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{{Short description|Species of legume}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Pterocarpus santalinus in Talakona forest, AP W IMG 8145.jpg
|image_caption = in Talakona forest, in [[Chittoor District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].
|status = EN
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name = iucn/>
|taxon = Pterocarpus santalinus
|authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]]
|display_parents = 3
|synonyms = {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Lingoum santalinum'' <small>(L.f.) Kuntze</small>
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-32307
|title = The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|accessdate = 30 September 2014}}</ref>|
}}

'''''Pterocarpus santalinus''''', with the common names '''red sanders''', '''red saunders''', '''red sandalwood''', '''Rakt Chandan''', and '''saunderswood''', is a species of ''[[Pterocarpus]]'' [[endemism|endemic]] to the southern [[Eastern Ghats]] mountain range of [[South India]].<ref name=iucn>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/full/32104/0 IUCN Report: ''Pterocarpus santalinus'' (Almug, Red Sandalwood, Saunderswood)]</ref><ref name=ildis>International Legume Database & Information Service: [http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&genus~Pterocarpus&species~santalinus ''Pterocarpus santalinus'']</ref> This tree is valued for the rich red colour of its wood. The wood is traditionally considered not aromatic. However, in recent years there has been a marked uptick in the use of red sandalwood as a component of incense, especially in the west. The tree is not to be confused with the aromatic [[Sandalwood|''Santalum'' sandalwood]] trees that grow natively in South India.

==Description==
[[File:Pterocarpus santalinus in Talakona forest, AP W IMG 8099.jpg|thumb|right| in [[Talakona]] forest, in [[Chittoor District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. ]]
[[File:Red sandalwood logs at kapiltirtham0.jpg|thumb|right|Seized Red sandalwood logs at Forest office, Tirupati]]
[[File:Pterocarpus santalinus 04.JPG|thumb|right|Pterocarpus santalinus leaf]]

''Pterocarpus santalinus'' is a light-demanding small [[tree]], growing to {{convert|8|m|ft}} tall with a trunk 50–150 cm diameter. It is fast-growing when young, reaching {{convert|5|m|ft}} tall in three years, even on degraded soils. It is not frost tolerant, being killed by temperatures of −1 °C.

The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate, 3–9 cm long, trifoliate with three leaflets.

The [[flower]]s are produced in short [[raceme]]s. The [[fruit]] is a [[legume|pod]] 6–9 cm long containing one or two [[seed]]s.<ref>FAO Ecocrop: [http://ecocrop.fao.org/gppis.exe$EC_Show?Host=9049 ''Pterocarpus santalinus'']{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Auroville: [http://tcdc.undp.org/sie/experiences/vol3/Wasteland%20reclamation.pdf Wasteland reclamation through rehabilitation of eroded soil (pdf file)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623115710/http://tcdc.undp.org/sie/experiences/vol3/Wasteland%20reclamation.pdf |date=2007-06-23 }}</ref>

==Uses==

=== Timber ===
The [[wood]] has historically been valued in [[China]], particularly during the [[Qing Dynasty]] periods, and is referred to in Chinese as ''zitan'' ([[wikt:紫檀|紫檀]]) and spelt tzu-t'an by earlier western authors such as [[Gustav Ecke]], who introduced classical Chinese hardwood furniture to the west.<ref name=ref1>http://www.chinese-furniture.com/cgi-bin/ccf.cgi?stt=stp&pgn=newsletter_archive/newsletter_2.html&id= Chinese Furniture.com newsletter; Volume 1, Number 2; Accessed 2007-04-05</ref> An exquisite chair made of red sandalwood can be seen today in China's [[Forbidden City]] in [[Beijing]], inside the ''[[Hall of Supreme Harmony]]'', and once used by the emperors of the Qing Dynasty.

Due to its slow growth and rarity, [[furniture]] made from zitan is difficult to find and can be expensive.<ref name=ref2>http://www.wctg.net/zitan.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518010610/http://www.wctg.net/zitan.html |date=2007-05-18 }}; Accessed 2007-04-06</ref> It has been one of the most prized woods for millennia.

In India sandalwood is one main and lucrative market for smugglers, as a high price is paid for this wood in China. Since the exporting of sandalwood is illegal in India, the underground market is growing and there are a number of arrests every year of those trying to smuggle this wood to China.

The other form of ''zitan'' is from the species ''[[Dalbergia luovelii]]'', ''[[Dalbergia maritima]]'', and ''[[Dalbergia normandi]]'', all similar species named in trade as bois de rose or violet rosewood which when cut are bright crimson purple changing to dark purple again. It has a fragrant scent when worked.<ref name=ref1/>

===Shamisen===

Red sandalwood has been used for making the bridge and also the neck of the Japanese musical instrument [[Shamisen]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sxjQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56-IA8&lpg=PA56-IA8#v=onepage&q&f=false], Japanese Music and Musical Instruments</ref> It has great demand for the heartwood

===Medicinal values===
''Pterocarpus santalinus'' is used in traditional herbal medicine as an antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, tonic, hemorrhage, dysentery, aphrodisiac, anti-hyperglycaemic and diaphoretic.<ref>http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/37317/9/09_chapter%203.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.3839/jksabc|journal=Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry|date=August 2011|volume=54| issue= 4| pages= 495–500| title = ''Pterocarpus santalinus'' Linn. f. (Rath handun): A review of its botany, uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology}}</ref>

===Grading of red sandalwood===
[[File:SandalwoodChessPieces.jpg|right|thumb|[[Chess piece]]s in red sandalwood]]
Red sandalwood grown on the [[shale]] subsoils, at altitudes around {{convert|750|m|ft}}, and in semi-arid climatic conditions gives a distinctive wavy grain margin. Lumber pieces with the wavy grain margin are graded as "A" grade. Red sandalwood with wavy grain margins sells at higher prices than the standard wood.

==Conservation status==
''Pterocarpus santalinus'' was listed as an Endangered species by the [[IUCN]], because of [[overexploitation]] for its timber in [[South India]]; however, it was later reclassified to [[Near-threatened species|Near Threatened]] in 2018, as the scale of this loss is not properly known.<ref>{{citation
|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/32104/0
|publisher=IUCN
|title=Red List of Threatened Species: ''Pterocarpus santalinus''
}}</ref>
It is also listed in the appendix II of the [[CITES]], which means that a certificate is required in order to export it, that should only be granted if the trade is not detrimental to the survival of the species.<ref>{{citation
|url=https://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php
|publisher=CITES
|title=Appendices I, II and III
}}</ref>

== More Pictures ==
<gallery>
File:Red Sandal - Leaves-2.jpg|Pterocarpus santalinus (Red Sandal) Leaves. Kerala, India
File:Red Sandal - Leaves.jpg|Pterocarpus santalinus (Red Sandal) Leaves. Kerala, India
File:Red Sandal - Leaves-1.jpg|Pterocarpus santalinus (Red Sandal) Leaves. Kerala, India
File:Red Sandal - New Shoots Pink Colour-1.jpg|Pterocarpus santalinus (Red Sandal) New Shoots Pink Colour. Kerala, India
File:Red Sandal - New Shoots Pink Colour.jpg|Pterocarpus santalinus (Red Sandal) New Shoots Pink Colour. Kerala, India
File:(Pterocarpus santalinus) red sandalwood tree at IG Zoo Park in Visakhapatnam 03.jpg|Pterocarpus santalinus (Red Sandal) at North coastal Andhra

</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Algum]]
*''[[Adenanthera pavonina]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.jstor.org/pss/594922 Jstor.org: ''Pterocarpus santalinus'']
{{Commons category|Pterocarpus santalinus|position=left}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2392887}}

[[Category:Pterocarpus|santalinus]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Eastern Ghats]]
[[Category:Flora of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Environment of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Wood]]
[[Category:Threatened flora of Asia]]

Pterocarpus santalinus - Revision history

imported>KylieTastic: Reverted 1 edit by 117.192.86.253 (talk): Rvt just breaking images