demand is greatly increased and immediate cooling is required. If body temperature reaches {{convert|108|°F|°C}}, organ failure can occur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ownedbypugs.com/index.php/articles/archives/keeping_your_pug_cool_during_the_dog_days_of_summer/ |title=Keeping your Pug cool during the dog days of summer |date=18 July 2005 |work=OwnedByPugs.com |access-date=26 December 2009}}</ref> Their breathing problems can be worsened by the stresses of travelling in air cargo, which may involve high temperatures. Following the deaths of pugs and other [[brachycephalic]] breeds, several airlines either banned their transport in cargo or enacted seasonal restrictions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.avma.org/public/PetCare/Pages/Short-nosed-Dogs-and-Air-Travel-FAQs.aspx |publisher=[[American Veterinary Medical Association]] |title=Air Travel and Short-Nosed Dogs FAQ |access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/nyregion/banned-by-many-airlines-these-bulldogs-fly-private.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Christine |last=Haughney |title=Banned by Many Airlines, These Bulldogs Fly Private |access-date=7 July 2014 |date=26 October 2011}}</ref></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Pugs that live a mostly sedentary life can be prone to [[obesity]], though this is avoidable with regular exercise and a healthy diet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.puginformation.org/obesity-in-pugs.html |title=Obesity in Pugs |work=PugInformation.org |access-date=26 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108195357/http://www.puginformation.org/obesity-in-pugs.html |archive-date=8 January 2010 }}</ref> Obesity should be considered a health priority in Pugs because of the high prevalence, associated health problems and reversible nature of the disorder. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=O’Neill|first=Dan G.|last2=Darwent|first2=Elisabeth C.|last3=Church|first3=David B.|last4=Brodbelt|first4=Dave C.|date=2016-06-10|title=Demography and health of Pugs under primary veterinary care in England|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-016-0035-z|journal=Canine Genetics and Epidemiology|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=5|doi=10.1186/s40575-016-0035-z|issn=2052-6687|pmc=4903005|pmid=27293771}}</ref> The median life span of Pugs is 11 years, which is in line with other breeds of the same size.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/download/1615/hspug.pdf |title=2004 KC/BSAVA Purebred Dog Health Survey |access-date=4 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607035241/http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/download/1615/hspug.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2012 }}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Pugs that live a mostly sedentary life can be prone to [[obesity]], though this is avoidable with regular exercise and a healthy diet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.puginformation.org/obesity-in-pugs.html |title=Obesity in Pugs |work=PugInformation.org |access-date=26 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108195357/http://www.puginformation.org/obesity-in-pugs.html |archive-date=8 January 2010 }}</ref> Obesity should be considered a health priority in Pugs because of the high prevalence, associated health problems and reversible nature of the disorder.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=O’Neill|first=Dan G.|last2=Darwent|first2=Elisabeth C.|last3=Church|first3=David B.|last4=Brodbelt|first4=Dave C.|date=2016-06-10|title=Demography and health of Pugs under primary veterinary care in England|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-016-0035-z|journal=Canine Genetics and Epidemiology|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=5|doi=10.1186/s40575-016-0035-z|issn=2052-6687|pmc=4903005|pmid=27293771}}</ref> The median life span of Pugs is 11 years, which is in line with other breeds of the same size.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/download/1615/hspug.pdf |title=2004 KC/BSAVA Purebred Dog Health Survey |access-date=4 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607035241/http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/download/1615/hspug.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2012 }}</ref></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Common conditions===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Common conditions===</div></td></tr> </table>

WikiDwarfBOT https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pug&diff=80900&oldid=prev WikiDwarf: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox Dogbreed <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Dog breeds#Infobox Dogbreed template for full explanation of the syntax used in this..." 2021-05-10T03:21:30Z

<p>Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox Dogbreed <br /> | altname = Chinese pug<br /> | country =[[Ming dynasty|China (Ming dynasty)]]<ref name="AKC History" /><br /> | fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/253g09-en.pdf<br /> | image = Mops oct09 cropped2.jpg<br /> | image_caption = A fawn-coloured pug, the most common colouring<br /> | name = Pug<br /> <br /> | kc_name = [[China Kennel Union]]<br /> | kc_std = http://www.cku.org.cn/breed/dog/253<br /> }}<br /> The '''pug''' is a breed of [[dog]] with physically distinctive features of a wrinkly, short-muzzled face, and curled tail. The breed has a fine, glossy coat that comes in a variety of colours, most often light brown ([[Fawn (colour)|fawn]]) or black, and a compact, square body with well-developed muscles.<br /> <br /> Pugs were brought from China to Europe in the sixteenth century and were popularized in [[Western Europe]] by the [[House of Orange-Nassau|House of Orange]] of the [[Netherlands]], and the [[House of Stuart]].<ref name="Pugs in public" /> In the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], in the nineteenth century, [[Queen Victoria]] developed a passion for pugs which she passed on to other members of the Royal family.<br /> <br /> Pugs are known for being sociable and gentle [[companion dog]]s.<ref name="Morn">{{cite book |last=Morn |first=September |title=Our Best Friends: The Pug |date=2010 |publisher=Pittsburgh: ElDorado Ink |pages=11, 14–15 |isbn=9781932904710 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBwwEZsjJp4C&q=pug+sociable&pg=PA11 |access-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> The [[American Kennel Club]] describes the breed's personality as "even-tempered and charming".<ref name="AKC Breed Standard" /> Pugs remain popular into the twenty-first century, with some famous celebrity owners.<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> <br /> [[File:Pug in Tallinn.JPG|thumb|alt=A fawn pug puppy.|A fawn Pug puppy]]<br /> <br /> ===Physical characteristics===<br /> <br /> While the pugs that are depicted in eighteenth century prints tend to be long and lean,<ref name="Pugs in public">{{cite book |last=Farr |first=Kendall |author2=Montague, Sarah |title=Pugs in Public |year=1999 |publisher=Stewart, Tabori & Chang, a division of U.S. Media Holdings |location=New York |isbn=1-55670-939-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/pugsinpublic00farr }}</ref> modern breed preferences are for a square [[Cobby dog|cobby]] body, a compact form, a deep chest, and well-developed muscle.<ref name="AKC Breed Standard">{{cite web|url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/pug/ |title=American Kennel Club - Pug |work=AKC.org |access-date=14 October 2008}}</ref> Their smooth and glossy coats can be fawn, apricot fawn, silver fawn, or black.<ref name="AKC Breed Standard" /><ref>Color: The colors are fawn or black. The fawn color should be decided so as to make the contrast complete between the color and the trace and mask.</ref> The markings are clearly defined and there is a trace of a black line extending from the occiput to the tail.<ref name="AKC Breed Standard" /> The tail normally curls tightly over the hip.<ref name="Pugs in public" /><br /> <br /> Pugs have two distinct shapes for their ears, "rose" and "button". "Rose" ears are smaller than the standard style of "button" ears, and are folded with the front edge against the side of the head. Breeding preference goes to "button" style ears.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pugs.org/IS/ears.htm |title=Ears |work=Pugs.org |publisher=Pug Dog Club of America |access-date=14 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015072916/http://www.pugs.org/IS/ears.htm |archive-date=15 October 2008 }}</ref><br /> <br /> Pugs' legs are strong, straight, of moderate length and are set well under. Their shoulders are moderately laid back. Their ankles are strong, their feet are small, their toes are well split-up, and their nails are black.<ref name="AKC Breed Standard" /> The lower teeth normally protrude further than their upper, resulting in an under-bite.<ref name="AKC History" /><br /> <br /> ===Temperament===<br /> This breed is often described by the Latin phrase ''multum in parvo'', or "much in little" or "a lot of dog in a small space", alluding to the Pug's remarkable and charming personality, despite its small size.<ref name="AKC History">{{cite web| url=http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/pug/detail/#history| title=American Kennel Club - Pug History |work=AKC.org |publisher=[[American Kennel Club]]| access-date=19 August 2006}}</ref> Pugs are strong willed but rarely aggressive, and are suitable for families with children. The majority of the breed is very fond of children and sturdy enough to properly play with them. Depending on their owner's mood, they can be quiet and docile but also vivacious and teasing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.puginformation.org/pug-temperament-character.html |title=Pug Temperament and Personality |work=PugInformation.org |access-date=26 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227112815/http://www.puginformation.org/pug-temperament-character.html |archive-date=27 December 2009 }}</ref> Pugs tend to be intuitive and sensitive to the moods of their owners and are usually eager to please them.<ref name="Morn"/> Pugs are playful and thrive on human companionship. They also tend to have a snoozy nature and spend a lot of time napping. Pugs are often called "shadows" because they follow their owners around and like to stay close to the action,<ref name=PetWave>{{cite web |title=Pug - Temperament & Personality |url=http://www.petwave.com/Dogs/Breeds/Pug/Personality.aspx |website=www.petwave.com |publisher=PetWave Corporation |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> craving attention and affection from their owners.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pugminded: Personality|url=http://pugminded.com/pugpersonality.html|work=pugminded.com|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526131453/http://pugminded.com/pugpersonality.html|archive-date=26 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Belmonte |first=Brenda |title=The Pug Handbook |date=2004 |publisher=Barron's Educational Series Inc. |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/pughandbook0000belm/page/13 13] |url=https://archive.org/details/pughandbook0000belm|url-access=registration |quote=pug craves attention. }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Birth and reproduction===<br /> Pug pregnancies last an average of 63 days. The average sized litter for Pugs is 4 to 6 puppies, though this can vary from 1 to 9 and still be considered normal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petpugdog.com/pug-dog-pregnancy|title=Pug Dog Pregnancy|work=petpugdog.com}}</ref><br /> <br /> <gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="5"><br /> File:Pug 600.jpg|The breed has strong, straight legs set well under the body and a tail that curls over the hip.<br /> File:Pug sitting on the ground.png|Pure-bred pugs are known for their unique facial wrinkles.<br /> File:Sad-pug.jpg|Eyes should be large with a rounded shape and dark in color.<br /> File:Black pug puppy.png|Fawn is the most common color for a pug, but the [[American Kennel Club]] also recognizes the color black. The [[Canadian Kennel Club]] recognizes the colors black, silver, apricot, and fawn.<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:William Hogarth 006.jpg|thumb|alt=A man wearing a red robe and a black hat in a mirror. A small yellow dog with a black nose and ears stands beside the mirror.|[[William Hogarth]] with his Pug, [[Trump (dog)|Trump]], in 1745.]]<br /> [[File:Louis-Michel van Loo Princess Ekaterina Dmitrievna Golitsyna.jpg|thumb|right| A portrait of Princess Ekaterina Dmitrievna Golitsyna by [[Louis-Michel van Loo]] (1759)<br/>Moscow, [[Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts]]]]<br /> [[File:Henry Bernard Chalon - A favourite Pug bitch (1802).jpg|thumb|A pug depicted in 1802, by [[Henry Bernard Chalon]]]]<br /> <br /> ===Chinese origins===<br /> Pugs were brought from China to Europe in the sixteenth century.<ref name="Pugs in public" /> Similar dogs were popular in the Imperial court during the [[Song Dynasty]].<ref name="Dogs of China and Japan">{{cite book|last=Collier|first=V. W. F.|title=Dogs of China & Japan, in nature and art|year=1921|publisher=W. Heinemann, London|page=[https://archive.org/details/dogsofchinajapan00collrich/page/147 147]|url=https://archive.org/details/dogsofchinajapan00collrich|quote=The Lo-chiang dog was a "pai" dog and consequently small, "short-headed," and "short-legged" before A.D. 1000. It was very possibly the Chinese Pug and appears to have been fashionable at the Chinese court from the beginning of the eighth century to the middle of the eleventh century possibly even to the removal of the capital from Hsianfu to Peking, about A.D. 1153.}}</ref><br /> <br /> In ancient times, Pugs were bred to be companions for ruling families in China. The pet Pugs were highly valued by Chinese Emperors, and the royal dogs were kept in luxury and guarded by soldiers.<ref name="Morn" /> Pugs later spread to other parts of Asia. In [[Tibet]], Buddhist monks kept Pugs as pets in their monasteries.<ref name="Morn"/> The breed has retained its affectionate devotion to its owners since ancient times.<ref name="Morn" /><br /> <br /> ===16th and 17th centuries===<br /> Pugs were popular at European courts, and reportedly become the official dog of the [[House of Orange]] in 1572 after a Pug named [[Pompey (dog)|Pompey]] saved the life of the Prince of Orange by alerting him to the approach of assassins.<ref name=" AKC History" /><br /> <br /> A Pug travelled with [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] when they left the Netherlands to accept the throne of England in 1688.<ref name="Pugs in public" /> During this period, the Pug may have been bred with the old type King Charles spaniel, giving the modern [[King Charles spaniel|King Charles Spaniel]] its Pug characteristics.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cavalier King Charles Spaniel: Your Happy Healthy Pet |last=Moffat |first=Norma |date=27 March 2006 |publisher=Howell Book House |edition=2nd |isbn=0-471-74823-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780471748236/page/19 19] |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780471748236/page/19 }}</ref><br /> <br /> The breed eventually became popular in other European countries as well. Pugs were painted by [[Francisco Goya|Goya]] in [[Spain]], and in [[Italy]] they rode up front on private carriages, dressed in jackets and pantaloons that matched those of the coachman. They were used by the [[military]] to track animals and people, and were also employed as [[guard dog]]s.<ref name="Pugs in public"/><br /> <br /> ===18th century to present day===<br /> The English painter [[William Hogarth]] was the devoted owner of a series of Pugs. His 1745 self-portrait, which is now in London's [[Tate Gallery]], includes his Pug, [[Trump (dog)|Trump]].<ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/hogarth-the-painter-and-his-pug-n00112 William Hogarth. The Painter and his Pug, 1745.] Tate Gallery, London, England. ''www.tate.org.uk''. Retrieved 9 April 2013.</ref> The Pug was also well known in Italy. In 1789, author [[Hester Thrale|Hester Piozzi]] wrote in her journal, "The little Pug dog or Dutch mastiff has quitted London for [[Padua]], I perceive. Every carriage I meet here has a Pug in it."<ref name="maggitti">{{cite book |title=Pugs: Everything about Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Behavior, and Training |last=Maggitti |first=Phil |year=2000 |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |isbn=978-0-7641-1045-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pugscompletepeto00phil/page/10 10] |url=https://archive.org/details/pugscompletepeto00phil |url-access=registration |quote=pug. |access-date=17 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="Swainston-Goodger2013">{{cite book|author=Wilhelmina Swainston-Goodger|title=The Pug-Dog - Its History and Origin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9d8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT50|date=5 March 2013|publisher=Read Books Limited|isbn=978-1-4474-8817-0|pages=50–}}</ref><br /> <br /> The popularity of the Pug continued to spread in France during the eighteenth century. Before her marriage to [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]], [[Joséphine de Beauharnais|Joséphine]] had her Pug Fortune carry concealed messages to her family while she was confined at Les Carmes prison, it having alone been given visiting rights.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Katharine Macdonogh | date = August 1996 | title = Prison Pets in the French Revolution | journal = History Today | volume = 46 }}</ref><br /> <br /> In nineteenth century England, the breed flourished under the patronage of [[Queen Victoria]]. Her many Pugs, which she bred herself, included Olga, Pedro, Minka, Fatima and Venus.<ref name="Pugs in public" /> Her involvement with dogs in general helped to establish the [[Kennel Club]], which was formed in 1873.<ref name="Pugs in public" /> Queen Victoria favored apricot and fawn colors. Queen Victoria's passion for Pugs was passed on to many other members of the Royal family, including her grandson [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/eGallery/object.asp?searchText=photo&x=0&y=0&object=2107790&row=81|title=Royal Collection - The Duke of York holding a pug|work=royalcollection.org.uk}}</ref> and his son [[King Edward VIII]]. Many responded to the breed's image of anti-functionalism and diminutive size during this period.<ref>Yang, C. (2012). Culture in Miniature: Toy Dogs and Object Life. Eighteenth Century Fiction, 25(1), 139-174.</ref><br /> <br /> In paintings and engravings of the 18th and 19th centuries, Pugs usually appear with longer legs and noses than today, and sometimes with cropped ears. The modern Pug's appearance probably changed after 1860 when a new wave of Pugs were imported directly from China. These Pugs had shorter legs and the modern-style Pug nose. The British [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocrat]] Lady Brassey is credited with making black Pugs fashionable after she brought some back from [[China]] in 1886.<ref name="AKC History" /><ref name="Pugs in public" /> Ear cropping was made illegal in 1895.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bulldoginformation.com/pugs-in-art.html |title=Pugs in Art |work=The Bulldog Information Library |access-date=17 January 2010}}</ref><br /> <br /> Pugs arrived in the [[United States]] during the nineteenth century and were soon making their way into the family home and the show ring.<ref name="Pugs in public" /> The [[American Kennel Club]] recognized the breed in 1885. The Pug Dog Club of America was founded in 1931 and was recognized by the American Kennel Club that same year. In 1981, the Pug ''Dhandys Favorite Woodchuck'' won the [[Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show]] in the United States, the only Pug to have won there since the show began in 1877.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dogchannel.com/dog-books/dog-breed-books/pug-black.aspx |title=History of the Pug |first=Juliette |last=Cunliffe |work=DogChannel.com |access-date=26 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513034836/http://www.dogchannel.com/dog-books/dog-breed-books/pug-black.aspx |archive-date=13 May 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The World Champion, or Best in Show at the 2004 [[World Dog Show]] held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was a Pug named ''Double D Cinoblu's Masterpiece''.<ref name="milano">{{cite web|date=27 February 2014|title=Interview with Ann Joe Sampaio, owner of Double D Cinoblu's Masterpiece|url=http://www.wds2015.com/blog/en/intervista-ann-joe-sampaio-proprietaria-double-d-cinoblus-masterpiece/|access-date=18 April 2016|publisher=[[World Dog Show]] 2015}}</ref><br /> <br /> ==Health problems==<br /> <br /> Since pugs lack longer snouts and prominent [[Supraorbital ridge|skeletal brow ridges]], they are susceptible to eye injuries such as [[proptosis]], scratched [[cornea]]s, and painful [[entropion]].<ref name="Pugs in public" /> They also have compact breathing passageways, leaving many prone to breathing difficulties or unable to efficiently regulate their temperature through [[evaporation]] from the [[tongue]] by [[Thermoregulation|panting]]. A Pug's normal body temperature is between {{convert|101|°F|°C}} and {{convert|102|°F|°C}}. If this temperature rises to {{convert|105|°F|°C}}, oxygen demand is greatly increased and immediate cooling is required. If body temperature reaches {{convert|108|°F|°C}}, organ failure can occur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ownedbypugs.com/index.php/articles/archives/keeping_your_pug_cool_during_the_dog_days_of_summer/ |title=Keeping your Pug cool during the dog days of summer |date=18 July 2005 |work=OwnedByPugs.com |access-date=26 December 2009}}</ref> Their breathing problems can be worsened by the stresses of travelling in air cargo, which may involve high temperatures. Following the deaths of pugs and other [[brachycephalic]] breeds, several airlines either banned their transport in cargo or enacted seasonal restrictions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.avma.org/public/PetCare/Pages/Short-nosed-Dogs-and-Air-Travel-FAQs.aspx |publisher=[[American Veterinary Medical Association]] |title=Air Travel and Short-Nosed Dogs FAQ |access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/nyregion/banned-by-many-airlines-these-bulldogs-fly-private.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Christine |last=Haughney |title=Banned by Many Airlines, These Bulldogs Fly Private |access-date=7 July 2014 |date=26 October 2011}}</ref><br /> <br /> Pugs that live a mostly sedentary life can be prone to [[obesity]], though this is avoidable with regular exercise and a healthy diet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.puginformation.org/obesity-in-pugs.html |title=Obesity in Pugs |work=PugInformation.org |access-date=26 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108195357/http://www.puginformation.org/obesity-in-pugs.html |archive-date=8 January 2010 }}</ref> Obesity should be considered a health priority in Pugs because of the high prevalence, associated health problems and reversible nature of the disorder. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=O’Neill|first=Dan G.|last2=Darwent|first2=Elisabeth C.|last3=Church|first3=David B.|last4=Brodbelt|first4=Dave C.|date=2016-06-10|title=Demography and health of Pugs under primary veterinary care in England|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-016-0035-z|journal=Canine Genetics and Epidemiology|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=5|doi=10.1186/s40575-016-0035-z|issn=2052-6687|pmc=4903005|pmid=27293771}}</ref> The median life span of Pugs is 11 years, which is in line with other breeds of the same size.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/download/1615/hspug.pdf |title=2004 KC/BSAVA Purebred Dog Health Survey |access-date=4 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607035241/http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/download/1615/hspug.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2012 }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Common conditions===<br /> <br /> [[File:Mops 555.jpg|thumb|upright|An overweight pug]]<br /> Pugs, like other short-snouted breeds, have elongated palates. When excited, they are prone to "[[reverse sneezing]]" which causes them to quickly (and seemingly laboriously) gasp and snort. The veterinary name for this is [[Pharyngeal reflex|pharyngeal gag reflex]] and it is caused by fluid or debris getting caught under the palate and irritating the throat or limiting breathing. Reverse sneezing episodes are usually not harmful, and massaging the dog's throat or covering its nose in order to make it breathe through its mouth can often shorten a sneezing fit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=2335 |title=Reverse Sneezing (Pharyngeal Gag Reflex) |last=Lundgrun |first=Becky |date=26 June 2006 |work= VeterinaryPartner.com |access-date=26 December 2009}}</ref><br /> <br /> Some pugs are also born with [[stenotic nares]] which can also inhibit their breathing. In serious cases, the pinched nostrils make breathing even more difficult for this breed and put added pressure on the larynx.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ufaw.org.uk/BAOSPUG.php |title=Brachycephalic Airway Obstruction Syndrome |work=Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals |publisher=Universities Federation for Animal Welfare |location=ufaw.org.uk |access-date=11 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611132414/http://www.ufaw.org.uk/BAOSPUG.php |archive-date=11 June 2014 }}</ref> In some cases, the dog could pass out from blocked airways. If this happens, one should inquire with their veterinarian whether or not surgery is needed to modify the breathing passages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stenotic Nares in Dogs |url=http://www.pethealthnetwork.com/dog-health/dog-diseases-conditions-a-z/stenotic-nares-dogs |work=Pet Health Network |date=29 August 2012 |access-date=26 October 2014}}</ref><br /> <br /> [[Eye prolapse]] is a common problem among Pugs and other brachycephalic breeds (see [[brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ufaw.org.uk/BRACHYCEPHALICOCULARPUG.php |title=Brachycephalic Ocular Syndrome |work=Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals |publisher=Universities Federation for Animal Welfare |location=ufaw.org.uk |access-date=11 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424020357/http://www.ufaw.org.uk/BRACHYCEPHALICOCULARPUG.php |archive-date=24 April 2015 }}</ref> and can be caused by a trauma to the head or neck, or even by the owner using a tight leash instead of a harness.<ref>Dogs 101 [http://animal.discovery.com/tv-shows/dogs-101/videos/pug.htm Pug Video]</ref> While the eye can usually be pushed back into its socket by the owner or by a vet, veterinary attention is usually advisable. If the prolapse happens on a regular basis, the Pug might require surgery.<ref>[http://www.fleetfiretimbers.com/FFT/Articles/Traumatic%20eye%20prolapse.htm Traumatic eye prolapse] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009060126/http://www.fleetfiretimbers.com/FFT/Articles/Traumatic%20eye%20prolapse.htm |date=9 October 2012 }}<br /> by Jeff Grognet, D.V.M., B.Sc.(Agr.)</ref><br /> <br /> Pugs have many [[wrinkle]]s in their faces, so owners will often clean inside the creases to avoid irritation and infection.<ref name="wrinkles">{{cite web|url=http://www.pugs.org/indexhealth.htm |title=Pug Health Guide |work=Pugs.org |publisher=op. cit |access-date=14 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023204314/http://www.pugs.org/indexhealth.htm |archive-date=23 October 2008 }}</ref> If this is not done, the dog may develop a condition known as skin fold dermatitis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ufaw.org.uk/SKINFOLDDERMATITISPUG.php |title=Skin Fold Dermatitis |work=Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals |publisher=Universities Federation for Animal Welfare |location=ufaw.org.uk |access-date=11 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911171606/http://www.ufaw.org.uk/SKINFOLDDERMATITISPUG.php |archive-date=11 September 2014 }}</ref><br /> <br /> An abnormal formation of the hip socket, known as [[Hip dysplasia (canine)|hip dysplasia]], affected nearly 64% of Pugs in a 2010 survey performed by the [[Orthopedic Foundation for Animals]]; the breed was ranked the second worst-affected by this condition out of 157 breeds tested.<ref name="ofa">{{cite web |url=http://www.offa.org/stats_hip.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019034631/http://www.offa.org/stats_hip.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 October 2010 |title=Hip Dysplasia Statistics: Hip Dysplasia by Breed |work=OFFA.org |publisher=Ortheopedic Foundation for Animals |access-date=14 October 2010 }}</ref><br /> <br /> Pugs are one of several breeds that are more susceptible than other dogs to [[Mange|demodectic mange]], also known as "demodex". This condition is caused when parasitic mites, that are often present in a dog's skin without causing symptoms, are allowed to do damage because their host has a weakened immune system. It is a problem for many young Pugs, although not usually a major one, and is easily treatable, but some are especially susceptible and present with a [[Systemic disease|systemic]] form of the condition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pugvillage.com/demodex_mange.htm |title=Demodex Mange in Pugs |work=PugVillage.com |access-date=26 December 2009}}</ref> This vulnerability is thought to be genetic and breeders will avoid producing puppies from adults who have this condition.<ref>[http://www.petmd.com/dog/general-health/evr_dg_demodectic_mange_in_dogs#.UWQrN70XmSo Demodectic Mange in Dogs] ''PetMD'' Article by T. J. Dunn, Jr., DVM. Retrieved 9 April 2013.</ref><br /> <br /> In 2008, [[Pedigree Dogs Exposed|an investigative documentary]] carried out by the [[BBC]] found significant inbreeding between pedigree dogs, with a study by Imperial College, London, showing that the 10,000 Pugs in the UK were so inbred that their gene pool was the equivalent of only 50 individuals.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pedigree dogs plagued by disease |work=BBC News |date=19 August 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7569064.stm |access-date=26 December 2009}}</ref><br /> <br /> ===Serious issues===<br /> <br /> Pugs can suffer from [[necrotizing meningoencephalitis]] (NME), also known as Pug dog encephalitis (PDE), an [[inflammation]] of the [[brain]] and [[meninges]].<ref name="Merck">{{cite book|title=The Merck Veterinary Manual|year=2010|publisher=Courier Kendallville, Inc.|location=Kendallville, Indiana|isbn=978-0-911910-93-3|pages=1119, 1158|edition=10th|editor=Cynthia M. Kahn, BA MA}}</ref> NME also occurs in other small dogs, such as the [[Yorkshire Terrier]], [[Maltese (dog)|Maltese]], and [[Chihuahua (dog)|Chihuahua]].<ref name=Merck /> There is no known cure for NME, which is believed to be an inherited disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pugs.org/health/PDEslideshow_files/v3_document.htm |title=Slide 1 |work=Pugs.org |publisher=op. cit |access-date=14 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929055432/http://www.pugs.org/health/PDEslideshow_files/v3_document.htm |archive-date=29 September 2008 }}</ref> Dogs usually die or have to be [[animal euthanasia|put to sleep]] within a few months of onset, which, in those susceptible to this condition, is mostly between six months and three years of age.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.petplace.com/dogs/pug-dog-encephalitis/page1.aspx |title=Pug Dog Encephalitis |work=PugPlace.com |access-date=26 December 2009}}</ref><br /> <br /> This breed, along with other [[Cephalic index#Brachycephalic animals|brachycephalic]] dogs (e.g., [[Boxer (dog)|boxers]], [[bulldog]]s), are also prone to [[hemivertebrae]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ufaw.org.uk/Hemivertebrae.php |title=Hemivertebrae |work=Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals |publisher=Universities Federation for Animal Welfare |location=ufaw.org.uk |access-date=11 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312201047/http://www.ufaw.org.uk/Hemivertebrae.php |archive-date=12 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barkbytes.com/medical/med0038.htm |title=Hemivertebrae |work=barkbytes.com |access-date=14 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014175228/http://www.barkbytes.com/medical/med0038.htm |archive-date=14 October 2008 }}</ref> The curled tail of a British bulldog is an example of a hemivertebrae, but when it occurs not in the coccygeal vertebrae but in other areas of the spine, it can cause paralysis. The condition occurs when two parts of a spinal [[Vertebral column|vertebra]] do not fuse properly while a young Pug is still growing, resulting in an irregularly shaped [[Spinal canal|spinal cavity]] which can put pressure on the spinal cord.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mydogbreed.com/pug/pug-health.php |title=Pug Health Management |work=MyDogBreed.com |access-date=26 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219052159/http://www.mydogbreed.com/pug/pug-health.php |archive-date=19 February 2010 }}</ref><br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Historical depictions of pugs==<br /> <gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="5"><br /> File:Jan Wyck (1645-1700) - A Dutch Mastiff (called 'Old Vertue'^) with Dunham Massey in the Background - 932341 - National Trust.jpg|"A Dutch Mastiff (called 'Old Vertue') with [[Dunham Massey]] in the Background" ([[Jan Wyck]], 1700)<br /> File:LesPortraits de MM. De Béthune Jouant avec un Chien-François-Hubert Drouais-BMA.jpg|Children of the Marquis de Béthune with a pug, 1761.<br /> File:Henry Bernard Chalon - A favorite pug (1802).jpg|A male pug, 1802.<br /> File:François van der Donckt - Portrait of Sylvie de la Rue - WGA06589.jpg|Portrait of Sylvie de la Rue, circa 1810.<br /> File:James Tissot - Young Lady in a Boat.jpg|''Young Lady in a Boat'' with a pug by [[James Tissot]], 1870.<br /> File:152. Pugs.JPG|Engraving of the pugs "Punch and Tetty" from the 1859 book "The Dog in Health and Disease".<br /> File:Pug from 1915.JPG|Pug from 1915.<br /> File:Top Dog (6199778183).jpg|Pug photo, ca 1900. Note the small head and the long legs it has.<br /> File:Carl Reichert Mops.jpg|A pug by Carl Reichert. (1836-1918)<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> The breed became iconic in India, as it was featured as the mascot in a series of [[Vodafone]] (formerly [[Hutchison Essar]]) advertising commercials directed by [[Prakash Varma]]. The pug that was predominantly featured in the commercials was [[Cheeka (dog)|Cheeka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/the-perils-of-being-the-vodafone-pug/55562867|title=The perils of being the Vodafone pug|work=India Times|date=23 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/XVx9QafiJ40e5qYIttrwVK/Return-of-the-Vodafone-pug.html|title=Return of the Vodafone pug|date=14 March 2016|work=livemint.com}}</ref> The advertisement campaign was followed by a rise in the popularity of pugs in India, and the sale of pugs more than doubled within months, with prices for pugs rising considerably. A few other adverts also appeared in the following months, inspired by the idea of a dog following a boy.<ref>Jaypal, Renuka. [http://www.ogilvy.com/uploads/koviewpoint/vp_58-59_jaypal_apr17.pdf Going Digital in India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015155833/http://www.ogilvy.com/uploads/koviewpoint/vp_58-59_jaypal_apr17.pdf |date=15 October 2006 }}, ''Viewpoint'', May 2006, retrieved 24 November 2006.</ref><br /> <br /> In [[Jane Austen]]'s 1814 novel, [[Mansfield Park]], Lady Bertram, the hero's mother, owned a pet Pug and “thinking more of her pug than her children”.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Austen|first=Jane|title=Mansfield Park|year=1814}}</ref> <br /> <br /> The 1989 film ''[[The Adventures of Milo and Otis]]'' features a pug named Otis, known as "Poosky" in its original 1986 Japanese version ''The Adventures of Chatran'', portrayed by multiple animal actors.<br /> <br /> The ''[[Men in Black (film series)|Men in Black]]'' film series features [[Frank the Pug|Frank]], a fictional talking pug portrayed by animal actor Mushu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-2002-07-09-0207090577-story.html|title=PUG IN BLACK: FRANK WALKS AWAY WITH MIIB|work=courant.com|access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> Otis and Frank are characters that have helped to popularize pugs and have become iconic examples of the breed.{{cn|date=November 2020}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:FCI breeds]]<br /> [[Category:Dog breeds originating in China]]<br /> [[Category:Companion dogs]]<br /> [[Category:Inbred animals]]<br /> <br /> {{en-Wikipedia}}</div>

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